Suchergebnisse

Regardless of the popular wisdom to make predictions in negotiations as if they always reflect the right according to the Bible– that "to every one who has will more be given" – this article starts with observation that weaker parties can and do sometimes successfully negotiate with stronger parties. Naturally this provokes questions: "Why can weak parties successfully negotiate with the stronger parties in asymmetric negotiations? How to explain this structural paradox?". The article argues that these questions would be old and answered if not for the long lasting tendency in the international relations discipline to analyze international negotiations from the point of view of the traditional power understanding, as well as systemic international relations theories. On another hand, difficulties objectively arise due to the fact that analysis of the structural paradox is connected to the problem of power – one of the most complex and difficult to define categories of the social science. And although much has been done recently in the social science to improve our understanding of the concept of power, it is still unclear what is the best way to conceptualise it.

Regardless of the popular wisdom to make predictions in negotiations as if they always reflect the right according to the Bible– that "to every one who has will more be given" – this article starts with observation that weaker parties can and do sometimes successfully negotiate with stronger parties. Naturally this provokes questions: "Why can weak parties successfully negotiate with the stronger parties in asymmetric negotiations? How to explain this structural paradox?". The article argues that these questions would be old and answered if not for the long lasting tendency in the international relations discipline to analyze international negotiations from the point of view of the traditional power understanding, as well as systemic international relations theories. On another hand, difficulties objectively arise due to the fact that analysis of the structural paradox is connected to the problem of power – one of the most complex and difficult to define categories of the social science. And although much has been done recently in the social science to improve our understanding of the concept of power, it is still unclear what is the best way to conceptualise it.

Regardless of the popular wisdom to make predictions in negotiations as if they always reflect the right according to the Bible– that "to every one who has will more be given" – this article starts with observation that weaker parties can and do sometimes successfully negotiate with stronger parties. Naturally this provokes questions: "Why can weak parties successfully negotiate with the stronger parties in asymmetric negotiations? How to explain this structural paradox?". The article argues that these questions would be old and answered if not for the long lasting tendency in the international relations discipline to analyze international negotiations from the point of view of the traditional power understanding, as well as systemic international relations theories. On another hand, difficulties objectively arise due to the fact that analysis of the structural paradox is connected to the problem of power – one of the most complex and difficult to define categories of the social science. And although much has been done recently in the social science to improve our understanding of the concept of power, it is still unclear what is the best way to conceptualise it.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The object of the research is the development of the temporary capital image in the literature. This study aims to analyze the tendencies of the literary mythopoetics of the interwar Kaunas caused by specific historical circumstances, and to track the shifts in reflection on the temporary capital in the Lithuanian literature brought about by changes in the historical, political, social and cultural situation of the 20th century and the beginning of 21st century.The method of mythopoetic analysis of a city applied for this research is directed to the recognition of characteristic symbolic images of temporary capital which have been crystallised in the collective consciousness and appear as literary texts. The historical-political circumstances had a decisive influence on the trends mythologizing the temporary capital in the 20 and 21st centuries in Lithuanian literature. The social and cultural issues facing temporary capital and interwar Lithuania in general took the form of framework for mythologised narrative about a pernicious City – one that stands in the path of the individual's life as a fateful challenge to be overcome in the search of identity. The mythopoetics of interwar Kaunas completely changed its direction in the postwar émigré literature: with the net of historical circumstances receding to the background and the tendency of mythologisation gaining strength, the social-cultural contradictions of independence period retreated to the background and the narrative of temporary capital fatefully converged with the reflection on the fate of the state it represented. Contrary to the narrative of the temporary capital which was idealised, reducing political and social contradictions in the diaspora literature, in the Soviet Lithuania the memory of the interwar Kaunas, as well as the whole of period of the independent Lithuanian, was ideologically demonised, bringing the vices of the bourgeois and authoritarian regimes to the first place. The contemporary myth of the temporary capital is generated by the antagonism between the independence and the Soviet occupation: the progressive, Western-oriented culture of the interwar Kaunas and the creative breakthrough of the artists and intellectuals of the temporary capital are contrasted with the cultural, intellectual and spiritual stagnation of the totalitarian system.

The paper examines a polemic that rose after the publishing of Vytautas Kubilius' book 20th Century Literature in 1995: the main topics, forms, and development; the positions and professional, institutional, and generation dependence of its participants, their arguments and rhetoric. The number and fervour of reviews was evidence of the importance and influence attached to Kubilius' work, but at the same time it highlighted different approaches to literature (an artistic composition or a social phenomenon performing aesthetic, social and political functions), its historic process (homogeneous or multiplex), expectations of literary studies (uncompromisingly objective or subjective, Soviet vs Western, with priorities given to aesthetics or attention to social functions). The polemic displayed a particular sensitivity to various interpretations of Lithuanian literature of the Soviet period and the problematic place of the post-Soviet critic. The paper also considers the way the history of literature written by Kubilius could be read and interpreted after a decade of its publications, especially the possibility of a different estimation of his attention to historical contexts and ideological aspects in the perspective of contemporary literary studies.

The paper examines a polemic that rose after the publishing of Vytautas Kubilius' book 20th Century Literature in 1995: the main topics, forms, and development; the positions and professional, institutional, and generation dependence of its participants, their arguments and rhetoric. The number and fervour of reviews was evidence of the importance and influence attached to Kubilius' work, but at the same time it highlighted different approaches to literature (an artistic composition or a social phenomenon performing aesthetic, social and political functions), its historic process (homogeneous or multiplex), expectations of literary studies (uncompromisingly objective or subjective, Soviet vs Western, with priorities given to aesthetics or attention to social functions). The polemic displayed a particular sensitivity to various interpretations of Lithuanian literature of the Soviet period and the problematic place of the post-Soviet critic. The paper also considers the way the history of literature written by Kubilius could be read and interpreted after a decade of its publications, especially the possibility of a different estimation of his attention to historical contexts and ideological aspects in the perspective of contemporary literary studies.

Positivism has made a significant influence on many schools of philosophy of the 19th and 20th centuries. But its influence spans even further – positivism also made an impact on natural and especially on social sciences, as well as on various fields of public and private life, such as law, politics and everyday life. Aa significant influence has been also made on arts. The latter is being analyzed in the article. The nature of influence depended on the historical epoch and the prevailing form of positivism and was quite diverse. Classical or sociological positivism made the biggest impact on literature. Positivism of the 20th century was attractive to writers because of its attention to facts and the steady development of society, collectivistic and altruistic ideals and progressive orientation. The influence of positivism can be seen in naturalistic writings of Émile Zola. The empirio-criticism of Eernst Mach made quite a different impact. Contrary to Aauguste Comte, he emphasized not external but internal facts or, to be precise, considered such contraposition to be faulty, and made an impact on writers, such as James Joyce, Franz Kafka, Rrobert Musil, who are usually called modernists. De-substantialisation of subject, stream of consciousness, fusion of dream and reality are signs Mach's influence. Tthey are also apparent in abstract art where Mach's ideas of visual space perception were exceptionally popular at the beginning of the 20th century. In turn, the influence of logical positivism is most visible in architecture which by members of the Vienna Circle was considered to be the most important of arts. Having been in close contact with representatives of the Bauhaus school, they made a significant contribution to the spread of constructivism and functionalism which correspond to the strict logical structures of logical positivism.