Šiame straipsnyje žvelgiama į Japonijos politinės kultūros ir vidaus veiksnių poveikį jos užsienio politikos formavimui. Atsakymo apie neįprastą Japonijos užsienio politikos pastovumą bei aukštą nuosaikumo laipsnį kardinaliai keičiantis tarptautinės sistemos struktūrai bandoma ieškoti įsišaknijusioje kultūroje, tradicijose ir istoriniuose pasakojimuose. Analizuojant Japonijos užsienio politikos elgesio modelį politikos, saugumo ir ekonomikos dimensijoje bei užsienio politikos vykdymą naudojant tyliąją diplomatiją, pateikiamos pagrindinės užsienio bei Japonijos tyrinėtojų siūlomos Japonijos užsienio politikos alternatyvos.
Šiame straipsnyje žvelgiama į Japonijos politinės kultūros ir vidaus veiksnių poveikį jos užsienio politikos formavimui. Atsakymo apie neįprastą Japonijos užsienio politikos pastovumą bei aukštą nuosaikumo laipsnį kardinaliai keičiantis tarptautinės sistemos struktūrai bandoma ieškoti įsišaknijusioje kultūroje, tradicijose ir istoriniuose pasakojimuose. Analizuojant Japonijos užsienio politikos elgesio modelį politikos, saugumo ir ekonomikos dimensijoje bei užsienio politikos vykdymą naudojant tyliąją diplomatiją, pateikiamos pagrindinės užsienio bei Japonijos tyrinėtojų siūlomos Japonijos užsienio politikos alternatyvos.
Šiame straipsnyje žvelgiama į Japonijos politinės kultūros ir vidaus veiksnių poveikį jos užsienio politikos formavimui. Atsakymo apie neįprastą Japonijos užsienio politikos pastovumą bei aukštą nuosaikumo laipsnį kardinaliai keičiantis tarptautinės sistemos struktūrai bandoma ieškoti įsišaknijusioje kultūroje, tradicijose ir istoriniuose pasakojimuose. Analizuojant Japonijos užsienio politikos elgesio modelį politikos, saugumo ir ekonomikos dimensijoje bei užsienio politikos vykdymą naudojant tyliąją diplomatiją, pateikiamos pagrindinės užsienio bei Japonijos tyrinėtojų siūlomos Japonijos užsienio politikos alternatyvos.
The subject of the work is "The relation between the polity and nation (the aspect of alienation). The work was made by Domas Grigaliūnas, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The globalization is around us and influences our commonness, touching the world that is close to us, raising the discussion with our ordinary political and cultural values. Because of that there was raised the purpose of the investigation – to ascertain the causes of the disjuncture (alienation) between the nation and polity in political and cultural globalization context. The tasks of the work: 1. To analyze the theoretical aspects of the conception of the globalization, the role of European Union; 2. To summarize the relation between the polity and the nation in the political and cultural globalization context in the value and disjuncture aspects; 3. To fulfill the investigation that would let us to ascertain the causes of the of the disjuncture (alienation) between the nation and polity in political and cultural globalization context The object of the investigation is the evaluation of the political and cultural globalization. These hypotheses were proved during the investigation: 1. Respondents consider the globalization as the universally prevailing phenomenon, but they partly identify this concept with the globalization concept. Political and cultural globalization is considered as the most topical, many respondents think that globalization is the challenge to the values of the nation. 2. A lot of respondents consider the main purpose of the European Union – to create as much tight union of the Europe nations' as possible – is evaluated as positive only partially. The public spirit in the community is evaluated as very important, although many respondents fancy them as public spirit only partially. Because of the political globalization there appeared the necessity of reconsidering and renewing the guidelines and tendencies of the foreign policy is evaluated as the cause of alienation of the polity and the nation. 3. Many respondents consider that the national identity is especially topical in the context of the globalization, but it is suppressed by the uprising of the mass culture. The polity's strategy is too little polarized to conserve the values of nation as the nation with its own cultural values. During the investigation it emerged that the most effective assumption for the strengthening of the relations between polity and nation is political strength, the nurturance and education of the cultural as the national values.
The subject of the work is "The relation between the polity and nation (the aspect of alienation). The work was made by Domas Grigaliūnas, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. The globalization is around us and influences our commonness, touching the world that is close to us, raising the discussion with our ordinary political and cultural values. Because of that there was raised the purpose of the investigation – to ascertain the causes of the disjuncture (alienation) between the nation and polity in political and cultural globalization context. The tasks of the work: 1. To analyze the theoretical aspects of the conception of the globalization, the role of European Union; 2. To summarize the relation between the polity and the nation in the political and cultural globalization context in the value and disjuncture aspects; 3. To fulfill the investigation that would let us to ascertain the causes of the of the disjuncture (alienation) between the nation and polity in political and cultural globalization context The object of the investigation is the evaluation of the political and cultural globalization. These hypotheses were proved during the investigation: 1. Respondents consider the globalization as the universally prevailing phenomenon, but they partly identify this concept with the globalization concept. Political and cultural globalization is considered as the most topical, many respondents think that globalization is the challenge to the values of the nation. 2. A lot of respondents consider the main purpose of the European Union – to create as much tight union of the Europe nations' as possible – is evaluated as positive only partially. The public spirit in the community is evaluated as very important, although many respondents fancy them as public spirit only partially. Because of the political globalization there appeared the necessity of reconsidering and renewing the guidelines and tendencies of the foreign policy is evaluated as the cause of alienation of the polity and the nation. 3. Many respondents consider that the national identity is especially topical in the context of the globalization, but it is suppressed by the uprising of the mass culture. The polity's strategy is too little polarized to conserve the values of nation as the nation with its own cultural values. During the investigation it emerged that the most effective assumption for the strengthening of the relations between polity and nation is political strength, the nurturance and education of the cultural as the national values.
The philosophy of culture put forward by Šalkauskis is a version of political philosophy. By using a typology of the relationship between philosophy and democracy we attempt to prove that his philosophy of culture encompasses not one but few different understandings of the relationship between democracy and philosophy. By comparing the ideas of Šalkauskis with the issues of contemporary political philosophy we can see that democracy today is developing by distancing itself from the principles that Šalkauskis presented in his philosophy of culture. The philosophy of culture as developed by Šalkauskis has two distinctive features. First of all, Christianity is interpreted through the matrix of culture and this is why it becomes compatible with democracy. Secondly, philosophy of culture is consciously transformed into ideology and this transformation is what allowed it to become an important factor in political discussions.
The philosophy of culture put forward by Šalkauskis is a version of political philosophy. By using a typology of the relationship between philosophy and democracy we attempt to prove that his philosophy of culture encompasses not one but few different understandings of the relationship between democracy and philosophy. By comparing the ideas of Šalkauskis with the issues of contemporary political philosophy we can see that democracy today is developing by distancing itself from the principles that Šalkauskis presented in his philosophy of culture. The philosophy of culture as developed by Šalkauskis has two distinctive features. First of all, Christianity is interpreted through the matrix of culture and this is why it becomes compatible with democracy. Secondly, philosophy of culture is consciously transformed into ideology and this transformation is what allowed it to become an important factor in political discussions.
The philosophy of culture put forward by Šalkauskis is a version of political philosophy. By using a typology of the relationship between philosophy and democracy we attempt to prove that his philosophy of culture encompasses not one but few different understandings of the relationship between democracy and philosophy. By comparing the ideas of Šalkauskis with the issues of contemporary political philosophy we can see that democracy today is developing by distancing itself from the principles that Šalkauskis presented in his philosophy of culture. The philosophy of culture as developed by Šalkauskis has two distinctive features. First of all, Christianity is interpreted through the matrix of culture and this is why it becomes compatible with democracy. Secondly, philosophy of culture is consciously transformed into ideology and this transformation is what allowed it to become an important factor in political discussions.
The philosophy of culture put forward by Šalkauskis is a version of political philosophy. By using a typology of the relationship between philosophy and democracy we attempt to prove that his philosophy of culture encompasses not one but few different understandings of the relationship between democracy and philosophy. By comparing the ideas of Šalkauskis with the issues of contemporary political philosophy we can see that democracy today is developing by distancing itself from the principles that Šalkauskis presented in his philosophy of culture. The philosophy of culture as developed by Šalkauskis has two distinctive features. First of all, Christianity is interpreted through the matrix of culture and this is why it becomes compatible with democracy. Secondly, philosophy of culture is consciously transformed into ideology and this transformation is what allowed it to become an important factor in political discussions.
Generally speaking, we can describe the journalism culture as an ideology of media representatives, which defines their social function, identity, as well as reveals their motives in making professional decisions. Different stances on political issues and on politicians themselves is determined by the journalism culture of different media professionals. Their personal opinion and the position they choose are key elements forming the journalism culture of the whole country. It is more common to use quantitative research to identify the journalism culture of a specific country in order to analyze the data of hundreds or thousands of respondents. Most commonly, when discussing the concept of journalism culture of a specific country, quantitative research is used. In order to carry it out, several thousand or even tens of thousands of respondents are asked to answer closed-ended questions. The most popular and widely used model is Thomas Hanitzsch approach, which defines journalism culture as a combination of three main elements – Institutional Roles, Epistemologies and Ethical Ideologies. In this thesis, the Hanitzsch model is adapted to analyze the culture of political journalism in Lithuania using qualitative approach. Analyzing the responses of journalists gives a chance to look at this model from another perspective — to hear the motives of their choices and to determine if the Hanitzsch' suggested division of each dimension into two poles is enough to reveal all of the nuances of journalism culture. This master thesis is the first step towards the identification of Lithuanian journalism culture, based on subjective experience of the journalists. It is attempt to determine the sources of influence that the Lithuanian journalists are facing, the arguments that determine their choices and the challenges they face in their working environment. The aim of the thesis is to identify motives and arguments that determine the choices of journalists by using the method of qualitative approach suggested by Hanitzsch. The following tasks have been set to reach the aim of the work: 1.To discuss the concept of journalism culture and its relationship with political processes. 2.To present the research that has been done so far and introduce the Hanitzsch model chosen for this analysis. 3.Based on theory, to form a questionnaire for the practical part of the research. 4.To analyze the responses of journalists according to different dimensions formed by the research and to name which positions are chosen and what arguments determine these choices. The theoretical part of the thesis presents the concept of the journalism culture, discusses the research that has been done and widely presents the Hanitzsch model. Based on this model, the Lithuanian journalism culture will be analyzed using qualitative approach. The second part of the thesis presents a qualitative research which analyses the stances of journalists via seven dimensions. The research is carried out based on their responses delivered during in-depth interviews. In this part, besides the stances of journalists, their arguments in choosing the stances, subjective views of the situation, as well as their media experiences are also presented. The information gathered while conducting this research allows not only to find out the stances of the informants but to determine the reasons behind their specific choices. Even though the model presented by Hanitzsch is comprehensive and complex, when applied in quantitative research it limits the possibility to see into the situation thoroughly and to discover what specific challenges and market issues, shaping their journalistic culture, are seen by research participants themselves. When Lithuania takes part in quantitave market research, it would certainly be useful to conduct a more thorough qualitative analysis which would allow to determine arguments on which journalists are basing their stances.
Generally speaking, we can describe the journalism culture as an ideology of media representatives, which defines their social function, identity, as well as reveals their motives in making professional decisions. Different stances on political issues and on politicians themselves is determined by the journalism culture of different media professionals. Their personal opinion and the position they choose are key elements forming the journalism culture of the whole country. It is more common to use quantitative research to identify the journalism culture of a specific country in order to analyze the data of hundreds or thousands of respondents. Most commonly, when discussing the concept of journalism culture of a specific country, quantitative research is used. In order to carry it out, several thousand or even tens of thousands of respondents are asked to answer closed-ended questions. The most popular and widely used model is Thomas Hanitzsch approach, which defines journalism culture as a combination of three main elements – Institutional Roles, Epistemologies and Ethical Ideologies. In this thesis, the Hanitzsch model is adapted to analyze the culture of political journalism in Lithuania using qualitative approach. Analyzing the responses of journalists gives a chance to look at this model from another perspective — to hear the motives of their choices and to determine if the Hanitzsch' suggested division of each dimension into two poles is enough to reveal all of the nuances of journalism culture. This master thesis is the first step towards the identification of Lithuanian journalism culture, based on subjective experience of the journalists. It is attempt to determine the sources of influence that the Lithuanian journalists are facing, the arguments that determine their choices and the challenges they face in their working environment. The aim of the thesis is to identify motives and arguments that determine the choices of journalists by using the method of qualitative approach suggested by Hanitzsch. The following tasks have been set to reach the aim of the work: 1.To discuss the concept of journalism culture and its relationship with political processes. 2.To present the research that has been done so far and introduce the Hanitzsch model chosen for this analysis. 3.Based on theory, to form a questionnaire for the practical part of the research. 4.To analyze the responses of journalists according to different dimensions formed by the research and to name which positions are chosen and what arguments determine these choices. The theoretical part of the thesis presents the concept of the journalism culture, discusses the research that has been done and widely presents the Hanitzsch model. Based on this model, the Lithuanian journalism culture will be analyzed using qualitative approach. The second part of the thesis presents a qualitative research which analyses the stances of journalists via seven dimensions. The research is carried out based on their responses delivered during in-depth interviews. In this part, besides the stances of journalists, their arguments in choosing the stances, subjective views of the situation, as well as their media experiences are also presented. The information gathered while conducting this research allows not only to find out the stances of the informants but to determine the reasons behind their specific choices. Even though the model presented by Hanitzsch is comprehensive and complex, when applied in quantitative research it limits the possibility to see into the situation thoroughly and to discover what specific challenges and market issues, shaping their journalistic culture, are seen by research participants themselves. When Lithuania takes part in quantitave market research, it would certainly be useful to conduct a more thorough qualitative analysis which would allow to determine arguments on which journalists are basing their stances.
Generally speaking, we can describe the journalism culture as an ideology of media representatives, which defines their social function, identity, as well as reveals their motives in making professional decisions. Different stances on political issues and on politicians themselves is determined by the journalism culture of different media professionals. Their personal opinion and the position they choose are key elements forming the journalism culture of the whole country. It is more common to use quantitative research to identify the journalism culture of a specific country in order to analyze the data of hundreds or thousands of respondents. Most commonly, when discussing the concept of journalism culture of a specific country, quantitative research is used. In order to carry it out, several thousand or even tens of thousands of respondents are asked to answer closed-ended questions. The most popular and widely used model is Thomas Hanitzsch approach, which defines journalism culture as a combination of three main elements – Institutional Roles, Epistemologies and Ethical Ideologies. In this thesis, the Hanitzsch model is adapted to analyze the culture of political journalism in Lithuania using qualitative approach. Analyzing the responses of journalists gives a chance to look at this model from another perspective — to hear the motives of their choices and to determine if the Hanitzsch' suggested division of each dimension into two poles is enough to reveal all of the nuances of journalism culture. This master thesis is the first step towards the identification of Lithuanian journalism culture, based on subjective experience of the journalists. It is attempt to determine the sources of influence that the Lithuanian journalists are facing, the arguments that determine their choices and the challenges they face in their working environment. The aim of the thesis is to identify motives and arguments that determine the choices of journalists by using the method of qualitative approach suggested by Hanitzsch. The following tasks have been set to reach the aim of the work: 1.To discuss the concept of journalism culture and its relationship with political processes. 2.To present the research that has been done so far and introduce the Hanitzsch model chosen for this analysis. 3.Based on theory, to form a questionnaire for the practical part of the research. 4.To analyze the responses of journalists according to different dimensions formed by the research and to name which positions are chosen and what arguments determine these choices. The theoretical part of the thesis presents the concept of the journalism culture, discusses the research that has been done and widely presents the Hanitzsch model. Based on this model, the Lithuanian journalism culture will be analyzed using qualitative approach. The second part of the thesis presents a qualitative research which analyses the stances of journalists via seven dimensions. The research is carried out based on their responses delivered during in-depth interviews. In this part, besides the stances of journalists, their arguments in choosing the stances, subjective views of the situation, as well as their media experiences are also presented. The information gathered while conducting this research allows not only to find out the stances of the informants but to determine the reasons behind their specific choices. Even though the model presented by Hanitzsch is comprehensive and complex, when applied in quantitative research it limits the possibility to see into the situation thoroughly and to discover what specific challenges and market issues, shaping their journalistic culture, are seen by research participants themselves. When Lithuania takes part in quantitave market research, it would certainly be useful to conduct a more thorough qualitative analysis which would allow to determine arguments on which journalists are basing their stances.
Generally speaking, we can describe the journalism culture as an ideology of media representatives, which defines their social function, identity, as well as reveals their motives in making professional decisions. Different stances on political issues and on politicians themselves is determined by the journalism culture of different media professionals. Their personal opinion and the position they choose are key elements forming the journalism culture of the whole country. It is more common to use quantitative research to identify the journalism culture of a specific country in order to analyze the data of hundreds or thousands of respondents. Most commonly, when discussing the concept of journalism culture of a specific country, quantitative research is used. In order to carry it out, several thousand or even tens of thousands of respondents are asked to answer closed-ended questions. The most popular and widely used model is Thomas Hanitzsch approach, which defines journalism culture as a combination of three main elements – Institutional Roles, Epistemologies and Ethical Ideologies. In this thesis, the Hanitzsch model is adapted to analyze the culture of political journalism in Lithuania using qualitative approach. Analyzing the responses of journalists gives a chance to look at this model from another perspective — to hear the motives of their choices and to determine if the Hanitzsch' suggested division of each dimension into two poles is enough to reveal all of the nuances of journalism culture. This master thesis is the first step towards the identification of Lithuanian journalism culture, based on subjective experience of the journalists. It is attempt to determine the sources of influence that the Lithuanian journalists are facing, the arguments that determine their choices and the challenges they face in their working environment. The aim of the thesis is to identify motives and arguments that determine the choices of journalists by using the method of qualitative approach suggested by Hanitzsch. The following tasks have been set to reach the aim of the work: 1.To discuss the concept of journalism culture and its relationship with political processes. 2.To present the research that has been done so far and introduce the Hanitzsch model chosen for this analysis. 3.Based on theory, to form a questionnaire for the practical part of the research. 4.To analyze the responses of journalists according to different dimensions formed by the research and to name which positions are chosen and what arguments determine these choices. The theoretical part of the thesis presents the concept of the journalism culture, discusses the research that has been done and widely presents the Hanitzsch model. Based on this model, the Lithuanian journalism culture will be analyzed using qualitative approach. The second part of the thesis presents a qualitative research which analyses the stances of journalists via seven dimensions. The research is carried out based on their responses delivered during in-depth interviews. In this part, besides the stances of journalists, their arguments in choosing the stances, subjective views of the situation, as well as their media experiences are also presented. The information gathered while conducting this research allows not only to find out the stances of the informants but to determine the reasons behind their specific choices. Even though the model presented by Hanitzsch is comprehensive and complex, when applied in quantitative research it limits the possibility to see into the situation thoroughly and to discover what specific challenges and market issues, shaping their journalistic culture, are seen by research participants themselves. When Lithuania takes part in quantitave market research, it would certainly be useful to conduct a more thorough qualitative analysis which would allow to determine arguments on which journalists are basing their stances.
The democratization process started in post-communits countries after the third wave of democratization. Democratic consolidation is the result of the democratic process that reflects the country's democratic status. It is expressed through the quality criteria of democracy. Political culture, economic and social situation and human rigths and freedoms are very important criteria which are used in order to explain the democracy's consolidation in Lithuania and Estonia. Those countries chose the democratic regime. However, it is noticed that there are differences between Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. This is the main problem of this work. The problem's analysis is the aim of the research that is achieved by defining the concept of democracy and its conditions, making an analysis of Lithuanian and Estonian political culture, economic and social situation and the human rights and freedoms. So, the paper's object – is the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania and Estonia. The research uses descriptive and comparative methods that help to analyze the main differences and their reasons. The analysis has shown that Estonia has better economic and social situation than Lithuania since the becoming independent states. It could be influenced by advantageous geographical position, open market economy and German culture. The research has shown that when the economic situation is changing, the political culture is also changing at the same time. The comparison of democracy's consolidation has improved the fact that most of the citizens are inclined to trust in public institutions and government representatives when there are better socio-economic conditions in the state. People actively participate in elections and voluntary organizations. The work also has shown the main differences on Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. Lithuanian democracy faces serious challenges. The main problem is related with the weakness of political culture. Although the economic differences between Lithuania and Estonia are not so big, but the activity of civil society, the confidence in political institutions and officers and attitudes to the future prospects are more optimistic. With regard to the rights and freedoms, the biggest noticeable difference – the political participation of non citizens.
The democratization process started in post-communits countries after the third wave of democratization. Democratic consolidation is the result of the democratic process that reflects the country's democratic status. It is expressed through the quality criteria of democracy. Political culture, economic and social situation and human rigths and freedoms are very important criteria which are used in order to explain the democracy's consolidation in Lithuania and Estonia. Those countries chose the democratic regime. However, it is noticed that there are differences between Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. This is the main problem of this work. The problem's analysis is the aim of the research that is achieved by defining the concept of democracy and its conditions, making an analysis of Lithuanian and Estonian political culture, economic and social situation and the human rights and freedoms. So, the paper's object – is the consolidation of democracy in Lithuania and Estonia. The research uses descriptive and comparative methods that help to analyze the main differences and their reasons. The analysis has shown that Estonia has better economic and social situation than Lithuania since the becoming independent states. It could be influenced by advantageous geographical position, open market economy and German culture. The research has shown that when the economic situation is changing, the political culture is also changing at the same time. The comparison of democracy's consolidation has improved the fact that most of the citizens are inclined to trust in public institutions and government representatives when there are better socio-economic conditions in the state. People actively participate in elections and voluntary organizations. The work also has shown the main differences on Lithuanian and Estonian democracy's consolidation. Lithuanian democracy faces serious challenges. The main problem is related with the weakness of political culture. Although the economic differences between Lithuania and Estonia are not so big, but the activity of civil society, the confidence in political institutions and officers and attitudes to the future prospects are more optimistic. With regard to the rights and freedoms, the biggest noticeable difference – the political participation of non citizens.
