Suchergebnisse

Aceh, as the world's largest producer of pepper in the nineteenth century and exporter of areca nut, had a long and sustained trade connection with Penang. Among its major imports through Penang were cloth, rice, opium and fire-arms. Trade with Penang led to the rise of a wealthy group of ulèëbalangs who were able to assert their autonomous status vis-à-vis the Acehnese sultan. Penang was where many Acehnese took refuge when conflict broke out between the sultanate and the Dutch in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Penang became Aceh's main access to the outside world not only in trade but also in diplomacy as foreign intervention was sought in its conflict with the Dutch. In this dynamic Aceh-Penang connection, the Chinese were important. This article recaptures the inter-ethnic and transnational co-operation and competition in maritime trade that significantly and profoundly shaped the commercial and political landscapes of nineteenth-century Aceh and Penang.

Regional integration (RI) is a global phenomenon that has existed for a long time, its ultimate goal is the development of member countries. Several authors have tried to precisely develop this concept but have not been able to produce a universal definition of it. Indeed, its multidimensional character can take several forms, going from a simple creation of economic links between nations and even between individual units within a national economy, to a complex social phenomenon whose economic content is closely related to the political aspect. The same observation can be made with regard to the phases that this regional integration can take, which, according to economic theory, go from a free-trade zone characterized by the abolition of customs tariffs towards mutual trade to total economic integration determined by a common economic policy. The objective of this work is to analyze the theoretical framework of the regional integration through the enumeration of this phenomenon's different types and various conceptions. Also, this article aims to pay particular attention to this integration's impact on bilateral trade, thanks to the theories dealing with integration such as the neoclassical theory of customs unions which aims to study the abolition of customs borders effects on trade, the theory of the new geographical economy which attempts to provide information on the place where certain industries produce goods and on their distribution in space, as well as the theory of the new institutional economy which emphasizes the way in which institutions, new or already existing, can influence the interactions between economic agents, on one hand, and thanks to the empirical studies that have dealt with the question of the integration's impact on trade, on the other hand. JEL Classification: F1, F2, F4 Paper type: Theoretical Research ; L'intégration régionale (IR) est un phénomène mondial qui ne date pas d'aujourd'hui, son objectif final est le développement des pays membres. Plusieurs auteurs ont tenté de développer ce concept d'une manière précise, mais n'ont pu produire une définition universelle de ce dernier. En effet, son caractère multidimensionnel peut prendre plusieurs formes allant d'une simple création de liens économiques entre nations et même entre unités individuelles au sein d'une économie nationale à un phénomène social complexe dont le contenu économique est en étroite relation avec l'aspect politique. Le même constat est observé pour ce qui est des phases que peut prendre cette intégration régionale et qui vont, selon la théorie économique, d'une zone de libre-échange caractérisée par la suppression des tarifs douaniers vis-à-vis du commerce mutuel à une intégration économique totale déterminée par une politique économique commune. L'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser le cadre théorique de l'intégration régionale à travers l'énumération des différents types et des diverses conceptions de ce phénomène. Aussi, cet article ambitionne de porter une attention particulière à l'impact de cette intégration sur le commerce bilatéral grâce, d'une part, aux théories traitant l'intégration et notamment la théorie néoclassique des unions douanières qui vise à étudier les effets de la suppression des frontières douanières sur le commerce, la théorie de la nouvelle économie géographique qui tente de renseigner sur le lieu où certaines industries produisent leurs biens et sur la distribution de ceux-ci dans l'espace ainsi que la théorie de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle qui met l'accent sur la manière avec laquelle les institutions, nouvelles ou déjà existantes, peuvent influencer les interactions entre les agents économiques, et d'autre part, aux études empiriques qui ont traité la question de l'impact de l'intégration sur le commerce. Classification JEL : F1, F2, F4 Type de l'article: article théorique

Examines the Dec. 1999 WTO Ministerial Conference held in Seattle, the participating new players, such as NGOs and developing countries, request for a more egalitarian and equitable trading system, the exhaustion of the US globalization model, the European Union's inability to produce an integration model, and other issues. Summary in English p. 573-4.