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Citation: Correll, Willett Ramson. Ethics of political parties. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1898. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: "Any section of men who nominate candidates of their own for presidency and vice-presidency of the United States, constitutes what is known as a political party". There have been many political parties since the first was organized. There has been a constant struggle between them for supremacy. Part of the time one is in the lead, and the rest of the time is occupied by others. There have always been at least two great political parties in this country, and this fact perhaps accounts for the continuous rapid growth of this nation as compared with some others. History shows that the secret of the many political revolutions in France and the Spanish-American republics, have been caused by the want of two great political parties to check each other and Champion the rights of the people. Wherever republics have fallen, the fall has been the result of struggle between minority parties. Without political parties, this nation would be helpless in the choice of a president who would command the respect of the nation, and could have no legislation that would satisfy the ants of the people; but while these parties seem essential to progress, and we as well as others, have progressed by them, do we conclude from this that while our people as a result of progressive evaluation, have risen from the lower depths of ignorance to a higher, and still higher standard of knowledge and morality, until they have reached the present high standard, that while all others things must either progress or die, our political parties have been perfect from the beginning, and do not need to be changed to suit the times and requirements of the people?

"Reprinted from The American political science review, vol. 13, no. 2, May, 1919." ; Cover-title. ; Mode of access: Internet.

First edition, July, 1945. ; For further reading: p. 32. ; Mode of access: Internet.

One of the tales told about American political parties is that Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, desiring to create an institution uniting sup-porters of their beliefs about the means and ends of government, set off from their Virginia plantations on what was described to inquisitive journalists as an expedition to gather botanical specimens. Instead of collecting specimens, however, they are alleged to have created the original specimen of the modern political party.

Citation: McDonald, David Collins. Principles of political parties. Senior thesis, Kansas State Agricultural College, 1891. ; Morse Department of Special Collections ; Introduction: In a popular government, parties are a necessity. To demonstrate this fact we need only imagine an election where there were no parties to place in nomination tickets representing certain ideas and principles. Imagine each citizen going to the polls and casting his ballot for his individual choice for the office of president. Imagine, if you can, the endless confusion that would result from such an election, if indeed you can think that our election would be possible in such a manner in this vast republic. Only in a few exceptional cases would a man thus chosen represent the choice or the principles of the majority. Indeed, he could hardly be said to represent any principles. But in governments, principles should rule and not men, so long as a man is trustworthy and performs the duties of his office faithfully, he is and should be a secondary consideration. Compare with this the party system in its purity—not as men have corrupted it—by which a few candidates representing definite formulated principles are placed before the people for their rejection or approval. A man so chosen may reasonably be expected to do his best to put into practice the principles upon which he was elected.

The implementation of regional autonomy through Acts Number 23/2014 on Regional Government formulates the authority that can be maintained by local governments. One of the authorities' is the political autonomy. The efforts to implement the political autonomy can be done through the institutionalization of local political parties. However, according to Indonesian Law, the institutionalization of local political parties is not regulated in the provisions of acts related to political parties. The legislation that regulates local political parties can be found only in Acts Number 11/2006 on Aceh Government and Acts Number 21/2001 on Special Autonomy for Papua Province. Therefore, this paper analyzes the theoretical, juridical and sociological reasons underpinned the idea of local political parties' institutionalization. This research is a normative legal research which uses legal matter and acts to analyse the problems. This research finds strategies that is relevant to make local political parties institutionalized. There are five reasons to deliver local political parties in Indonesia based from this research. First, the theoretical foundation describes Indonesia as a country with federalism autonomy. Second, the constitutional juridical basis consists of two principles of the Constitution, namely the principle of the autonomy of the unitary state and the principle of equality and freedom of every citizen in governing. Third, The platform of sociological based on the fact that the choice of pluralistic Indonesian society is still diverse in many elections. Fourth, the historical background in the form of historical experience that in 1955 General Election and Local Election, there were several local political parties. Fifth, the comparative study in United Kingdom as a unitary state and Malaysia as a Federal State, which both have local political parties. The concept of local political parties that are relevant to be applied in Indonesia in the constitutional juridical perspective related to the decentralization of political parties can be built through four strategies. First, the local political party whose presence was based on pluralist paradigm which provides the idea that in a pluralistic society should be built a decentralized party system in order to sustain the plurality of society. Second, the local political party which drafted is a separate legal entity which is dichotomous from the national political parties as a legal entity. Third, local political party's participation in elections only to the General Election and Local Elections for Legislative Elections candidates, the Provincial Representatives, Regency / City. Fourth, the formation mechanism, supervision and dissolution of local political parties are designed similar to national political process for parties as applicable today.

Letter - A handwritten version of a letter written by Ruth Gorman sent to the Progressive Conservative Party and New Democrat Party, Alberta (1 page) ; WCC

Professor Suli delivered the Fifth Annual Herbert L. Bernstein Memorial Lecture in Comparative Law in 2006 and this article is based on his remarks, with a foreword by Jonathan Ocko. The article is included in the inaugural volume of CICLOPs thatcollects the first six Bernstein lectures. In responding to Sending Law to the Countryside, Professor Frank Upham levied a number of criticisms against Professor Zhu Suli's book. Of particular importance was Upham's criticism concerning a lack of attention to the role of politics and political power in the Chinese legal system. Suli finds this criticism to be extremely important because it reflects what Suli believes to be an inherent bias against and misunderstanding of the Chinese legal system and legal culture by Western comparative legal theorists. Suli asserts that this criticism is misguided because it overlooks the vast differences between legal thought in the vein of Western ideology versus the Chinese strain of legal thought. Arguing that Upham approaches Chinese law from a bias created by an inherently Western ideology concerning law, Suli argues that the culture and governmental framework of China blurs the traditional Western lines drawn between law and politics. By illustrating the weakness of Upham's criticism through showing the particular methods that the Chinese legal system uses to achieve the goal of social order, Suli demonstrates the need for caution when engaging in comparative legal scholarship across two vastly different cultural and legal systems.

This paper assesses the relationship between the nature of political parties and varieties of democracy. It is argued that the changing role of parties can be attributed to an ideational transformation by which parties have gradually come to be seen as necessary and desirable institutions for democracy, and that this has contributed to a changing conception of parties from voluntary private associations towards the political party as a 'public utility', i.e. the party as an essential public good for democracy. Recent cases of democratization, where parties were attributed a markedly privileged position within the democratic institutional framework, provide the most unequivocal testimony of such a conception of the relationship between parties and democracy. At the same time, however, fundamental disagreements persist about the meaning of democracy and the actual role of political parties within it. Regrettably, however, the literatures on parties and democratic theory have developed to a large degree in mutual isolation. This paper provides a preliminary attempt to move beyond the consensus which exists on the surface that modern democracy is unthinkable save in terms of parties by considering varieties of party and different conceptions of democracy.

In this article some aspects of the competition between different political parties and political groups and fractions in the process of the construction of democratic state and civil society in the Republic of Uzbekistan are considered.

We argue that anti-corruption laws may provide an efficiency rationale for why political parties should meddle in the distribution of political nominations and government contracts. Anti-corruption laws forbid trade in spoils that politicians distribute. However, citizens may pay for gaining access to politicians and, thereby, to become potential candidates for nominations. Such rent-seeking results in excessive network formation. Political parties may reduce wasteful network formation, thanks to their ability to enter into exclusive membership contracts. This holds even though anti-corruption laws also bind political parties.

We argue that anticorruption laws may provide an efficiency rationale for why political parties should meddle in the distribution of political nominations and government contracts. Anticorruption laws forbid trade in spoils that politicians distribute. However, citizens may pay for gaining access to politicians and, thereby, to become potential candidates for nominations. Such rent-seeking results in excessive network formation. Political parties may reduce wasteful network formation, thanks to their ability to enter into exclusive membership contracts. This holds even though anticorruption laws also bind political parties.

"Paper prepared for the project "The Role of Political Parties in the Return to Democracy in the Southern Cone," sponsored by the Latin American Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and the World Peace Foundation." ; Bibliography: p. [29]-[31] ; Mode of access: Internet.

The low level of representative power and political parties in Lithuanian public opinion inspired this analysisof political parties, as organizations using basic knowledge of management science. Understanding that voters areconsumers of political party's activities result, programs for election campaigns are considered as a main product ofpolitical parties' activity basing on the most popular contemporary understanding of political party. Basing on thefundamentals of management science a strategy of state development and persons prepared to implement thatstrategy in representative and governmental institutions are considered as a more valuable product of party activitiesin the article. Acquiring the power to govern a state for long enough period, when more than half of citizensparticipating in elections are oriented towards short term goals is considered as a paradox of democracy. Creationand popularizing a philosophy of political party, forming a field of main values in the state's life, serving as a basisfor strategy and short time election programs is considered as a mission of political parties in contemporaryLithuania enabling to overcome the paradox of democracy.

Includes indexes. ; Reprint. Originally published as no. 53., Sept. 20, 1916 Bulletin of the University of Texas: Austin, Tex. : The University, 1916. ; Mode of access: Internet.