The characteristic of management for ecologically-friendly produce manufacturing is that any action is to be regulated by legal norms. In Russia, there are practically no well-defined standards to estimate the produce as ecologically-friendly. The manufacturers and consumers of ecologically- friendly produce find it urgent to develop and put into practice the mechanism to regulate organic produce manufacture, certification and consumption. The terms «organic produce manufacture» and «organic farm produce» have been coined today. The following provisions were agreed upon, such as state support for and control of organic farm produce manufacture as well as state support for the events to improve soil fertility, protect agricultural lands and realize organic agricultural manufacture. Informational and methodical extension is to be provided for the manufacture of organic farm produce. In the air is the burning issue of designing the mechanism to regulate all manufacturing stages: processing, packaging, labeling, transporting and merchandizing the ecologically-friendly produce as this shall make it possible to enter the world market and make its contribution to more consolidated food safety and support for healthy nutrition of our country's residents. The main trends of the mechanism are to be the following: to update the legislative and normative base in the field of ecologic agriculture, design the plan of organic produce market advance for long-term perspective on federal and regional level, develop national trade marks for certified organic products, set up sufficient number of accredited bodies to certify, set up the center for providing the information and marketing research regarding the organic produce as well as found the monitoring center for food produce electronic accounting. The events proposed to update the mechanism of organic produce manufacture, certification and consumption shall allow to arrange the manufacture of organic produce in Russia, but this is one of the most perspective trends to provide competitive ability and quality of the products and important source of economic growth. ; Особенность организации производства экологически чистой продукции заключается в том, что любое действие должно регламентироваться правовыми нормами. В России практически не существует четких нормативов, по которым возможна даже оценка продукции как экологически чистой. Среди производителей и потребителей экологически чистой продукции уже назрела необходимость разработки и внедрения механизма регулирования производства, сертификации и потребления органической продукции. В настоящее время определены термины «производство органической продукции» и «органическая сельскохозяйственная продукция». Оговорены условия предоставления государственной поддержки и регулирования производства органической сельскохозяйственной продукции, а также государственная поддержка мероприятий по повышению плодородия земель, охране сельскохозяйственных земель и осуществлению органического сельскохозяйственного производства. Рассматривается информационное и методическое обеспечение производства органической сельскохозяйственной продукции. Назрела необходимость разработки механизма регулирования всех стадий производства, переработки, упаковки, маркировки, транспортировки и торговли экологически чистой продукцией, так как он позволит выйти на мировой рынок и внесет свой вклад в укрепление продовольственной безопасности России и поддержание здорового питания жителей нашей страны. Основными направления механизма должны быть такие, как совершенствование законодательной нормативной базы в области экологического сельского хозяйства, разработка плана развития рынка органической продукции на долгосрочную перспективу на федеральном и региональном уровне, создание национальных торговых марок органических сертифицированных продуктов, создание достаточного количества аккредитованных сертифицирующих органов, создание центра по информатизации и маркетинговому сопровождению органической продукции, а также мониторингового центра по электронному учету продовольственной продукции. Предложенные мероприятия по совершенствованию механизма регулирования производства, сертификации и потребления органической продукции дадут возможность организовать производство органической продукции в России, а это является одним из самых перспективных направлений обеспечения качества и конкурентоспособности товаров и важным источником экономического роста.
In the article the analysis of dumping and anti-dumping procedures is carried out in international trade. The ways of defense of the Ukrainian producer are offered from anti-dumping procedures taking into account the legislative base of Ukraine. ; В статье осуществлен анализ демпинга и андидемпинговых процедур в международной торговле. Предлагаются пути защиты украинского производителя от антидемпинговых процедур с учетом законодательной базы Украины. ; У статті здійснений аналіз демпінгу і антідемпінгових процедур в міжнародній торгівлі. Пропонуються шляхи захисту українського виробника від антидемпінгових процедур з урахуванням законодавчої бази України.
Раздел "Международное право" - рубрика "Международное частное право" ; The author presents the history of the development of multilateral trade negotiations on services within the GATT network and reviews the factors underlying this process. They are determined by the foreign trade policy of the USA and other developed countries within the OECD. The article considers the positions of the GATT member-countries on the issue of developing a general agreement on services trade. The position of the opponents of this agreement is also presented here. Led by Brazil and India, these countries insist that it is hardly possible to develop clear rules for regulating the trade in services. Opponents also expressed the opinion that it is more expedient to regulate trade in particular kinds of services, referring to the existing differences in rendering various services. They also pointed out that GATT is not very orderly or systematic in its approach. There are controversial issues concerning trade in agricultural produce and textiles. Difficulties exist in settling trade disputes in GATT. The wide-spread misinterpretation of the anti-dumping policy, no less wide-spread use of bilateral agreements to circumvent GATT provisions have been understood by some countries as developments leading to disintegration of GATT. Naturally, the US opponents wondered whether a new system of services trade, using more complicated rules and norms is possible, when a multilateral system of rules governing the trade in googs is not working well. The report of the group of top officials of the OECD governments, which defined the conditions of possible trade negotiations on services trade was well received. It pointed out the negative impact of the existing restrictions in international services trade. Thus the Group laid the foundation for the development of multilateral regulations covering trade in services. In 1981 the International Chamber of Trade Commission on Trade Policy and Trade Disputes issued the document entitled «The International Chamber's Position on Services Trade Liberalization» which showed the necessity to create a systematic and detailed codex of the main elements of the future agreement regulating services trade. In 1981 the OECD proposed the adoption over the principle of a national regime as a cornerstone in any future agreement and stressed the importance of this principle. The developed countries who have a great export potential in services trade wanted to extend onto this sphere the same principles of regulation as fixed in GATT. Following pressure by the USA the Conference of Ministers of the GATT member-states therefore included the services issue in the final declaration. The Declaration contains a recommendation for member countries to study their national problems in services trade and share information on these issues with each other and with international organisations. The General Agreement on Services Trade, worked out within the GATT framework, came to be the first international act to regulate international services trade. The present study led the author to the conclusion that no state is ready at present to sacrifice the interests of its own companies in order to establish a universal international system of free services trade. In view of that, the accession of Belarus to the WTO, the GATT successor, should be carefully considered, because excessive opening of the services market will have negative consequences.
The subject matter of this article is the mutual international settlements between Russia (i.e. its border regions) and China in yuans. An advantage of such settlements is determined by the amount of money which can be spared by the Russian importers of Chinese products in case of direct trade. The topic of the article encompasses the analysis of export-import operations and national currencies' use, in particular, the yuan, in the cross-border settlements between Russia and China. The objective of this article is to reveal the role of China in the international activities of the Russian near-border regions on the basis of the analysis of export and import statistics database. The hypothesis of this article is that the dynamics of Chinese imports to the Russian nearborder regions correlates with the amount of the yuans traded on the Moscow Stock Exchange. The article produces forecasts of Chinese imports to the Russian near-border regions and the amount of money, which can be spared by the Russian importers in the case of a transition in bilateral settlements to the yuan. The outcomes of the article include the calculated indicators of the efficiency of the direct trade between China and Russia and of the coverage of Chinese imports in the Russian near-border regions by the yuan. The findings of this article are recommended to Russian inporters as a reference point to increase the profitability of export-import operations with China, and to federal and local governments to create the Russian external economic strategy. The authors comes to the conclusion that if the Chinese imports to the Russian border region were in the yuan, then the yuans volume of trade on the Russian foreign exchange market would allow the direct settlements with China. ; Проанализированы экспортно-импортные операции и использование национальных валют, в частности юаня, во внешнеэкономических отношениях России и Китая. Сформулированы прогнозы величины китайского импорта в приграничные субъекты Российской Федерации и экономии российских импортеров в случае перехода в двусторонних расчетах на юань.
Раздел "Международные отношения" ; В статье рассматриваются торговые отношения Беларуси с четырьмя странами Латинской Америки: Аргентиной, Бразилией, Венесуэлой и Кубой. За указанный период Беларуси удалось удержать в странах региона традиционные для себя сегменты рынка азотных и калийных удобрений, значительно увеличив их поставки. Особый рост получили отношения с Венесуэлой, которая становится важным союзником Беларуси в латиноамериканском регионе. Однако потенциал сотрудничества с вышеупомянутыми странами был использован не полностью: доля остальных видов белорусской продукции оставалась незначительной, в двусторонней торговле была сильна роль посредников и т. д. Эти обстоятельства ставят перед руководством Беларуси задачу продолжать работу по расширению своего присутствия на рынках данных стран, максимально диверсифицировав ассортимент поставляемых товаров и услуг. = The article considers trade relations of Belarus with four countries of Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela and Cuba. Over this period Belarus managed to retain the traditional segments of the nitrate and potassium fertilizers market in this region increasing the volume. Special progress was gained in the relations with Venezuela which is becoming Belarus' main ally in the Latin-American region. However, the potential of cooperation with the above-mentioned countries has not been developed to the full: the share of other types of produce from Belarus has remained insignificant, there were too many intermediaries in the bilateral trade relations, etc. These circumstances raise the problem for the Belarusian government to promote expansion to the markets of these countries while diversifying the range of goods and services supplied.
The relevance of the topic is primarily related to the increase in the amount of used electrical and electronic equipment in the world. Most of this equipment has a complex configuration, namely it consists of both non-toxic and toxic materials, making it difficult to define a common approach to legal regulation of its storage, transportation and disposal. The object of the study is the transboundary movement of e-waste, the subject is international legal and regional standards in the field of transboundary movement. The purpose of this work is to study existing international and regional regulatory acts to establish international standards applicable to the transportation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), as well as to identify their shortcomings and to study best practices to improve the existing approach to managing e-waste. The main tasks of the work: to determine the content of the concept "waste electrical and electronic equipment", as well as to identify the reasons why they create problems not only at the environmental level, but also at the societal, political and legal ones; investigate in detail and apply extended producer responsibility (EPR) to management of e-waste. Using such methods as comparative, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, it was concluded that EPR is a very important tool for implementing the principles of reducing toxicity, reuse and recycling, because of its ability to stimulate "upstream" changes in product design by imposing obligations on "downstream" WEEE management. It is revealed that the individual responsibility of the manufacturer is most acceptable in the design of environmentally friendly products. Ultimately, an effective e-waste management framework in developed countries will help reduce the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste to developing countries. Master's work can be useful to legal scholars specializing in environmental issues, in particular - waste generation and management practices, law teachers, law students, and practicing lawyers. This is the first Russian-language study of such kind, where, in the course of studying mainly English scientific/legal literature and international treaties, the issue of applying extended producer responsibility when dealing with WEEE was investigated. Even such an extensive topic at first glance, as the problem of electronic waste, is not well studied in the literature of Russian-speaking authors.
The relevance of the topic is primarily related to the increase in the amount of used electrical and electronic equipment in the world. Most of this equipment has a complex configuration, namely it consists of both non-toxic and toxic materials, making it difficult to define a common approach to legal regulation of its storage, transportation and disposal. The object of the study is the transboundary movement of e-waste, the subject is international legal and regional standards in the field of transboundary movement. The purpose of this work is to study existing international and regional regulatory acts to establish international standards applicable to the transportation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), as well as to identify their shortcomings and to study best practices to improve the existing approach to managing e-waste. The main tasks of the work: to determine the content of the concept "waste electrical and electronic equipment", as well as to identify the reasons why they create problems not only at the environmental level, but also at the societal, political and legal ones; investigate in detail and apply extended producer responsibility (EPR) to management of e-waste. Using such methods as comparative, as well as the method of generalization and system analysis, it was concluded that EPR is a very important tool for implementing the principles of reducing toxicity, reuse and recycling, because of its ability to stimulate "upstream" changes in product design by imposing obligations on "downstream" WEEE management. It is revealed that the individual responsibility of the manufacturer is most acceptable in the design of environmentally friendly products. Ultimately, an effective e-waste management framework in developed countries will help reduce the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste to developing countries. Master's work can be useful to legal scholars specializing in environmental issues, in particular - waste generation and management practices, law teachers, law students, and practicing lawyers. This is the first Russian-language study of such kind, where, in the course of studying mainly English scientific/legal literature and international treaties, the issue of applying extended producer responsibility when dealing with WEEE was investigated. Even such an extensive topic at first glance, as the problem of electronic waste, is not well studied in the literature of Russian-speaking authors.
""Africa's Middle-Class Motor"" finds growing evidence that a recent resurgence in the continent's economic well-being has staying power. In his overview article, Harvard professor Calestous Juma says the emphasis for too long has been on eradicating poverty through aid rather than promoting prosperity through improved infrastructure, education, entrepreneurship, and trade. That is now changing: there is a growing emphasis on policies that produce a middle class. The new African middle class may not have the buying power of a Western middle class but it demands enough goods and services to sup
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The object of this master thesis is the functioning legal system of EU that defines and regulates such a category of intellectual property rights as geographical indications. The goal of the thesis — conduct a comprehensive discussion and provide an overview of the EU regulatory system in the framework of the relevant EU legislature. Main tasks of the thesis: assess the impact of the current GI protection regime in the EU; determine the goals and the vector of further development of GIs; establish the relevance of GIs for European consumers, manufacturers and sellers. The methodology used in the work involves an analysis of the relevant legal framework, which includes international law, functioning on the example of multilateral treaties and bilateral trade agreements, and also European law and established case law, and it also involves a review of the scientific literature regarding GIs. Special attention is paid to EU foreign policy priorities and international relations on the matters of protection of GIs. A specific position in this work is occupied by the study of particular case law and the analysis of empirical data during the application and modification of the concept of GI by European manufacturers, state authorities, the European Court of Justice, and other EU legal institutions. The crucial findings of the study are that the EU seeks to promote quality and innovation in agriculture and pursue successful trade policies both within the European community and worldwide. In this context, GIs play an important role in promoting rural development, increasing the value of traditional agricultural products and producer incomes, preserving cultural and biological diversity, and providing reliable information to consumers. Being collective intellectual property rights, GIs require effective management attainable by the good faith cooperation and interaction between local actors in a joint dialogue with national authorities.
The object of this master thesis is the functioning legal system of EU that defines and regulates such a category of intellectual property rights as geographical indications. The goal of the thesis — conduct a comprehensive discussion and provide an overview of the EU regulatory system in the framework of the relevant EU legislature. Main tasks of the thesis: assess the impact of the current GI protection regime in the EU; determine the goals and the vector of further development of GIs; establish the relevance of GIs for European consumers, manufacturers and sellers. The methodology used in the work involves an analysis of the relevant legal framework, which includes international law, functioning on the example of multilateral treaties and bilateral trade agreements, and also European law and established case law, and it also involves a review of the scientific literature regarding GIs. Special attention is paid to EU foreign policy priorities and international relations on the matters of protection of GIs. A specific position in this work is occupied by the study of particular case law and the analysis of empirical data during the application and modification of the concept of GI by European manufacturers, state authorities, the European Court of Justice, and other EU legal institutions. The crucial findings of the study are that the EU seeks to promote quality and innovation in agriculture and pursue successful trade policies both within the European community and worldwide. In this context, GIs play an important role in promoting rural development, increasing the value of traditional agricultural products and producer incomes, preserving cultural and biological diversity, and providing reliable information to consumers. Being collective intellectual property rights, GIs require effective management attainable by the good faith cooperation and interaction between local actors in a joint dialogue with national authorities.
Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Внешняя политика КНР направлена на повышение роли Китая в международных вопросах и создание благоприятных условий для развития экономики. Китай неизменно претворяет в жизнь концепцию Дэн Сяопина, придерживается независимой и самостоятельной внешней политики, выступает в защиту территориальной целостности страны и суверенитета. Руководство КНР подчеркивает, что в международной политике Китай направляет усилия на обеспечение мира, не вступает ни в какие союзы и блоки, добивается добрососедских отношений с соседними странами. Между Республикой Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республикой достигнут высокий уровень сотрудничества. КНР является основным политическим и торгово-экономическим партнером Беларуси в Азии. Решающее значение для становления и развития двустороннего политического сотрудничества между Республикой Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республикой сыграло совпадение позиций по широкому кругу международных вопросов и поддержка друг друга в международных организациях. Создана значительная договорно-правовая база двусторонних отношений, охватывающая широкий круг вопросов сотрудничества между Республикой Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республикой. Подписанные договоры, программы и соглашения стали основой для становления, развития и укрепления связей Республики Беларусь и Китайской Народной Республики и обеспечили их стабильное развитие на долгосрочную перспективу. Закрепление в различных документах получило торгово-экономическое, научно-техническое, военное сотрудничество, сотрудничество в сфере образования, культуры. Китай действительно развивается стремительным темпом, что подтверждается различными показателями роста экономики. Характеризуя сложившуюся экономическую ситуацию в Китае, можно выделить следующие моменты: высокий рост инвестиций и экспорта; изменение структуры потребления в сторону строительства жилья, рынка автомобилей, потреблению средств связи; структурные изменения в экономике, связанные с привлечением новейших технологий и улучшение уровня жизни населения. Экономический подъем в Китае из года в год создает реальные предпосылки для успешной работы белорусских субъектов хозяйствования в КНР. Однако сегодня белорусский экспорт практически не заметен на этом перспективном и платежеспособном рынке. Для экспортоориентированной экономики Беларуси подобное состояние дел в торговле с ведущей страной Азии непозволительно. Более того, это происходит на фоне впечатляющих темпов развития Китая. В связи с этим, представляется целесообразным учесть в стратегии сотрудничества с КНР следующие основные моменты: 1) Развитие инфраструктуры торгово-экономических связей: задействования банков и страховых компаний двух стран для совершенствования расчетно-платежных отношений, кредитования поставок сложной машинотехнической продукции и оборудования с длительным циклом изготовления, финансирования инвестиционных проектов; совершенствование структуры транспортных перевозок, внедрение прогрессивных форм таможенного и санитарного контроля; развитие электронной торговли, а также прикладных информационных технологий. 2) Участие Беларуси в программах хозяйственного подъема западных провинций КНР. 3) Развитие прямой торговли с Китаем, без участия посредников, на основе расширения совместной торговой инфраструктуры — выставок, представительств, создания торговых и сервисных сетей. 4) Беларусь и Китай находятся на большом удалении друг от друга, поэтому необходимо развитие электронной торговли. 5) Состояние белорусско-китайской торговли показывает, что необходимо коренное изменение представлений белорусских экспортеров о Китае, как стране производящей высокотехническую продукцию. 6) По-прежнему концентрируя основные усилия на привлечении иностранного капитала, в Китае придают все большее значение инвестированию за рубеж. Правительство разработало специальную стратегию выхода на внешние рынки китайских фирм и предприятий. 7) Для китайских компаний также существуют немалые ниши для укрепления своих позиций на белорусском рынке. В первую очередь, это поставки недорогого и не уступающего западным аналогам оборудования для технической модернизации отечественных производителей, а также бытовой техники и товаров народного потребления в части, дополняющей ассортимент, производимый в Беларуси. В республике разработана стратегическая Программа активизации торгово-экономического сотрудничества с КНР на 2004—2008 гг. В программе отражены мероприятия по увеличению объемов экспорта белорусских предприятий в КНР, развитию товаропроводящей сети, выставочно-ярмарочной деятельности, созданию совместных предприятий (производств) на территории КНР, привлечению китайских инвестиций и финансовой помощи, дальнейшему развитию регионального сотрудничества с провинциями Китая. Реализация Программы позволит выполнить поставленные задачи по увеличению товарооборота между Беларусью и Китаем. = The foreign policy of the People's Republic of China is directed at raising China's role in the international life and creation of favourable conditions for its economic development. China steadily realizes the concept of Deng Xiaoping, adhering to the independent foreign policy policy, advocating territorial integrity and sovereignty. China's leadership emphasizes that in its international politics China supports peace, stays outside all unions and blocs and seeks good neighbourly relations with the bordering countries. The Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of China can boast a high level of cooperation. China is the main political, trade and economic partner of Belarus in Asia. The decisive role for the formation and evolution of bilateral political cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of China was played by the agreement in their opinions on a wide range of international issues and mutual support in the international organizations. The countries have established a significant legal treaty base for the bilateral relations involving different aspects of cooperation. The existing treaties, programmes and agreements underlie the formation, development and strengthening of ties between the Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of China, thus providing their stable development in the long-term. Trade and economic, scientific and engineering, military, educational, cultural cooperation was fixed in various documents. China is indeed developing rapidly and showing various high indeces of economic growth. While characterizing the current economic situation in China, one can point out high investment and export growth, the shift of consumption pattern towards house-building, automobile and communications markets, and structural changes in the economy related to the latest technologies and the growth of standards of living. The economic boom in China from year to year creates real prerequisites for the successful work of Belarusian economic subjects in China. However, Belarusian export is currently almost insignificant on this promising and profitable market. The author states that it is unfitting for Belarus with its export oriented economy to have the existing level of cooperation with this leading Asian state. Moreover, it is happening against the background of impressing economic growth rates in China. In this connection, the author considers it advisable to take into account the following basic aspects when realizing the strategy of cooperation with China: 1) the development of infrastructure of trade and economic relations: involvement of banks and insurance companies of the two countries to improve the relations in the payments sphere, the crediting of deliveries of complex machinery and equipment with a long production cycle, financing of investment projects, the structure of transportation, introduction of new forms of customs and sanitary control, development of e-trade and applied information technologies; 2) participation of Belarus in the programmes of economic upswing of the China western provinces; 3) development of direct trade with China without any mediators on the basis of expansion of joint trade infrastructure: exhibitions, offices, trade and service networks; 4) development of e-trade because of long distance between two states; 5) radical change of awareness of Belarusian exporters about China as a country manufacturing high-tech produce; 6) while focusing its main efforts on attracting foreign capital, China gives ever greater importance to the investment expansion. The government elaborated a special strategy of foreign market entry for the Chinese companies and manufacturers; 7) Chinese companies also enjoy ample opportunities for strengthening their positions on the Belarusian market. Primarily, this is connected with supplying equipment to modernize Belarusian industry, competitive both in prices, which are reasonable, ad quality. Domestic appliances and consumer goods in addition to those produced in Belarus are also sold. The Belarusian strategic Programme of Intensification of Trade and Economic Cooperation with the People's Republic of China in 2004—2008 contains actions to increase the volume of export of Belarusian enterprises to China, to develop commodity distrubution network, exhibitions and fairs, to create of joint ventures on China's territory, to attract Chinese investments and financial aid, and to develop further regional cooperation with Chinese provinces. The Programme implementation will lead to the realization of the tasks on turnover growth between Belarus and China.
Обзор расширенной ответственности производителя в Швеции в отношении упаковок, газетной бумаги, электрического и электронного оборудования, батарей, отслуживших свой срок транспортных средств, шин и фармацевтических препаратов. Расширенная ответственность производителя – это широко применяемая экологическая политика, по которой ответственность производителя за продукт распространяется на постпотребительский этап жизненного цикла продукта. В настоящее время вШвеции действуют схемы РОП для семи товарных групп. Цель данного отчёта - дать обзор шведскихсхем РОП и описать, как они развивались с течениемвремени, а также их организацию и функционирование на сегодняшний день. ; This report is a general account of different aspects of the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for packaging, newsprint, electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), batteries, end-of-life vehicles, tyres and pharmaceuticals in Sweden.In addition, the final chapter of this report is dedicated to reflecting on the successof the Swedish EPR schemes and possible improvements. In Sweden, the producers have ownership of the material, the infrastructureand the financing of the EPR scheme. The legislation, through ordinances for each EPR scheme, places the responsibility for the proper end-of-life management of waste products on the individual producers. However, in practice most producers work collectively to exercise this responsibility by setting upor affiliating themselves with Producer Responsibility Organisations (PROs). The legislation mandates that collection systems, except for professional EEE, batteries and tyres, must have national coverage in order to give the entire Swedish population access to the systems. For producers of consumer EEE it is mandatory to be part of an authorised nation wide collection system.The same requirements will apply for packaging and newsprint in the future. Producers of batteries and professional EEE are required to be part of a collectionsystem that does not need to have nation wide coverage. For pharmaceuticals another arrangement applies where individual pharmacies are required to take back proportionate amounts of discarded pharmaceuticals from households. Most PROs in Sweden operate as not-for-profit companies, owned by individual producers or trade organisations within their respective EPRs. None of the organisations have a legislative monopoly but all operate on an openmarket. For some product groups there is, therefore, competition between the different PROs, namely for packaging waste and waste from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Depending on the product group, the EPR schemes are financed by product fees that are added onto the retail price and/or income from sales of the recycled material. These financial transactions are, for most EPR schemes, administered by the individual PROs. The EPR ordinances regulate the responsibility of the municipalities to inform the public about available collection systems for packaging, newsprint, WEEE and end-of-life vehicles. Regarding EPR for tyres and pharmaceutical waste, the municipalities have no defined responsibility to inform the public of available collection systems. Municipalities inform the public about collectionsystems for batteries in consultation with the producers. The levels of collected and recovered (recycled) materials are relatively high and for many product groups, EPR specific targets are met or exceeded. In general, the producers have a well organised infrastructure for collectionand recycling of EPR type of waste. Most PROs collaborate with the Swedish municipalities to enable households to easily drop off EPR products once they become waste.
The papers analyses new integration initiative of the middle powers namely MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, Australia) against the background of evolution of trans-regional integration processes in Asia and Europe. The phenomenon of MIKTA is analyzed in comparison with other most successful trans-regional integration projects like G20, BRICS and IBSA (Dialogue forum of India, Brazil and South Africa). MIKTA represents a very interesting pattern of middle powers' aspiration to create multilateral international institutions which they can use to produce much stronger infl uence on the global politics in comparison with a simple sum of these countries' individual efforts outside the framework of such trans-regional institutions. The key question is how trans-regional integration initiatives similar to MIKTA could infl uence political and economic processes on the regional and macro-regional levels and whether it is possible to speak about new format of trans-regional integration models. Unlike other integration projects of middle powers MIKTA is not a formal association of different countries according to some common features (like N-11 or the Next Eleven Group or MIST/MIKT). On the contrary MIKTA represents a joint voluntary initiative for creation of multilateral trans-regional institution fostering fi nancial, economic, political and diplomatic cooperation. For South Korea MIKTA should have become a mechanism for increasing its infl uence in the international organizations, Indonesia expected MIKTA to make it stronger politically and diplomatically in the world affairs, both Turkey and Mexico wanted MIKTA to perform an instrument for solving their economic problems (increase international trade volume, attract foreign investments etc.). Special political, diplomatic, trade and economical potential of MIKTA is based on the fact that its member countries claim to play a role of regional pivots which are located as bridges among various continents and geographies like Turkey (between Europe and Asia) and Mexico (between North and South America) or serve as a sort of a portal for the West to the region of Southeast Asia, specifi cally to its Muslim populated part, (Indonesia) and Asia-Pacifi c (Australia). ; В статье анализируется новое трансрегиональное объединение держав «среднего уровня» – МИКТА (Мексика, Индонезия, Южная Корея, Турция, Австралия) в контексте эволюции интеграционных процессов в Азии и Европе. Значение феномена МИКТА рассматривается в сравнении с наиболее успешными многосторонними проектами с участием держав «среднего уровня» – G20, БРИКС и ИБСА (Индия, Бразилия, ЮАР). МИКТА представляет интересный пример стремления развивающихся стран создавать многосторонние межгосударственные институты, посредством которых их совокупное влияние на глобальные процессы мировой политики возрастало бы по сравнению с простой суммой их усилий вне рамок подобных структур. Ключевой вопрос – каким образом и насколько подобные МИКТА интеграционные инициативы могут повлиять на ход политических и экономических процессов на региональном и макрорегиональном уровне, и возможно ли говорить на их примере о новом формате интеграционных моделей. Важное отличие МИКТА от других интеграционных проектов «средних держав» заключается в том, что за МИКТА стоит не механическое объединение стран по отдельным общим признакам (как группа N-11 или МИСТ/МИКТ), а инициатива создания механизмов многостороннего взаимодействия в финансово-экономической, политической и дипломатической сферах. Для Южной Кореи МИКТА должна стать механизмом наращивания влияния в международных организациях, для Индонезии – увеличить поле маневра в ее международно-дипломатической деятельности, для Турции и Мексики – инструментом решения экономических проблем (увеличения внешнеторгового оборота, привлечения иностранных инвестиций). Особый политико-дипломатический и торгово-экономический потенциал МИКТА базируется на том обстоятельстве, что составляющие его державы могут быть охарактеризованы как «стержневые страны» для своего региона, которые в силу своего географического положения выступают «мостом» между Европой и Азией (Турция), Китаем и Японией (Южная Корея), Северной и Южной Америкой (Мексика), либо «порталом» для Запада в регион Юго-Восточной Азии, особенно в его мусульманскую часть, (Индонезия) и Азиатско-Тихоокеанский регион (Австралия).
Раздел "Международные экономические отношения" ; Автор отмечает, что в настоящее время мировой книжный рынок — один из самых развитых. Но, вместе с тем, он не является сегодня простым механическим конгломератом национальных рынков, между которыми осуществляются внешнеторговые связи в виде импорта и экспорта книжной продукции, продажи авторских прав, лицензий на переводные издания и т. д. Глобализация и интернационализация отрасли проявляются в прямой экспансии транснациональных концернов. Одним из сложных периодов для мирового издательско-полиграфического комплекса стал период начала 1990-х гг. Появились следующие проблемы: возрастание конкуренции других отраслей; объективные изменения самих рыночных отношений: интернационализация и глобализация рынка; качественный скачок в развитии техники и технологии; макроэкономическая нестабильность; незавершение трансформационных процессов в обществе; неадекватная сложившейся ситуации законодательная база, касающаяся издательско-полиграфического комплекса, и др. В связи с этим проявилась общая тенденция в преодолении кризиса отрасли: 1) конвергенция — сращивание издательского дела с индустрией развлечений. Однако такой путь является не всегда оправданным; 2) стратегия вертикальной интеграции — объединение друг с другом (в рамках одного предприятия) технологически обособленных стадий производства; 3) стратегия горизонтальной интеграции — соединение предприятий посредством объединения (слияния) или выкупа, благодаря чему образуется новое, крупное предприятие; 4) интернационализация в издательско-полиграфическом комплексе — процесс возникновения и углубления связей между хозяйствующими субъектами издательско-полиграфических комплексов различных стран, обусловленный международной специализацией и развитием международного разделения труда, предполагающим взаимопереплетение капиталов, издательско-полиграфических услуг и товаров и объединяющим выпуск печатной продукции в одной стране с ее потреблением в другой. Таким образом, наиболее эффективными решениями возникших проблем явились интернационализация, горизонтальная и вертикальная интеграция. = The author states that the publishing sphere is currently one of the most developed markets. At the same time it presents today more than just a simple conglomeration of national markets tied with foreign trade connections in the form of import and export of published produce, copyright, licences for translated editions etc. Globalisation and internationalisation of this branch of economy manifested themselves in direct expansion of transnational concerns. The beginning of the 1990s became one of the most complicated periods for world publishing and polygraphic industry. The following problems arose: the growth of competition from other branches of the economy; objective changes in market relations, and namely, market internationalization and globalisation; radical progress in technical and technological development; macroeconomic instability; incomplete transformational processes in society; inconsistency between the legislative base and the existing situation in world publishing and polygraphic industry etc. In this connection the following general trends in overcoming the crisis in the branch appeared: 1) convergency — merging of publishing industry with entertainment industry. However, such approach is not always efficient; 2) strategy of vertical integration — amalgamation of separate technological stages of production into a single company; 3) strategy of horizontal integration — amalgamation of companies by merging or redemption leading to the establishment of a new large-scale company; 4) internationalisation in world publishing and polygraphic industry — the process of emergence and expansion of relations between economic subjects in publishing and polygraphic industries from different countries resulting from international specialisation and development of international division of labour with interweaving of capital, publishing and polygraphic services and goods, thus combining publication of product in one country with its consumption in another. The author makes a conclusion that the most efficient solution of problems emerging in this sphere are: internationalisation, horizontal and vertical integration.
The year of 2020 started a new chapter in the development of former-Soviet countries. The coronavirus epidemic, which began in the Chinese city of Wuhan, has spread to affect all countries throughout the world, including the countries of the former Soviet Union. Its influence has already affected the economic and social development of the countries in the post-Soviet space. Closing borders, stopping tourism, and imposing severe restrictions on transport services were the first measures that contributed to reducing the incidence rates. At the same time, these measures affected bilateral and multilateral trade and economic relations among the countries of the post-Soviet space.All countries of the post-Soviet space have taken steps to allocate additional funds to combat coronavirus. Ad hoc funds were formed, the review of budget expenditures and revenues began. However, in fact in the first few months the countries faced economic distress, the overcoming of which could take considerable time.The coronavirus epidemic is taking place against the backdrop of global economic crisis and a sharp drop in oil prices. Economic development models based on increasing consumption without economic growth, increasing the level of external and internal debt have shown their insolvency. In these conditions, the countries of the post-Soviet space, which are highly dependent on the external factor, have also experienced significant economic hardships.Finally, the «price warfare» in the oil market has a strong influence. The United States and Saudi Arabia's attempts to achieve dominance in the oil market, by displacing Russia from it, as well, have had a destabilizing impact on the world oil market. This factor has had a direct impact on those former-Soviet countries that produce and export hydrocarbon resources.In general, the coronavirus epidemic, taking place against the backdrop of global economic challenges and oil competition, will have a negative impact on the economic and political development of former-Soviet countries. The impact of the epidemic, its consequences, will affect the former-Soviet countries for many years to come. ; 2020 год открыл новую страницу в развитии стран постсоветского пространства. Эпидемия коронавируса, которая началась в китайском городе Ухань, распространилась на все страны мира, в том числе, на страны постсоветского пространства. Ее влияние уже сказалось на социально-экономическом развитии стран постсоветского пространства. Закрытие границ, остановка туризма, введение жестких ограничений на транспортное сообщение стали первыми мерами, которые позволили снизить уровень заболевших. В тоже время, эти меры сказались на двусторонних и многосторонних торгово-экономических отношениях между странами постсоветского пространства.Все страны постсоветского пространства предприняли шаги, направленные на выделение дополнительных средств для борьбы с коронавирусом. Были сформированы специальные фонды, начался пересмотр бюджетных расходов и доходов. Однако уже в первые месяцы страны столкнулись с экономическими проблемами, преодоление которых потребует значительного времени.Эпидемия коронавируса происходит на фоне кризисных явлений в мировой экономике и резком падении цен на нефть. Экономические модели развития, основанные на наращивании потребления без роста экономики, повышении уровня внешнего и внутреннего долга показали свою несостоятельность. В этих условиях, страны постсоветского пространства, которые находятся в сильной зависимости от внешнего фактора, также испытывают значительные экономические трудности.Наконец, сильное влияние оказывает ценовая «война» на нефтяном рынке. Попытки США и Саудовской Аравии добиться доминирования на нефтяном рынке, в том числе, за счет вытеснения с него России, оказали дестабилизирующее влияние на мировой рынок нефти. Этот фактор оказал прямое влияние на те страны постсоветского пространства, которые добывают и экспортирую углеводородные ресурсы.В целом, эпидемия коронавируса, которая происходит на фоне проблем в мировой экономике и нефтяного соперничества, окажет негативное влияние на экономическое и политическое развитие стран постсоветского пространства. Влияние эпидемии, ее последствия, будут ощущаться в странах постсоветского пространства еще долгие годы.
