Suchergebnisse

This detailed account of the politics of opening agricultural markets explains how the institutional context of international negotiations alters the balance of interests at the domestic level to favor trade liberalization despite opposition from powerful farm groups. Historically, agriculture stands out as a sector in which countries stubbornly defend domestic programs, and agricultural issues have been the most frequent source of trade disputes in the postwar trading system. While much protection remains, agricultural trade negotiations have resulted in substantial concessions as well as ne

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables and Figures -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Objectives of This Study -- 1.3 Literature Review -- 1.4 Methodology -- 1.5 Overview of the Report -- Chapter 2 Pattern of Trade with Other SASEC Countries -- 2.1 Maldives-SASEC Export Scenario -- 2.2 Maldives-SASEC Import Scenario -- Chapter 3 Potential Exports Subject to Nontariff Barriers -- 3.1 Potential Exports to SASEC Countries -- 3.2 Export Diversification -- Chapter 4 Overview of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Technical Barriers to Trade, and Other Nontariff Measures in Maldives -- 4.1 The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Scenario -- 4.2 The Technical Barriers to Trade Scenario -- 4.3 Other Nontariff Measures -- 4.4 General Findings on the Export and Import Regulatory Framework -- 4.5 Inventory of Nontariff Measures -- 4.6 Bilateral and Multilateral Initiatives -- Chapter 5 Standards, Regulations, and Procedural Obstacles in the SASEC Countries that Impede Import and Export Trade -- 5.1 Impediments to Export Trade from Maldives to SASEC Countries -- 5.2 Impediments to Import Trade to Maldives from SASEC Countries -- Chapter 6 Recommendations for Future Actions -- 6.1 Priority Recommendations -- 6.2 General Recommendations for Future Actions -- 6.3 Other Recommendations -- Chapter 7 Conclusion -- Appendixes -- 1 Potential Exports to SASEC Countries -- 2 Exporters Interviewed for This Report -- 3 Top 10 Products from Maldives to Other SASEC Countries in the Most Recent Year at the 6-digit Harmonized System -- 4 Identification of Potential Exports -- 5 Import Entry Points in Maldives -- 6 Capacity Building, National Health Laboratory -- References.

Cover -- Export Diversification in Low-Income Countries and Small States: Do Country Size and Income Level Matter? -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DATA AND BASIC PATTERNS -- A. Data -- B. Export Diversification -- C. Export Diversification and GDP Growth and Volatility -- III. ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION -- A. Estimation Strategy -- B. Export Diversification and Growth -- C. Export Diversification and Volatility -- IV. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION -- References.

Intro -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Verzeichnis der Tabellen -- Verzeichnis der Abbildungen -- I. Bedeutung der Branche -- 1. Abgrenzung der Branche -- 2. Stellung in der Gesamtwirtschaft -- 3. Stellung im Verarbeitenden Gewerbe -- 4. Stellung in der Nahrungswirtschaft -- 5. Regionale Verteilung -- II. Stand und Entwicklung von Produktion und Produktionsfaktoren -- 1. Produktion -- 1.1 Zusammensetzung der Bruttoproduktion -- 1.2 Entwicklung der Nettoproduktion -- 1.3 Branchenstruktur -- 2. Produktionsfaktoren und Produktionstechnik -- 2.1 Beschäftigte -- 2.1.1 Entwicklung von Beschäftigten und Arbeitseinsatz -- 2.1.2 Struktur der Beschäftigten nach Branchen -- 2.1.3 Beschäftigte nach Stellung im Beruf und Qualifikation -- 2.2 Bruttoanlagevermögen -- 2.2.1 Entwicklung und Struktur -- 2.2.2 Kapitalintensität und -koeffizient -- 2.2.3 Altersstruktur des Anlagevermögens -- 2.3 Investitionen -- 2.3.1 Entwicklung und Umfang der Investitionen -- 2.3.2 Investitionsintensität -- 2.4 Betriebsgrößenstruktur -- 3. Produktivität und technischer Fortschritt -- 3.1 Arbeitsproduktivität -- 3.2 Neuerungsaktivitäten des Ernährungsgewerbes -- 3.2.1 Indikatoren für Neuerungsaktivitäten -- 3.2.2 Produktinnovationen -- 3.2.3 Lebensmittelrechtliche Vorschriften -- 3.2.4 Prozeßinnovationen -- 4. Rohstoff- und Energieeinsatz -- 4.1 Rohstoffeinsatz -- 4.2 Energieeinsatz -- 5. Umweltschutz -- III. Außenwirtschaftliche Verflechtung -- 1. Außenhandelsverflechtung (Gütermarkt) -- 1.1 Entwicklung des Außenhandels mit Erzeugnissen des Ernährungsgewerbes -- 1.2 Das Niveau des Außenhandels mit Erzeugnissen des Ernährungsgewerbes -- 1.3 Stellung des deutschen Ernährungsgewerbes auf dem Weltmarkt -- 2. Direktinvestitionen und Lizenzen (außenwirtschaftliche Verflechtung der Faktormärkte) -- 2.1 Direktinvestitionen -- 2.2 Patent- und Lizenzverkehr mit dem Ausland.

"This paper studies the relationship between trade policy and food prices. The authors show that, when individuals are loss averse, governments may use trade policy to shield the domestic economy from large food price shocks. This creates a complementarity between the price of food in international markets and trade policy. Specifically, unilateral actions give rise to a multiplier effect': when a shock drives up the price of food, exporters respond by imposing restrictions while importers wind down protection, thus exacerbating the initial shock and soliciting further trade policy activism. They test the key prediction of the theory with a new dataset that comprises monthly information on trade measures across 77 countries and 33 food products for the period 2008-11, finding evidence of a multiplier effect in food trade policy. These findings contribute to inform the broader debate on the proper regulation of food trade policy within the multilateral trading system."--Abstract

Introduction to food loss in the produce industry / Travis Minor and Suzanne Thornsbury -- Loss and waste: are we really measuring a problem? / Elise Golan, Travis Minor, and Suzanne Thornsbury -- Existing efforts in measuring and modeling early value-chain food losses / Brian E. Roe -- Economic trade-offs in food loss policies / Fred Kuchler and Travis Minor -- Empirical modeling of food loss in the produce sector / Timothy J. Richards and Ashok K. Mishra -- USDA and EPA estimation methods for food loss and waste in the United States / Jean Buzby, Claudia Fabiano, and Jeanine Bentley -- Food loss in Canada / Abdel Felfel -- Measuring food losses at the national and subnational levels: FAO's methodology for monitoring Sustainable Development Goals / Carola Fabi and Alicia English -- Food loss on the farm: lessons learned from conversations with produce growers / Lisa K. Johnson and Rebecca D. Dunning -- Tomato tales: comparing loss-reduction drivers and opportunities across U.S. fresh tomato supply chains / Gregory Baker, Linda Calvin, Anne Gillman, Lisa Kitinoja, Travis Osland, Pete Pearson, Leigh Prezkop, Brian E. Roe, Edward Spang, and Jean Baptiste Tooley -- Case study on processing tomatoes / Brenna Ellison and Sharon R. Skorbiansky -- Case study on food loss in fresh potatoes / Timothy J. Richards and Ashok K. Mishra -- Strawberries: food loss and loss prevention opportunities / Adriel S. Hsu-Flanders, Laura Gallagher, and Norbert L.W. Wilson -- Understanding food loss in romaine lettuce / Travis Minor and Gregory Astill -- Peaches / Claudia Hitaj -- Market price volatility and food loss at the farm level / Michael K. Adjemian and Mesbah Motamed -- The evolving role of labor availability in production decisions and food loss / Steven Zahniser, Claudia Hitaj, Brandon Johnson, and Tom Hertz -- The role of technology along the supply chain in mitigating food loss / Brenna Ellison, Travis Minor, Suzanne Thornsbury, and Greg Astill -- Contracting and quality standards in fresh produce markets and how they impact food loss / Sharon R. Skorbiansky, and Brenna Ellison -- From gleaning to for-profits: efforts to mitigate food loss and feed people / Laura Gallagher, Adriel S. Hsu-Flanders, and Norbert L.W. Wilson -- The role of policy in addressing food loss / Emily Broad Leib and Katie Sandson -- Food loss as a wicked problem / Suzanne Thornsbury and Travis Minor

International agricultural trade regulation remains problematic despite the creation of the WTO and a specific Agreement on Agriculture in 1995. This title challenges this orthodoxy and presents a fresh conceptual method by which the problem of international agricultural trade in the WTO can be understood

The edited volume ""Shared Harvests: Agriculture, Trade and Employment"" is the outcome of a technical cooperation project entitled ""Assessing and Addressing the Effects of Trade and Employment"" managed jointly by the European Commission and the International Labour Office (ILO) with funding from the European Union, and collaborative work between the ILO and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The research findings in this volume emphasize the need to make agriculture (or re-establish it as) a high policy priority, particularly in the domains of development, trad

This article examines the ongoing rapid expansion in Fair Trade coffee networks linking Northern consumers with producers in the global South. It provides a comparative analysis of the experiences of seven coffee producer co-operatives in Latin America, identifying the characteristics which facilitate successful integration into Fair Trade networks. The analysis finds that coffee organizations, communities and producers derive important material and non-material benefits from Fair Trade. While the financial benefits of Fair Trade appear the most important in the short run, it is the capacity building nature of Fair Trade that will prove the most important in fueling sustainable development in the long run. (InWent/DÜI)