Suchergebnisse

The Covid-19 outbreak continues to spread rapidly to almost all countries in the world. The authors need to highlight how the policy perspectives are taken by Indonesia at the national scale and international relations to improve the economic and political situation during this pandemic. Referring to this phenomenon, this research provides an in-depth study of the literature review on strategic efforts and steps to address commodity demand in Indonesia. In short, from an economic and political point of view, the dual problems on the supply and demand side make the premise of comparative advantage (which is the foundation of a free-market economy and international trade) into doubt about its validity. The classical premise argues that social welfare will be optimal if the state specializes in producing goods which are. Having the lowest opportunity cost according to the availability of production factors and buying other needs in the international market, it seems only valid if the international trade mechanism is not disrupted. Conversely, in conditions of supply and demand shocks, all countries will try to produce all their needs domestically and limit exporting products abroad as much as possible. Key words: national trade, global markets, export policy, import policy, Covid-19

Guarantee in Islamic Law Perspectives: Guarantee is a system that usually comes in the selling of automotive or electronics product, including others. The reason for this guarantee application for producer is basically to increase the selling rate of one product. While for the consumers this is a form of protection to the item they have purchased. There is indeed a mutualism relationship in this practice. The discussion of the application of guarantee in an Islam Law of trade practice is still being argued whether it is legal or not among the scholars. This happens because of the differences of foundation they use in establishing the legality of guarantee in Islam trade. The definition of guarantee in Indonesia state Law can be found in verse 1316 of Law Book, which is: guarantee is an enclose later from a product saying that the producers ensure a particular product from any worker mistakes and material failure during certain time. The result of this research is the enclosing of Guarantee given in trade as a promise between seller and buyer to ensure the satisfaction of the buyer. The consequence would be to replace the item by justifying its damage.

Global partnerships based on sustainability standards compiled by international NGOs are needed to achieve social, economic and environmentally sustainable development, as well as to deal with global uncertainty in trade and business of agricultural commodities, including coffee in Indonesia. This paper aims to compare the implementation of global partnership standards in coffee between Indonesia and other producer countries. The Study focused on sustainable standard-compliant in coffee such as 4C and Organic certification standards. Trade and sustainability map tools were described. The findings demonstrate that there were only 8 percent and 9 percent of the Indonesian coffee area certified by 4C and Organic, respectively. Indonesia placed at number fourth of 4C implementation in the worldwide after Brazil, Colombia, and Viet Nam. Indonesia is also placed at number fourth of Organic implementation in the worldwide after Mexico, Ethiopia, and Peru. To compete in the potential market, Indonesia's commitment to implement sustainable standard-compliant in coffee is needed. Therefore, Indonesia has to increase the coverage of sustainability standards certified area to meet the global market demand. The government also should implement the right policies and programs to enhance the sustainability compliance of national coffee stakeholders.Keywords: coffee, global trade partnership, sustainability standards, global value chain

The U.S. Constitution removed real and monetary trade barriers between the states. By contrast, these states when they were British colonies exercised considerable real and monetary sovereignty over their borders. Purchasing power parity is used to measure how much economic integration between the states was gained in the decades after the Constitution's adoption compared with what existed among the same locations during the late colonial period. Using this measure, the short-run effect of the Constitution on economic integration was minimal. This may have been because the Constitution did not eliminate all the institutional barriers to interstate trade before 1812."No idea is more firmly planted in American history than the idea that one of the most difficult problems during the Confederation was that of barriers to trade between state and state. There had been such barriers in colonial times …"Merrill Jensen1"The 'secret' of American economic growth, English legal scholar Sir Henry Maine wrote in 1886, lay in 'the [constitutional] prohibition against levying duties on commodities passing from State to State … . It secures to the producer the command of a free market over an enormous territory of vast natural wealth …'"Charles W. McCurdy2

There is no rigid formula for development. The important thing is whether a particular economic and social system produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people within a framework of freedom. The United States and other industrialized countries have progressed remarkably in a relatively short period of time. Time is one cause of disparities—many less developed countries have only recently begun economic and social reforms. To correct existing disparities it was assumed that aid programs would bring rapid progress. These programs were not the whole answer. Attention, therefore, has turned to trade, and in particular to preferences, as a solution. It should be remarked that United States policy has been one of liberal, nondiscriminatory trade. While trade and aid are important to development, it might be asked whether the developing countries are taking adequate self-help measures, such as the promotion of a competitive commercial environment, adequate regional trading arrangements, efficiency and rationalization of their public enterprises, stability in monetary and financial policies, a climate of business confidence, improved fiscal laws and their administration, and land reform. These reforms are illustrative of the tasks that face the developing countries.

It is not surprising that the U.S. has been by far the world's largest shock producer in this crisis. The big shock absorbers on the other hand were Japan, Russia and Germany, whose exports shrank more than their imports.

Despite being the third-largest producer of oil in Sub-Saharan Africa, virtually none of the energy revenues received by Equatorial Guinea have trickled to the poor majority. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo seized power of the country in 1979 and has made apparent his intent to hand over power to a chosen successor, grooming his son Teodorin Nguema Obiang Mangue for the role. Federal and congressional investigations of the Obiangs have shown them both to be extremely corrupt, with involvement in high levels of extortion, theft of public funds and other corrupt conduct. Teodorin routes much of his money into the US, and seems to be welcome and allowed to stay despite Proclamation 7750, which bars corrupt foreign officials from receiving visas. The unwillingness to discuss the matter points to the fact the US government is attempting to avoid offending an important oil partner. Adapted from the source document.

The European Commission is actively promoting the precautionary principle as a "key tenet" of Community policy, as well as a general principle of international law. This article explains why this promotional effort is likely to fail or to produce unanticipated & undesirable consequences. The principle has a legitimate but limited role to play in risk management, eg, whenever there is an imminent danger of irreversible damage. As a general approach to risk regulation, however, it suffers from a number of shortcomings: it lacks a sound logical foundation; it may distort regulatory priorities; it can be misused to justify protectionist measures; it undermines international regulatory cooperation; & it may have undesirable distributive consequences. What is perhaps an even greater cause for concern is that the principle, as interpreted by the Commission, tends to favor a double standard for what is permissible internationally & in intra-Community relations. 2 Tables, 16 References. Adapted from the source document.

Debate on Indonesia's sugar polisy was stimulated by the sharp increase in the sugar retail price after the implementation of import regulatory policy regim based on the Trade and Industrial Ministry Decree No. 643/MPP/Kep/9/2002.23 September 2002 revised with the Trade and Industrial Ministry Decree No. 527/MPP/Kep/9/2004/and followed by Ministry of Trade Decree No. 19/M-DAG/PER/4/2006 tanggal 19 April 2006.UsIng the annual data for the period of 1998-2004,this study examines the "reasonable sugar retail price "in Indonesia using two approaches i.e (1) import parity and (2) production cost and distribution ; and based on those reasonable sugar retail prices, this study try to analize the efficiency of the "system tataniaga gula "in Indonesia.The results show that because of the government policy intervension, sugar retail price paid by the sugar cosumer in Indonesia is higher than if no government intervention ( free Trade). It is about 43.07 % and 3.43.% higher based on the first and second approach, respectively, moreover , due to the various, government policies related to tariff and import regulation, cosumer lost for about Rp. 3.8 – Rp 6.2 Trillion a year, but producer get benefit for about Rp.3.2 – Rp 5.2 Trilion ayear. Hence, The dead weight loss due to the"system tataniaga gula "is about Rp. 06- 10 trillion a year.

State support remains a leading cause of tension in international commercial relations. Governments can see trade distortions that look like they were caused by industrial subsidies, but they lack the data to illuminate that state support. In the 1980s at the height of the farm wars the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) developed an index that helped countries to see the overall incidence of agricultural subsidies, initially called the Producer Subsidy Equivalent (PSE) and the Consumer Subsidy Equivalent (CSE). Are there lessons for today in the PSE approach? In this paper I try to answer that question from the standpoint of economics: how did the PSE evolve, what is it, is the concept relevant to industrial subsidies? And of politics: how was OECD able to create the tool, and do present conditions permit something similar? The brief answer is that the PSE was a response to a shared perception of crisis, but it was pushed by finance, not trade or agriculture ministers. It drew on wellestablished concepts in the agricultural economics and trade literatures. And it works best in a context where market power is sufficiently diffuse that a price gap between domestic and world prices can be calculated. Only some of those conditions can be met when applying the approach to concentrated industries dominated by large firms that operate in multi-country supply chains.

If you've wondered about how America can break links between oil consumption, terrorism, and the war in Iraq, A Declaration of Energy Independence: How Freedom from Foreign Oil Can Improve National Security, Our Economy, and the Environment will show you how our country can gain energy independence and solve its energy crisis. Written by a top energy expert, this book outlines seven economically and politically viable ways America can more efficiently use and produce energy. Find out how carbon fuels negatively impact our lives and understand the political framework of the energy crisis.

International inorganic fertilizer prices and shipping costs substantially increased in 2021 compared to a year earlier. This will lead to significantly higher border prices for fertilizer in Myanmar, an important development as Myanmar imports almost all of its fertilizer from abroad. The impacts of the current political crisis on the local transport sector and the depreciation of the Myanmar currency, the kyat, will further increase domestic fertilizer prices. Based on a survey of agro-retailers in March 2021, fertilizer prices were estimated to be 22 percent higher for urea and 10 percent higher for compound fertilizer compared to the same period a year earlier. In addition to these supply-side challenges, effective demand for inorganic fertilizer is expected to be lower in 2021 due to significantly reduced farmer incomes, lower credit availability, and more uncertain agricultural profitability. Given these international and local developments, fertilizer use in Myanmar in 2021 will be substantially less than normal. Ex-ante simulations, which assume a ratio of additional crop output per unit of fertilizer applied between three and five, indicate that a reduction of fertilizer use–all else equal–in the country to half the level of a normal year would reduce agricultural output in 2021 by between 9 and 15 percent. Particularly, monsoon rice production will be affected. The Delta region produces half of Myanmar's monsoon rice and uses about half of the inorganic fertilizer imported annually. Thus, the expected shocks to fertilizer markets in 2021 may have outsized effects on rice production levels in particular. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI1; MyanmarSSP; CRP2; MAPSA; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

Es tracta d'un Programa IP-ERASMUS aconseguit per la Universitat de Girona i organitzat per les Dres. Nadia Fava i Marisa Garcia Vergara del Departament d'Arquitectura i Enginyeria de la Construcció (LIFE LONG LEARNING PROGRAMME, 2013-1-ES1-ERA10-74530) ; Edició a càrrec de: Nadia Fava i Marisa García Vergara ; 'New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast' is the title of the Lifelong Learning Programme held on 14th-24th June 2014 at the University of Girona (Girona, Spain). This was an intensive programme in architecture, urban planning, urban design, landscape, construction and tourism and was funded by the European Union as part of its objective to produce innovative thinking to meet the challenges of the new tourism modalities and behaviours in order to plan how to integrate the territory into a low impact multi-scale territorial project. An Intensive Programme is a short term (10 days) study programme designed to bring together students and professors from higher educational institutions in the EU with a view to increasing the quality and the volume of multilateral cooperation between higher educational establishments in Europe. Around fifty diploma and graduate students, along with nine professors from the four universities partnering the programme (Universitat de Girona, Univesità de la Sapienza, Rome, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Yeni Yüzyil University, Istanbul, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon), took part in the intensive course. The topics of the IP have since been incorporated into the teaching and research programmes of the partner schools, and assume an experimental and innovative design approach. Prior learning was fundamental for the success of the charrete, where students were required to share their multicultural academic knowledge on the issue of tourism

Es tracta d'un Programa IP-ERASMUS aconseguit per la Universitat de Girona i organitzat per les Dres. Nadia Fava i Marisa Garcia Vergara del Departament d'Arquitectura i Enginyeria de la Construcció (LIFE LONG LEARNING PROGRAMME, 2013-1-ES1-ERA10-74530) ; Edició a càrrec de: Nadia Fava i Marisa García Vergara ; 'New Scenarios for the Touristic European Maritime Coast' is the title of the Lifelong Learning Programme held on 14th-24th June 2014 at the University of Girona (Girona, Spain). This was an intensive programme in architecture, urban planning, urban design, landscape, construction and tourism and was funded by the European Union as part of its objective to produce innovative thinking to meet the challenges of the new tourism modalities and behaviours in order to plan how to integrate the territory into a low impact multi-scale territorial project. An Intensive Programme is a short term (10 days) study programme designed to bring together students and professors from higher educational institutions in the EU with a view to increasing the quality and the volume of multilateral cooperation between higher educational establishments in Europe. Around fifty diploma and graduate students, along with nine professors from the four universities partnering the programme (Universitat de Girona, Univesità de la Sapienza, Rome, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Yeni Yüzyil University, Istanbul, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisbon), took part in the intensive course. The topics of the IP have since been incorporated into the teaching and research programmes of the partner schools, and assume an experimental and innovative design approach. Prior learning was fundamental for the success of the charrete, where students were required to share their multicultural academic knowledge on the issue of tourism

The changing security environment produces challenges for providers of quantitative indicators on the military sector. Such indicators traditionally include data on military expenditure, arms production & arms transfers. New security thinking & policies, involving the broadening & deepening of the concept of security to include non-military means & security providers other than the state, have had an impact on the relevance of data on military expenditure & other indicators for security analysis. The blurred border between the functions of the military & those of the internal security sectors also raises questions about the meaning of separate data on military spending. Also, if the internationalization of arms acquisition continues to be ignored by the methodologies for studying arms transfers, it will not be possible to describe arms markets, or changes in such markets, reliably. It is therefore important to refine the methodologies in all of these areas. Adapted from the source document.