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Pressure Groups are an increasingly important feature of the political landscape and they are active on many levels, local, national or European. They reflect a diverse compass of interests from the well-known (the National Farmers' Union) to the less familiar (the Zip Fastener Association) and interact with a wide range of political players in different parts of the political system: parties, the media, government and parliament. They are involved at every stage of the political process, from raising issues and agenda setting to policy implementation and monitoring

WOS:000362040900008 ; This study puts forth the importance of effects of pressure groups on environmental sustainability. A comprehensive literature review has revealed that there are just case studies in theoretical modelling that attempt to analyze the relation between special interest groups and environmental sustainability. When special interest groups act in an organized manner, they turn into pressure groups. For this reason, pressure groups should have a negative impact on environmental sustainability. According to the results of the first empirical analysis in this field, which was based on the data from 127 countries, there is a negative correlation between the level of environmental sustainability and pressure groups. The negative correlation between the pressure groups and environmental sustainability reaches the most significant level in developed countries. Therefore, we can conclude that as the number of pressure groups increases, the level of environmental sustainability decreases. Consequently, the implementation of policies which are created and applied to raise the level of welfare of today's and future generations depend on developed countries which work without bowing to pressure groups.

Estuda as relações entre parlamentos e grupos de interesse no Reino Unido, Alemanha, Itália, Bélgica, Países Baixos, Irlanda e no Parlamento Europeu.

Pressure groups are fundamental to pluralist societies. But what is the relationship between those groups and parliaments? This work explores the links between parliaments and pressure groups, assessing the extent and impact of the contact that occurs. Is pressure group activity beneficial to parliament? And what are the implications for the political system?

Intro -- Globalizing Interests: Pressure Groups and Denationalization -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Globalizing Interests-An Introduction -- ON GLOBALIZATION: BROAD DEFINITIONS, METHODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM AND STRUCTURAL SHORTCUTS -- FROM INTERDEPENDENCE TO GLOBALIZATION AND DENATIONALIZATION -- AVOIDING METHODOLOGICAL NATIONALISM: SOCIETAL RESPONSES TO DENATIONALIZATION -- AVOIDING STRUCTURAL SHORTCUTS: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND CASES -- HYPOTHESES AND FINDINGS -- INSTEAD OF A CONCLUSION: TOWARDS GOVERNANCE IN A POSTNATIONAL POLITY? -- 2. Conceptual Considerations: Analytical Framework, Design and Methodology -- UNIT OF ANALYSIS AND CASE SELECTION: GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES -- COUNTRY SELECTION: GERMANY, CANADA, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE UNITED STATES -- GROUP SELECTION: A MATRIX OF POLITICAL CLEAVAGES -- DEPENDENT VARIABLE: GROUP RESPONSES TO GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES -- METHODOLOGY AND CODING: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES -- INDEPENDENT VARIABLES: TOWARDS HYPOTHESES ON GROUP RESPONSES -- 3. Internet Politics: Responses to Illegal Content and Cryptography in Germany and Canada -- INTRODUCTION: THE INTERNET AND ITS GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES -- ILLEGAL CONTENT ON THE INTERNET: GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE AND POLICY-CYCLES -- CRYPTOGRAPHY: DENATIONALIZATION CHALLENGE AND POLICY CYCLES -- CASES, PATTERNS, AND THEIR EXPLANATION: SOME HYPOTHESES -- 4. Citizenship and Migration in Germany and the United States -- INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDIES AND GROUP SELECTION -- LABOR MIGRATION AND SOCIAL STANDARDS IN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES -- POLITICAL ASYLUM IN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE COLD WAR: GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE -- TOWARDS AN EXPLANATION OF SOCIETAL RESPONSES -- 5. Politics From Above or Below? Climate Politics in Germany and Great Britain -- INTRODUCTION: GOVERNANCE CHALLENGE, POLICY CYCLES, AND GROUP SELECTION.