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AbstractFor a number of reasons, questions regarding the accountability of corporations for actions that might be complicit in the commission of international crimes have gained prominence in recent times. Though initiatives regarding what is more broadly described as business and human rights are to be welcomed, this sometimes distracts from existing systems of accountability, especially when those acts, which may be discussed as human rights violations, equally constitute crimes. Whilst not all criminal jurisdictions extend to legal persons, the Norwegian Penal Code does. This article analyses the Norwegian Penal Code's provisions, in light of amendments made to it in 2008 to include international crimes in it, with the effect of extending those crimes to corporations. The article first addresses the personal, material, temporal, and geographical scope of the penal code. It then addresses the potential consequence of the exercise of jurisdiction in light of the only case in recent times in Norway that deals explicitly with a corporation's potential criminal liability for war crimes. The article then addresses three additional issues with respect to provisions on complicity, intent, and defences under the Norwegian Penal Code, before concluding with some reflections on the possible future effects of this legislation and the possibility that it will inspire developments elsewhere.

What is it about crime that makes it `men's work'? Can we imagine masculinity without crime? This is the first book of its kind to bring contributors from three continents together to examine the relationship between masculinity and crime. Covering such areas as policing, prisons, violence against women, homicide, white-collar crime, and male victimisation, this book will force us to rethink many aspects of masculinity and crime

Crime, Deviance and Society: An Introduction to Sociological Criminology offers a comprehensive introduction to criminological theory. The book introduces readers to key sociological theories, such as anomie and strain, and examines how traditional approaches have influenced the ways in which crime and deviance are constructed. It provides a nuanced account of contemporary theories and debates, and includes chapters covering feminist criminology, critical masculinities, cultural criminology, green criminology, and postcolonial theory, among others. Case studies in each chapter demonstrate how sociological theories can manifest within and influence the criminal justice system and social policy. Each chapter also features margin definitions and timelines of contributions to key theories, reflection questions and end-of-chapter questions that prompt students reflection. Written by an expert team of academics from Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, Crime, Deviance and Society is a highly engaging and accessible introduction to the field for students of criminology and criminal justice.

The internet is a rapidly expanding communication medium. It has generated considerable anxiety in relation to what is perceived as the easy availability of pornography and other sexually explicit material. There is a considerable amount of police‐based internet activity which constructs crime in particular ways. This article explores the way in which crime is constructed on the internet through police pages and goes on to highlight some of the questions which this raises for criminology.

This thesis consists of three chapters on crime and enforcement. In the first chapter, we emphasize the role of leniency programs as a legal tool to fight illegal activities involving bribery of a public official. We show that a not-well-designed leniency program increases the level of illegal activity, and may imply higher levels of corruption. A legislator, who aims to reduce the levels of crime and the related corruption, sets the leniency rate to its minimum level and allows only the criminal to apply for leniency when leniency is offered after the detection of the illegal activity. In the second chapter, we study the impact of the loss of corporate reputation after the detection of a corporate crime on the design of compliance program and the managerial incentives within the firm. We show that if the return from the crime and the reputational loss are high, the firm relies on a "window-dressing" compliance program, leading to inefficient investment in compliance and high levels of corporate misconduct. When the reputational loss is moderate, the compliance program exhibits a deterrent effect on corporate crime. If the crime leads to low (high) returns and large (low) reputational loss, the firm will not implement a compliance program. In the third chapter, we present a comprehensive review of the literature that studied the corporate crime. We study the incentives and the deterrents that affect the firm's decision to undertake a corporate crime. We analyze the determinants that stem from the agency relationship between the firm and the manager, namely the managerial incentives, organizational structure and the role of senior managers. Second, we consider the determinants that are exogenous to the firm but affect its incentives to commit the corporate crime. We consider legal deterrents, corporate reputation and corporate social responsibility.

The 2008 UK government Youth Crime Action Plan emphasises prevention and early intervention in different aspects of work with young people who offend or are considered to be 'at risk' of offending. Much of this approach includes targeted work with families and work to reduce the numbers of young people entering the youth justice system. This report takes a critical look at early intervention policies

This study tests the role of crime perceptions in mediating the relationship between religiosity and punitive attitudes about criminal justice. Specifically, we estimate the effects of (a) religious affiliation and (b) fundamentalism on punitiveness and assess mediation by dispositional attribution of crime, perceived rising crime rates, perceived immigrant crime, and fear of violent victimization. Data are from the 2014 wave of the Chapman Survey on American Fears, a nationally representative sample of adults in the United States (N = 1,573). We estimated religious effects on punitiveness using ordinary least squares regression and assessed mediation by crime perceptions with the Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method. Punitiveness was positively associated with Mainline Protestant affiliation (vs. non-religious), Catholic affiliation (vs. non-religious), and fundamentalism (fundamentalism also largely accounted for heightened punitiveness among Evangelical Protestants). Perceptions of crime accounted for about 60% of the effects of religious affiliation on punitiveness and nearly 100% of the effect of fundamentalism. Perceptions of crime as caused by evil or moral failure, belief in rising crime rates, and perceptions of immigrant crime were important to explaining religious effects on punitiveness, while fear of violence was relatively unimportant. These findings illuminate the perceptual mechanisms underlying religious effects on criminal justice attitudes.