Brazil grew 2.4 percent per year on average in the last 25 years-somewhat less than Latin America, a good deal less than the world, far less than the emerging countries of Asia in the same period, and indeed far less than Brazil itself in previous decades. If anything stands out favorably in recent Brazilian experience, it is not growth but stabilization and the successful opening of the economy. The purpose of this paper is more modest. It is limited to setting out the authors' particular view of recent efforts to consolidate democracy in Brazil while controlling inflation and resuming economic growth. At the same time the paper presents, as objectively as possible, some thoughts on the limits but also the relevance of action by political leaders to set a course and circumvent obstacles to that process. Here and there, the paper refers to the experiences of other Latin American countries, especially Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, not to offer a full fledged comparative analysis but merely to note contrasts and similarities that may shed light on the peculiarities of the Brazilian case and suggest themes for a more wide-ranging exchange of views.
The present article reflects on the claiming "movements" for the social development of Sub-Saharan Africa seen from the discourses of the leaders: an internal colonialism? in the context of social progress, checking the discourses of the leaders in the period between (1957 - 2021) in a historical-social and political perspective, a work that was developed within the framework of a module of the PhD programmer. In relation to the objectives, we sought to question whether or not it is colonial continuities that condition the advance and retreat of the African continent south of the Sahara in matters of social development. The choice of theme is justified because there are many contradictions between the speeches made by African leaders during the period of the struggle for independence where they guaranteed the well-being of the population, which reached its peak in the 1960s, and the implementation of commitments made and which are embodied in the charter of the Organization of African Unity, now the African Union. Methodologically, the study was based on descriptive research with a qualitative approach. We also used specialized bibliography on the subject. We also made use of direct observation through news broadcast on various national and international television and radio stations. Finally, we also made use of the information available on the websites of institutions we consider to be reliable, which periodically publish reports on the social situation of the countries in this region. Regarding the results, we note that the speeches proclaimed by the leaders of this geographical space are adverse to social, economic and political emancipation, conditioned in part by the former colonies that still exert certain influences. We also note that there is a lack of feasible public policies from the African governments themselves to satisfy the primary needs of their populations.
Apresento aqui uma resposta aos comentários de R. Salles e M. Dantas, em que se discutem o uso da terminologia gramsciana, as diferenças ideológicas entre os partidos, os nomes dos partidos durante a Regência e o Segundo Reinado e a prática política nos âmbitos provincial e nacional. Argumento que os saquaremas não eram um partido hegemônico, seus líderes eram orgânicos, as diferenças entre os partidos eram essenciais em certos pontos e o uso dos nomes dos partidos no texto discutido decorre da utilização e significado coevos. Esta réplica também aborda as divergências fundamentais que envolveram o Ato Adicional, o significado da legislação centralizadora do Regresso e, por fim, os êxitos e limitações tanto do poder do Estado como da mobilização política provincial em influir no governo provincial, na política nacional e na prática política imperial. ; This is a response to comments by R. Salles and M. Dantas, and discusses the use of Gramscian terminology, ideological differences between the parties, party names used during the Regency and Second Reign, and political practice at the provincial and national levels. It argues that the saquaremas were not a hegemonic party, that their leaders were organic, that the differences between the parties were fundamental on certain points, and that the use of party names in the text debated derive from contemporary usage and meaning. The response also comments on the fundamental differences involved in the Additional Act, on the significance of the reactionary centralizing legislation, and, finally, on the success and limitations of both State power and of provincial political mobilization in affecting provincial government, national policy, and imperial political practice.
Objetivo: analisar a trajetória de vida de Stella Barros e suas contribuições para a enfermagem brasileira. Método: pesquisa histórica, do tipo história de vida com enfoque biográfico. O referencial filosófico que respaldou a análise foi o foucaltiano; aplicada técnica de entrevista semiestruturada. Para organização e tabulação da história oral foi utilizado o software Nvivo 10. Para o trabalho de dados optou-se pelo método de análise de conteúdo e emergiram cinco categorias dos discursos. Resultados: desdobram-se, primeiramente, no fato de a professora mencionada ser considerada um ícone no cenário nacional e internacional, seu percurso é marcado pelo ativismo político, presente em diversas fases da vida. Conclusão: são relevantes estudos que abordem a contribuição de enfermeiras militantes, de forma a favorecer a discussão de problemas expressos pela alienação e ausência de identidade - aspectos imprescindíveis para valorização e reconhecimento profissional.ABSTRACTObjective: to examine the life story of Stella Barros and her contributions to Brazilian nursing. Method: this historical, biographical life-history type study, framed by the philosophy of Foucault, used the semi-structured interview technique. The oral history was organized and tabulated using NVivo 10 software. Data were treated by content analysis, from which five categories emerged. Results: first, the teacher in question was considered an icon nationally and internationally, and her trajectory bears the imprint of the political activism present at several stages of her life. Conclusion: studies that address contributions by militant nurses are important in prompting discussion of the problems of alienation and lack of identity, which are essential to the endeavor to gain recognition for the profession and its value.RESUMENObjetivo: analizar la trayectoria de vida de Stella Barros y sus vínculos para la enfermería brasileña. Método: investigación histórica, del tipo historia de vida con enfoque biográfico. El referencial filosófico que respaldó el análisis fue el de Foucault; se aplicó la técnica de entrevista semiestructurada. Para la organización y tabulación de la historia oral se utilizó el software Nvivo 10. El análisis de datos fue realizado a través del método de análisis de contenido y de ahí surgieron cinco categorías de los discursos. Resultados: se desdoblan, primero, en el hecho de que la profesora es considerada un icono en el escenario nacional e internacional, su recorrido está marcado por el activismo político, presente en varias fases de la vida. Conclusión: son relevantes los estudios que aborden la contribución de enfermeras militantes, para favorecer una discusión de problemas expresos por la alienación y la ausencia de identidad - aspectos imprescindibles para la valorización y el reconocimiento profesional. ; Objective: to examine the life story of Stella Barros and her contributions to Brazilian nursing. Method: this historical, biographical life-history type study, framed by the philosophy of Foucault, used the semi-structured interview technique. The oral history was organized and tabulated using NVivo 10 software. Data were treated by content analysis, from which five categories emerged. Results: first, the teacher in question was considered an icon nationally and internationally, and her trajectory bears the imprint of the political activism present at several stages of her life. Conclusion: studies that address contributions by militant nurses are important in prompting discussion of the problems of alienation and lack of identity, which are essential to the endeavor to gain recognition for the profession and its value.RESUMOObjetivo: analisar a trajetória de vida de Stella Barros e suas contribuições para a enfermagem brasileira. Método: pesquisa histórica, do tipo história de vida com enfoque biográfico. O referencial filosófico que respaldou a análise foi o foucaltiano; aplicada técnica de entrevista semiestruturada. Para organização e tabulação da história oral foi utilizado o software Nvivo 10. Para o trabalho de dados optou-se pelo método de análise de conteúdo e emergiram cinco categorias dos discursos. Resultados: desdobram-se, primeiramente, no fato de a professora mencionada ser considerada um ícone no cenário nacional e internacional, seu percurso é marcado pelo ativismo político, presente em diversas fases da vida. Conclusão: são relevantes estudos que abordem a contribuição de enfermeiras militantes, de forma a favorecer a discussão de problemas expressos pela alienação e ausência de identidade - aspectos imprescindíveis para valorização e reconhecimento profissional.RESUMENObjetivo: analizar la trayectoria de vida de Stella Barros y sus vínculos para la enfermería brasileña. Método: investigación histórica, del tipo historia de vida con enfoque biográfico. El referencial filosófico que respaldó el análisis fue el de Foucault; se aplicó la técnica de entrevista semiestructurada. Para la organización y tabulación de la historia oral se utilizó el software Nvivo 10. El análisis de datos fue realizado a través del método de análisis de contenido y de ahí surgieron cinco categorías de los discursos. Resultados: se desdoblan, primero, en el hecho de que la profesora es considerada un icono en el escenario nacional e internacional, su recorrido está marcado por el activismo político, presente en varias fases de la vida. Conclusión: son relevantes los estudios que aborden la contribución de enfermeras militantes, para favorecer una discusión de problemas expresos por la alienación y la ausencia de identidad - aspectos imprescindibles para la valorización y el reconocimiento profesional.
Executive Council Thirty-Fourth Ordinary Session 7 – 8 February 2019 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ; In April 2016, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and the World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim convened a High Level Panel on Water (HLPW) charged with the dual responsibility of motivating effective action; and advocating for innovation, partnerships, financing and implementation of initiatives to improve water management and sanitation service delivery, as well as build more sustainable and resilient societies and economies. To ensure the highest level of political leadership, 11 sitting Heads of State and Government, as well as a Special Advisor, were invited to lead the panel for a two-year period till March 2018. The Heads of State and Government were from Australia, Bangladesh, Hungary, Jordan, Mauritius (co-chair), Mexico (co-chair), Netherlands, Peru, Senegal, South Africa and Tajikistan
The conflict opposing Georgia & Russia has a direct impact in the Ukraine. But the President, the Prime Minister & the opposition leader have all chosen different sides & do not agree on what should be Ukraine's position. The President sided with Georgia while the leader of the opposition supported Russia's intervention. Those divergences show an acute internal political competition & the fundamental instability of the Ukraine's relationship with Russia. Adapted from the source document.
Portugal has held the Presidency of the European Council three times since accession in 1986. In 1991, as in 2000 or in 2007 the challenge has always been how to reconcile the national interests of a small member state with the broader priorities, expectations & challenges that the EU has to address. Through this learning process, Portugal's commitment to European integration & the EU international relations has evolved significantly. Adapted from the source document.
T he forms of state are established by the nature of the relationship between the military, on the one hand, & the Head of State, the Prime Minister & Parliament, on the other. The relationship between the President of the Republic & the Armed forces is decisive to neutralize the political intervention of the military. In a modern secular society a strong President of a legal Republic is the head of state with the best possible conditions to integrate the military into the state & to ensure civil peace & to lead a transition towards pluralist democracy. The forms of state are not irrelevant when the political subordination of the military is at stake. Appendixes. Adapted from the source document.
Government leaders who want to promote a collective response to disrupting events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, need to foster a shared understanding of the crisis through effective communication. However, the tone and content of communication varies across and within countries and led to conflicting results in terms of collective sensemaking. To understand how government leaders' messages shape emotional and cognitive responses of citizens, we designed a 2x2 vignette experiment in which we manipulate the framing (pessimistic vs. optimistic) and content of the message (specific vs. general) delivered by a political leader. Results from 436 participants showed that while the tone of leader's messages has significant implications for the levels of anxiety and evaluation of the government's truthfulness and its overall response to the crisis, the content of the leader's message matters less. Furthermore, these effects were particularly experienced by women and left-leaning participants. Overall, our results highlight the importance of the leader's communication strategies on influencing the public's emotional reactions, as well as the perceptions of government effectiveness in dealing with the crisis. ; Los líderes gubernamentales que desean promover una respuesta colectiva a eventos disruptivos, como la pandemia de COVID-19, deben promover una comprensión compartida de la crisis a través de una comunicación efectiva. Sin embargo, el tono y el contenido de dicha comunicación han variado entre los diferentes países, e incluso dentro de éstos, y han demostrado que promueven resultados conflictivos en términos de creación colectiva de sentido. Para entender cómo los mensajes de los líderes gubernamentales determinan las respuestas emocionales y cognitivas de los ciudadanos, desarrollamos un experimento 2x2 usando viñetas, en el que manipulamos el tono (pesimista contra optimista) y el contenido del mensaje (específico contra general) emitido por un líder político. Los resultados de 436 participantes mostraron que si bien el tono del mensaje del líder tiene implicaciones significativas para los niveles de ansiedad y para la evaluación de la transparencia del gobierno y de su respuesta general a la crisis, el contenido del mensaje del líder es menos importante. Además, esos efectos los sintieron particularmente las mujeres y los participantes con un posicionamiento político de la izquierda. En general, nuestros resultados resaltan la importancia de las estrategias de comunicación de los líderes para influir en las reacciones emocionales del público, así como las percepciones de la eficacia del gobierno al enfrentar una crisis. ; As lideranças governamentais que desejam promover uma resposta coletiva a eventos disruptivos, como a pandemia da COVID-19, precisam promover um entendimento compartilhado da crise por meio de uma comunicação eficaz. No entanto, o tom e o conteúdo de tais comunicações têm variado entre países e até dentro deles e demonstrado promover resultados conflitantes em termos de criação coletiva de sentido. Para entender como as mensagens das lideranças governamentais moldam as respostas emocionais e cognitivas dos cidadãos, desenvolvemos um experimento 2x2 com uso de vinhetas, no qual manipulamos o tom (pessimista x otimista) e o conteúdo da mensagem (específica x geral) emitida por uma liderança política. Os resultados de 436 participantes mostraram que, embora o tom da mensagem da liderança tenha implicações significativas para os níveis de ansiedade e para a avaliação da transparência do governo e da sua resposta geral à crise, o conteúdo da mensagem da liderança é menos importante. Além disso, esses efeitos foram particularmente sentidos por mulheres e participantes com inclinação política à esquerda. No geral, nossos resultados destacam a importância das estratégias de comunicação da liderança para influenciar as reações emocionais do público, bem como as percepções da eficácia do governo ao lidar com a crise.
Since the resurgence of Russia under Putin's leadership the recurring contestation of NATO's legitimacy has evolved from the rhetoric level to a greater oppositional capacity. The features of the New Strategic Concept of the Atlantic Alliance, being outlined by a group of experts, & the new Russian doctrines guiding its external actions that have been approved in the last two years, do not indicate political convergences. The forthcoming NATO Lisbon summit of November 2010 will have to manage a balance between its legitimacy issues towards the Kremlin that have crystallized in Europe, & the need to cooperate with the Russian giant in the global strategic environment. Adapted from the source document.
