The article analyzes the problem of central bank independence a historical, theoretical, and practice terms. The independence of the arguments raised, disclosed in its essence, defines the limits of independence, the transparency of the operation in question. Accessible to the conclusion that the central bank should be independent from the government, while its activity in combination with the legislative and executive state institutions. The study examined the context of changes in European economic and monetary union within the independence dimension of the European System of Central Banks in format. Determined that under these conditions in some areas of the national central banks have independence, the other – the European Central Bank uses the services of national central banks, in addition to another – the European Central Bank is fully independent.
The article analyzes the problem of central bank independence a historical, theoretical, and practice terms. The independence of the arguments raised, disclosed in its essence, defines the limits of independence, the transparency of the operation in question. Accessible to the conclusion that the central bank should be independent from the government, while its activity in combination with the legislative and executive state institutions. The study examined the context of changes in European economic and monetary union within the independence dimension of the European System of Central Banks in format. Determined that under these conditions in some areas of the national central banks have independence, the other – the European Central Bank uses the services of national central banks, in addition to another – the European Central Bank is fully independent.
The article analyzes the problem of central bank independence a historical, theoretical, and practice terms. The independence of the arguments raised, disclosed in its essence, defines the limits of independence, the transparency of the operation in question. Accessible to the conclusion that the central bank should be independent from the government, while its activity in combination with the legislative and executive state institutions. The study examined the context of changes in European economic and monetary union within the independence dimension of the European System of Central Banks in format. Determined that under these conditions in some areas of the national central banks have independence, the other – the European Central Bank uses the services of national central banks, in addition to another – the European Central Bank is fully independent.
The article analyzes the problem of central bank independence a historical, theoretical, and practice terms. The independence of the arguments raised, disclosed in its essence, defines the limits of independence, the transparency of the operation in question. Accessible to the conclusion that the central bank should be independent from the government, while its activity in combination with the legislative and executive state institutions. The study examined the context of changes in European economic and monetary union within the independence dimension of the European System of Central Banks in format. Determined that under these conditions in some areas of the national central banks have independence, the other – the European Central Bank uses the services of national central banks, in addition to another – the European Central Bank is fully independent.
Valakas land reform was started in the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 16th century and is mostly related to the changes in social and economic life. However, the reform not only changed the agrarian relationship between the estate and the village and the agronomy system, but also made complete changes in Lithuanian landscape. The rules of Valakas reform regulated the changes in Lithuanian landscape territory and settlement structures. Due to Valakas reform a three-field strip system, street strip villages with a new barton plan structure, a new building type (stockyard), the network of village streets and roads, the network of small estates, as well as new space forms of agro plantings were developed, town planning was changed, a rectangular plan system was applied for their reorganization. The research object of the present paper is the objects that developed in state lands of Upytė district under the influence of Valakas reform. The constituent parts of the research object are as follows: landscape that developed in Upytė district during the Valakas reform and its separate elements, such as replanned towns, formed street strip villages, the network of small estates. The object of the paper is analysed in several aspects: in the aspect of heritage research and in the aspect of heritage conservation. The aim of the paper is to localize the heritage of Valakas reform in state lands of Upytė district and to analyse the heritage situation in the view of heritage conservation as well as to provide a conservation outline. The present paper claims to be the first complex analysis of Valakas reform from identification and localization of Valakas heritage, to its accountancy, security. According to the inventory of Upytės district of the year 1554, the following landscape elements of state lands of Upytė district were formed: 357 villages and 2 towns. During the research 279 villages and 2 towns mentioned in Upytė district inventory were localized. After using the maps of the 19th-20th centuries for the analysis it was determined that 103 villages with the names defined in the inventory of the 16th century, no longer exist. During the field study inventory of 20 villages it was defined that the following elements of valakas landscape have remained up to the present: fragments of street villages, plan structure of barton buildings, fragments of street plantings, rectangular plan of town squares and street network, cultural layer of towns, fragmental network of small estates. The landscape which developed during the 16th century and its separate elements remained almost unchanged for even four centuries, i.e. until the first part of the 20th century. The structure of valakas landscape started disappearing at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, when grange reform and later kolkhoz reforms in the middle of the 20th century were started to be implemented. Although the typological notion of heritage is developing, in research projects and in the system of heritage conservation the term of Valakas reform does not exist in the way that terms of industry heritage, defence heritage or other groups of heritage which were determined by certain defence, social and political actions of the society, exist. The notion of this heritage group that has not been validated does not allow to understand the complex value of this heritage, as well as the necessity of its integral security Until present the heritage of Valakas reform has been saved by keeping the cultural value of separate element objects despite their primary complex whole. The Law of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Lithuania is an attempt to fortify the complex or integral security of ethno cultural parts of towns and villages by providing them with the status of cultural reservation.
Valakas land reform was started in the Great Duchy of Lithuania in the middle of the 16th century and is mostly related to the changes in social and economic life. However, the reform not only changed the agrarian relationship between the estate and the village and the agronomy system, but also made complete changes in Lithuanian landscape. The rules of Valakas reform regulated the changes in Lithuanian landscape territory and settlement structures. Due to Valakas reform a three-field strip system, street strip villages with a new barton plan structure, a new building type (stockyard), the network of village streets and roads, the network of small estates, as well as new space forms of agro plantings were developed, town planning was changed, a rectangular plan system was applied for their reorganization. The research object of the present paper is the objects that developed in state lands of Upytė district under the influence of Valakas reform. The constituent parts of the research object are as follows: landscape that developed in Upytė district during the Valakas reform and its separate elements, such as replanned towns, formed street strip villages, the network of small estates. The object of the paper is analysed in several aspects: in the aspect of heritage research and in the aspect of heritage conservation. The aim of the paper is to localize the heritage of Valakas reform in state lands of Upytė district and to analyse the heritage situation in the view of heritage conservation as well as to provide a conservation outline. The present paper claims to be the first complex analysis of Valakas reform from identification and localization of Valakas heritage, to its accountancy, security. According to the inventory of Upytės district of the year 1554, the following landscape elements of state lands of Upytė district were formed: 357 villages and 2 towns. During the research 279 villages and 2 towns mentioned in Upytė district inventory were localized. After using the maps of the 19th-20th centuries for the analysis it was determined that 103 villages with the names defined in the inventory of the 16th century, no longer exist. During the field study inventory of 20 villages it was defined that the following elements of valakas landscape have remained up to the present: fragments of street villages, plan structure of barton buildings, fragments of street plantings, rectangular plan of town squares and street network, cultural layer of towns, fragmental network of small estates. The landscape which developed during the 16th century and its separate elements remained almost unchanged for even four centuries, i.e. until the first part of the 20th century. The structure of valakas landscape started disappearing at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century, when grange reform and later kolkhoz reforms in the middle of the 20th century were started to be implemented. Although the typological notion of heritage is developing, in research projects and in the system of heritage conservation the term of Valakas reform does not exist in the way that terms of industry heritage, defence heritage or other groups of heritage which were determined by certain defence, social and political actions of the society, exist. The notion of this heritage group that has not been validated does not allow to understand the complex value of this heritage, as well as the necessity of its integral security Until present the heritage of Valakas reform has been saved by keeping the cultural value of separate element objects despite their primary complex whole. The Law of the Conservation of Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Lithuania is an attempt to fortify the complex or integral security of ethno cultural parts of towns and villages by providing them with the status of cultural reservation.
SUMMARY Democratic elections - is a very important citizens participation fonn in administration of the statė, Aš well aš a crucial factor in the formation of the representative institutions. Elections can not be democratic and their results legitimate and lawful, if elections are conducted without considering democratic principais and procedures of elections, which are Consolidated in the Constitution. Legislators have a duty to enshrine a system of elections, determine a procedure of elections, which includes: registration of candidates, agitation, procedure of voting, calculating votes, disputes solving, regulation of other elections relations. Legislators have a duty to act in conformity with Constitution. He can not refute, skew, restrict universal and eąual right to nor provide legal basis for other subjects to act in that way. If ignored, it would negate sovereign power of the State. There iš one permanent supreme statė institution for organizing and conducting elections and referendums provided in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania- the Central Electoral Committee. Tasks of the Central Electoral Committee are aš follows: 1) to organize and conduct parliamentary, presidential and municipal elections (hereinafter referred to aš elections") and referendums; and to ensure that elections and referendums would be hold adhering to the principles of democratic elections, enshrined in the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Lithuania; 2) in the manner and forms prescribed by law, to control financing of political, political campaigns. Committees work consolidates its Constitutional purpose, principais of its organization and competence. Harmonization of election laws enables the implementation of all these features. Thus, while analyzing Central Electoral Committee it iš import to point: 1. The Committee iš enshrined in the Constitution; 2. Constitutional Court made a conclusion- that the - Committee iš main and universal in that point of view, that it can not be negated by "specialized" Presidential Electoral Committee, which was founded in 1993 for one purpose- to organize Elections Of the President. When discharging its functions and making decisions on issues within its competence, the Central Electoral Committee iš independent. No institution officer or may issue mandatory instructions regarding the making of the decision that iš within the competence of the Central Electoral Committee.
SUMMARY Democratic elections - is a very important citizens participation fonn in administration of the statė, Aš well aš a crucial factor in the formation of the representative institutions. Elections can not be democratic and their results legitimate and lawful, if elections are conducted without considering democratic principais and procedures of elections, which are Consolidated in the Constitution. Legislators have a duty to enshrine a system of elections, determine a procedure of elections, which includes: registration of candidates, agitation, procedure of voting, calculating votes, disputes solving, regulation of other elections relations. Legislators have a duty to act in conformity with Constitution. He can not refute, skew, restrict universal and eąual right to nor provide legal basis for other subjects to act in that way. If ignored, it would negate sovereign power of the State. There iš one permanent supreme statė institution for organizing and conducting elections and referendums provided in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania- the Central Electoral Committee. Tasks of the Central Electoral Committee are aš follows: 1) to organize and conduct parliamentary, presidential and municipal elections (hereinafter referred to aš elections") and referendums; and to ensure that elections and referendums would be hold adhering to the principles of democratic elections, enshrined in the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Lithuania; 2) in the manner and forms prescribed by law, to control financing of political, political campaigns. Committees work consolidates its Constitutional purpose, principais of its organization and competence. Harmonization of election laws enables the implementation of all these features. Thus, while analyzing Central Electoral Committee it iš import to point: 1. The Committee iš enshrined in the Constitution; 2. Constitutional Court made a conclusion- that the - Committee iš main and universal in that point of view, that it can not be negated by "specialized" Presidential Electoral Committee, which was founded in 1993 for one purpose- to organize Elections Of the President. When discharging its functions and making decisions on issues within its competence, the Central Electoral Committee iš independent. No institution officer or may issue mandatory instructions regarding the making of the decision that iš within the competence of the Central Electoral Committee.
SUMMARY Democratic elections - is a very important citizens participation fonn in administration of the statė, Aš well aš a crucial factor in the formation of the representative institutions. Elections can not be democratic and their results legitimate and lawful, if elections are conducted without considering democratic principais and procedures of elections, which are Consolidated in the Constitution. Legislators have a duty to enshrine a system of elections, determine a procedure of elections, which includes: registration of candidates, agitation, procedure of voting, calculating votes, disputes solving, regulation of other elections relations. Legislators have a duty to act in conformity with Constitution. He can not refute, skew, restrict universal and eąual right to nor provide legal basis for other subjects to act in that way. If ignored, it would negate sovereign power of the State. There iš one permanent supreme statė institution for organizing and conducting elections and referendums provided in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania- the Central Electoral Committee. Tasks of the Central Electoral Committee are aš follows: 1) to organize and conduct parliamentary, presidential and municipal elections (hereinafter referred to aš elections") and referendums; and to ensure that elections and referendums would be hold adhering to the principles of democratic elections, enshrined in the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Lithuania; 2) in the manner and forms prescribed by law, to control financing of political, political campaigns. Committees work consolidates its Constitutional purpose, principais of its organization and competence. Harmonization of election laws enables the implementation of all these features. Thus, while analyzing Central Electoral Committee it iš import to point: 1. The Committee iš enshrined in the Constitution; 2. Constitutional Court made a conclusion- that the - Committee iš main and universal in that point of view, that it can not be negated by "specialized" Presidential Electoral Committee, which was founded in 1993 for one purpose- to organize Elections Of the President. When discharging its functions and making decisions on issues within its competence, the Central Electoral Committee iš independent. No institution officer or may issue mandatory instructions regarding the making of the decision that iš within the competence of the Central Electoral Committee.
SUMMARY Democratic elections - is a very important citizens participation fonn in administration of the statė, Aš well aš a crucial factor in the formation of the representative institutions. Elections can not be democratic and their results legitimate and lawful, if elections are conducted without considering democratic principais and procedures of elections, which are Consolidated in the Constitution. Legislators have a duty to enshrine a system of elections, determine a procedure of elections, which includes: registration of candidates, agitation, procedure of voting, calculating votes, disputes solving, regulation of other elections relations. Legislators have a duty to act in conformity with Constitution. He can not refute, skew, restrict universal and eąual right to nor provide legal basis for other subjects to act in that way. If ignored, it would negate sovereign power of the State. There iš one permanent supreme statė institution for organizing and conducting elections and referendums provided in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania- the Central Electoral Committee. Tasks of the Central Electoral Committee are aš follows: 1) to organize and conduct parliamentary, presidential and municipal elections (hereinafter referred to aš elections") and referendums; and to ensure that elections and referendums would be hold adhering to the principles of democratic elections, enshrined in the Constitution and laws of the Republic of Lithuania; 2) in the manner and forms prescribed by law, to control financing of political, political campaigns. Committees work consolidates its Constitutional purpose, principais of its organization and competence. Harmonization of election laws enables the implementation of all these features. Thus, while analyzing Central Electoral Committee it iš import to point: 1. The Committee iš enshrined in the Constitution; 2. Constitutional Court made a conclusion- that the - Committee iš main and universal in that point of view, that it can not be negated by "specialized" Presidential Electoral Committee, which was founded in 1993 for one purpose- to organize Elections Of the President. When discharging its functions and making decisions on issues within its competence, the Central Electoral Committee iš independent. No institution officer or may issue mandatory instructions regarding the making of the decision that iš within the competence of the Central Electoral Committee.
The Internet intelligence of the Lithuanian government and governmental information accessibility to the wider public are analysed and compared with the situation in the EU countries. Based around a standard for EU countries questionnaire, the different Internet activities of the Seimas, the President office and Lithuanian ministries are investigated and compared with findings of West European countries. The findings show, that the Seimas and the President office closely approach EU countries average level according to Internet intelligence. The analysis shows however most of Lithuanian ministries poorly use Internet feedback from society.
The Internet intelligence of the Lithuanian government and governmental information accessibility to the wider public are analysed and compared with the situation in the EU countries. Based around a standard for EU countries questionnaire, the different Internet activities of the Seimas, the President office and Lithuanian ministries are investigated and compared with findings of West European countries. The findings show, that the Seimas and the President office closely approach EU countries average level according to Internet intelligence. The analysis shows however most of Lithuanian ministries poorly use Internet feedback from society.
In this study, titled "Intersection of US-Russia interests in Central Asia region", the author analyses the strategies of the United States of America and the Russian Federation towards Central Asia region and the main strategic interests in the security policy and economical level. The study pays a lot of attention to the analysis of the democratization aspect, especially in the U.S. foreign policy course, and its impact on the relations between U.S., Russia and the states of the Central Asia. The study is based on the academic concept of "imperialism", which becomes an orient in the analysis of intersection of US Russia interests in Central Asia region and opportunities for cooperation. The study has been divided into four chapters. In the first chapter author introduces a theoretical foundation of "imperialism". The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of US strategic interests in Central Asia and the role and meaning of democratization process. The geopolitical spread of Russia's influence is analyzed in the third chapter of the study, where the author underscores the importance of rally points in the relations between Russia and Central Asia states. The fourth chapter analyzes the prospects of future cooperation and competition between US and Russia. The study concludes, that US strategy towards Central Asia is discontinuous, and because of underestimation of specific situation in this region and lack of rally points (short common historical experience, differences in culture and value systems etc.), US fails to establish in this region. In addition, attempting to pass a "democratization message" to the authoritarian regimes and misjudging their reaction, US harms its other strategic interests. However, US cannot abandon "democratization" message because of it gives an ideological ground for its foreign policy course and legitimizes its actions worldwide. Therefore the study confirms the first hypothesis, that excessively underscoring the democratization aspect and forgetting the specifics of Central Asia region, US reduces the effectiveness of these relations as well as its abilities to reach other strategic goals. Russia, otherwise, does not underline "democratization" issue and avoids the rise of such tension in its relations with Central Asia states. Russia makes use of the bridging cultural connections, common historical experience, and, mostly important, common infrastructure that facilitates economical cooperation. Therefore, study concludes, that Russia manages to make use of Central Asia states' apathy towards US offered democratization model, and increases its opportunities to strengthen the instruments of economical pressure in the region. Central Asia can be seen as a testing area for the competition of US and Russia imperial ambitions. In consideration of US attempts to implement its domination policy goals and Russia's desire to see multipolar international relations system instead of unipolar, cooperation perspectives remain highly questionable.
In this study, titled "Intersection of US-Russia interests in Central Asia region", the author analyses the strategies of the United States of America and the Russian Federation towards Central Asia region and the main strategic interests in the security policy and economical level. The study pays a lot of attention to the analysis of the democratization aspect, especially in the U.S. foreign policy course, and its impact on the relations between U.S., Russia and the states of the Central Asia. The study is based on the academic concept of "imperialism", which becomes an orient in the analysis of intersection of US Russia interests in Central Asia region and opportunities for cooperation. The study has been divided into four chapters. In the first chapter author introduces a theoretical foundation of "imperialism". The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of US strategic interests in Central Asia and the role and meaning of democratization process. The geopolitical spread of Russia's influence is analyzed in the third chapter of the study, where the author underscores the importance of rally points in the relations between Russia and Central Asia states. The fourth chapter analyzes the prospects of future cooperation and competition between US and Russia. The study concludes, that US strategy towards Central Asia is discontinuous, and because of underestimation of specific situation in this region and lack of rally points (short common historical experience, differences in culture and value systems etc.), US fails to establish in this region. In addition, attempting to pass a "democratization message" to the authoritarian regimes and misjudging their reaction, US harms its other strategic interests. However, US cannot abandon "democratization" message because of it gives an ideological ground for its foreign policy course and legitimizes its actions worldwide. Therefore the study confirms the first hypothesis, that excessively underscoring the democratization aspect and forgetting the specifics of Central Asia region, US reduces the effectiveness of these relations as well as its abilities to reach other strategic goals. Russia, otherwise, does not underline "democratization" issue and avoids the rise of such tension in its relations with Central Asia states. Russia makes use of the bridging cultural connections, common historical experience, and, mostly important, common infrastructure that facilitates economical cooperation. Therefore, study concludes, that Russia manages to make use of Central Asia states' apathy towards US offered democratization model, and increases its opportunities to strengthen the instruments of economical pressure in the region. Central Asia can be seen as a testing area for the competition of US and Russia imperial ambitions. In consideration of US attempts to implement its domination policy goals and Russia's desire to see multipolar international relations system instead of unipolar, cooperation perspectives remain highly questionable.
THE CENTRAL MUNICIPALITY LIBRARY OF VILNIUS CITY PROJECT ACTIVITY SUMMARY Autorius: Rasa Kėkštienė The aim of master study is to analyze and reveal project activities in the central municipality library of Vilnius city. The subject which has been chosen is project activities in. This topic is relevant nowadays. Libraries are influenced of many changes: political (market philosophy and its mechanisms, privatization, decentralization), technological (electronic, digital information, use of new equipment), organizational (new management, schedule, and marketing demands). The analysis of project activities in the central municipality library of Vilnius city helps to make findings which shows obvious changes in libraries. Those changes are determined by projects: change of library prestige, co-operation with other organizations, the quality of service and its diversity, technologic base, the structural organization of libraries, use of computers and etc.Used theoretical management of project and search of funds in practice. There was found that fast political, economics and social changes involved changes in libraries. However those changes were not equal in all libraries. There was a bigger change in those libraries which were first in project making and those which were able to get further foundation, to use co – operation and management of projects. Successful management of projects helped libraries to become an example for others. Projects of the central Vilnius library were evaluated and classified. They were classified according conditional requests: social projects, projects which were dedicated for children who need social support, artistic self – expression and creativity stimulation projects, children occupation, children summer holiday and occupation projects. Moreover, the main trends of prject activities are: moderniztion of libraries, implementation of new technologies. Those aspects allows to get and use new information. It is also important to mention such dimensions as: rise of librarians qualification, implementation of new, nonstandart services, use of new work froms, promotions of co – operation with municipalities, shools, nongovernmental organizations and other institutions.
