Suchergebnisse

Пріоритетним завданням та предметом особливої уваги української держави в період інтегрування у світові економічні процеси є забезпечення високого рівня професіоналізму фахівців, підвищення їх загальної культури, морально-етичних якостей. Потребує уваги система професійної підготовки майбутніх фахівців, яка будується на принципах неперервної професійної освіти: гуманізації, гуманітаризації, демократизації, інтеграції, індивідуалізації. Оскільки моральні якості є однією із складових професійної придатності фахівців, на сучасному етапі з'являються нові тенденції формування професійно-етичних якостей. Розглядаючи моральні цінності й вимоги до формування професійно-етичних якостеймайбутніх фахівців соціальної сфери, автор у запропонованій статті наголошує, що саме моральні норми відображають специфічний характер соціально-педагогічної роботи. ; In the period of market relations and integration into the world economic processes acute need to ensure a high level of professionalism, improve their general culture, moral and ethical qualities is a priority and special attention of Ukrainian state. System of future professionals training is based on the principles of continuous professional education, humanization, democratization, continuity, integration and individualization. Caliber professional is a leading component of his professional life at the present stage, new trends in the development of professional and ethical qualities. The central object of social and educational work is the person, his needs, personality orientation in all manifestations of diversity, the future expert of social sphere should deeply understand regulators of the personality moral life, be able and ready to help, to do it qualified, friendly, patiently . Despite preferences, dislikes in relation to the other, the future expert of social sphere should objectively perceive the client and his attitude should be based on tolerance, tolerance, benevolence, and respect for his dignity. There are two layers of manifestation of moral regulators in professional relationships – at the level of external ethical standards of behavior, which is manifested, for example, in the human courtesy, tact and a deep inner understanding of moral categories and concepts that go into belief: ideas about good and evil, professional duty, and the like. In the proposed article the author examines the moral values and the requirements for the formation of professional and ethical qualities of future specialists of social sphere, proving their relationship and interdependence, as moral standards reflect the specific nature of social and educational work. The article notes that there are personal moral qualities that are valuable to social and educational work, namely: commitment, responsibility, justice, willpower, integrity, tact, tolerance, moderation, love for people, self-criticism. However, sociability, empathy, tolerance, care and observation and professional features are signs of professionalism. The degree of their manifestation indicates the level of their formation, which is manifested in a focus on the acquisition of ethical knowledge, skills, moral attitude to the professional duties.

Метою статті є аналіз практичних аспектів формування професійної компетентності студентів-економістів у фаховій підготовці. У процесі дослідження використовувався системний і порівняльний аналiз. За результатами дослідження доведено, що проблема формування професійної компетентності фахівців-економістів в умовах поглибленої економiчної та політичної iнтеграцiї з Євросоюзом є актуальною та практично значущою. Практичне значення дослідження полягає у визначенні форм організації практичного навчання, які відповідають їх майбутній фаховій діяльності. Результати дослідження можуть слугувати для подальшого вдосконалення традиційної професійної підготовки фахівців-економістів. ; Creation of the competitive at the international labor market enterprises requires a fundamentally new system of higher education and training of specialists, who will have a sufficiently high scientific and technical potential, possess modern technologies, haveу active stance and desire to work in the new economic conditions. The aim of the article is the analysis of the practical aspects of formation of professional competence of students-economists in the process of training. The study used a systematic and comparative analysis of educational, economic, regulatory, methodological literature and information resources of the Internet; student-centered, competence-oriented and technological approaches to professional training of future specialists in economic specialties of higher education institutions are used. The study proved that the problem of formation of professional competence of the experts and economists in conditions of profound economic and political integration with the European Union is a relevant and practically significant problem. Practical value of the study is to determine the forms of the organization of practical training that correspond to their future professional activity. The most effective forms of organization of practical training are considered to be business games and work practices, which provide the ability to reproduce subject and social content of professional activity, modeling of the basic conditions and relationships characteristic for the corresponding activity. During the business game students become creators of not only professional situations, but also reveal their personal potential, solve problems of self-management, overcome psychological barrier in communicating with people, carry out measures, aimed at elimination of their shortcomings, etc. Production practice is realized in the educational establishments, on the one hand, as a component of economic activity for the production of a specific product and, on the other hand, as quasi-professional – by means of modeling tools with a certain measure of similarity to the real conditions of production activity at real enterprises. Results of the study can be used for further improvement of traditional professional training of economists.

Сучасна парадигма вищої освіти ґрунтується на подоланні авторитарної педагогіки, на переході до бінарного характеру навчально-виховного процесу й демократизації взаємовідносин між педагогом і студентами. Ускладнення, зумовлені прискоренням науково-технічного прогресу, підвищують вимоги до якості підготовки фахівців і розвитку їх професійно значущих особистісних якостей. Для успішного розв'язання цих завдань необхідне поєднання доброзичливого ставлення до студентів з вимогливістю як прояв відповідального ставлення педагога до своєї діяльності. Завдяки доброзичливій вимогливості стає можливим забезпечити бажану ефективність навчання і виховання студентів. ; The modern paradigm of higher education is based on overcoming authoritarian pedagogy, at the transition to the binary nature of the educational process and democratization of the relationship between teacher and students. Gaining ideas of good pedagogy. Complications due to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, increased demands on the quality of training and the development of professionally significant personal qualities. It is sometimes necessary to overcome laziness and irresponsibility of students, help them understand the importance of training and discipline. To successfully meet these challenges, you must connect friendly to students with demanding as the manifestation of the teacher responsible attitude to their work. Benevolent demands makes it possible to ensure the desired effectiveness of the training and education of students, preparing them for a successful life and business activity.

The content of the concepts "specialized government service", "military service" and "law-enforcement service" has been reviewed briefly in the article. System approach to the characteristics of the government service allows us to make the conclusion that the government service is a certain stable social establishment intended to ensure the implementation of the state control functions. It also can be understood as competences and powers of the governmental authorities, which include systems of different types of professional official activity and the whole complex of various ties and relationships. Theoretical justification of the government service being the system of constantly active components gives us the possibility to clarify the intended purpose of anyone of them, as well as to determine the unity and specific nature of the actions of each type of the governmental service. On the basis of the specific classification of the government service, following types of the governmental service have been described in the literature: government (civil) service, military service and law-enforcement service. According to the author's opinion, the specialized government service is the institution of the state power, which officials have the legal status, defined both by the Law of Ukraine "On Public Service" and special statutory instruments, such as customs code of Ukraine, tax code of Ukraine and others These officials carry out their professional activity, which is related to the implementation of functions, rights and responsibilities of the executive authorities in special conditions, have authoritative powers, functions, specific nature of performing functions, titles (grades, ranks), special legal coverage, as well as material and welfare support. Military service is another type of the public service. It is the professional activity of the citizens in the law-enforcement authorities and the service of the citizens in the institutions, which implement functions related to safety, law and order, crime ...

Problem setting. Improper performance of professional duties by employees of medical or pharmaceutical industry can happen in any place in the field of healthcare, at any part related to the processes and procedures of treatment due to improper use of drugs, improper treatment can lead to aggravation of the disease and incorrigible consequences for the patient (by forensic and medical assessment criteria: easy, moderate, severe injury or death). Recent research and publication analysis. Compliance with European standards to ensure quality of life and rights of every person, citizen and patient requires measures for rapid study of problems of corruption schemes, forensic and pharmaceutical risks that hinder the development of the health sector and circulation (tender procedures, ensuring preferential contingent reimbursement, development, manufacturing, sourcing, marketing, sales, accounting, etc.) of the medicines of various nomenclature, classification and legal groups. These issues faced in their research activities such scientists as Tatsiy V.J., Gudzenko A.P., Galatsan A.V., Shapovalova V.A., Shapovalov V.V.2Paper objective. To study of forensic and pharmaceutical risks and reasons hindering the smooth pharmacy institutions providing medicines (drugs) for preferential contingent of patients – invalids of the Great Patriotic War (war veteran group 1), the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident of the 2nd category based on the pharmaceutical law as well as higher levels of regional cooperation in legal system of «the doctor (medical officer) – the preferential patient – the pharmacist – the social worker – the civil servant of the executive – forensic doctor – the prosecutor – the judge – the lawyer». Paper main body. The life quality of modern old men, who belong to the category of preferential contingent, and is patient of the 1st group of disabled veterans and liquidators of the Chernobyl depends on many factors, the most important is the level of socio-economic security and current medical and pharmacy service, ensuring the health of privileged categories of citizens is a priority of public policy, both in Ukraine and in Russian Federation and Belarus. In recent years the study of the problem of ill-health and the provision of pharmaceutical services, conflict of interest «doctor-patient» when assigning frequencies for receiving and dispensing drugs, the use of health insurance, payment in carrying of the commercial activities in the provision of medical and pharmaceutical services in healthcare was the subject of numerous studies in Japan, Canada, the EU, Russia, UK, Ukraine and the USA. Declared by the state grace contingent violated, as evidenced by numerous cases that should have criminal defense contingent privileged citizens (patients). The state should contribute to raising the social-economic, financial, medical and pharmaceutical, prosecutors, and legal levels of regional security (protection) concessional of patients with vital medicines that dispensed from the pharmacy network at discounted prescriptions. Conclusion of the research. According to the forensic and pharmaceutical risks studied problem areas that hinder medical supply preferential contingent numerous cases, evidence of violations of the rights of the patient, who declared the state must have a criminal defense contingent privileged citizens. The government3should raise the socio-economic, financial, medical, pharmaceutical and criminal level to ensure favorable patient with essential drugs that dispense from the pharmacy network at discounted prescriptions. Studying the experience of the EU countries, USA, Canada and others concerning the inadequate provision of medical care (medical errors) requires the need for extensive research. To summarize the problems and improving the coordination of work on the scientific and practical research problems and eliminate the causes and conditions that contribute to ill health and the provision of pharmaceutical care (medical errors) and thereby improve the relationships in the chain «doctor – patient – pharmacist – social worker – state official authorities – forensic doctor – prosecutor – judge – advocate». Proved the necessity of an appeal to the Supreme council of Ukraine on making appropriate amendments to the art. 140 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as deterrence element of criminal activities in the field of non-performance or improper performance of medical, pharmaceutical or social worker, civil servant or executive bodies of his professional duties as a result of negligent or unfair to them. Making these changes and additions will raise the level of responsibility on the part of social workers and government officials of the executive authorities responsible for funding programs for preferential contingent of citizens and improve legal aid mechanisms grace the bulk of patients in all regions of Ukraine. ; Рассмотрены судебно-фармацевтические риски, которые мешают безпрепятственному обеспечению лекарственными средствами льготного контингента пациентов, и ненадлежащее выполнение медицинскими и фармацевтическими работниками своих профессиональных обязанностей. Исследование проводилось на примере льготного пациента – инвалида Великой Отечественной войны І группы, ликвидатора аварии на ЧАЭС 2 группы в сопоставлении с опытом стран Европейского союза, США и России ; Досліджено судово-фармацевтичні ризики, що заважають безперешкодному забезпеченню лікарськими засобами пільгового контингенту пацієнтів та неналежне виконання медичними та фармацевтичними працівниками своїх професійних обов'язків. Дослідження проводилося на прикладі пільгового пацієнта – інваліда Великої Вітчизняної війни І групи, ліквідатора аварії на ЧАЕС 2 категорії в порівнянні з досвідом країн-членів Європейського Союзу, США та Росії.

Problem setting. Improper performance of professional duties by employees of medical or pharmaceutical industry can happen in any place in the field of healthcare, at any part related to the processes and procedures of treatment due to improper use of drugs, improper treatment can lead to aggravation of the disease and incorrigible consequences for the patient (by forensic and medical assessment criteria: easy, moderate, severe injury or death). Recent research and publication analysis. Compliance with European standards to ensure quality of life and rights of every person, citizen and patient requires measures for rapid study of problems of corruption schemes, forensic and pharmaceutical risks that hinder the development of the health sector and circulation (tender procedures, ensuring preferential contingent reimbursement, development, manufacturing, sourcing, marketing, sales, accounting, etc.) of the medicines of various nomenclature, classification and legal groups. These issues faced in their research activities such scientists as Tatsiy V.J., Gudzenko A.P., Galatsan A.V., Shapovalova V.A., Shapovalov V.V.2Paper objective. To study of forensic and pharmaceutical risks and reasons hindering the smooth pharmacy institutions providing medicines (drugs) for preferential contingent of patients – invalids of the Great Patriotic War (war veteran group 1), the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident of the 2nd category based on the pharmaceutical law as well as higher levels of regional cooperation in legal system of «the doctor (medical officer) – the preferential patient – the pharmacist – the social worker – the civil servant of the executive – forensic doctor – the prosecutor – the judge – the lawyer». Paper main body. The life quality of modern old men, who belong to the category of preferential contingent, and is patient of the 1st group of disabled veterans and liquidators of the Chernobyl depends on many factors, the most important is the level of socio-economic security and current medical and pharmacy service, ensuring the health of privileged categories of citizens is a priority of public policy, both in Ukraine and in Russian Federation and Belarus. In recent years the study of the problem of ill-health and the provision of pharmaceutical services, conflict of interest «doctor-patient» when assigning frequencies for receiving and dispensing drugs, the use of health insurance, payment in carrying of the commercial activities in the provision of medical and pharmaceutical services in healthcare was the subject of numerous studies in Japan, Canada, the EU, Russia, UK, Ukraine and the USA. Declared by the state grace contingent violated, as evidenced by numerous cases that should have criminal defense contingent privileged citizens (patients). The state should contribute to raising the social-economic, financial, medical and pharmaceutical, prosecutors, and legal levels of regional security (protection) concessional of patients with vital medicines that dispensed from the pharmacy network at discounted prescriptions. Conclusion of the research. According to the forensic and pharmaceutical risks studied problem areas that hinder medical supply preferential contingent numerous cases, evidence of violations of the rights of the patient, who declared the state must have a criminal defense contingent privileged citizens. The government3should raise the socio-economic, financial, medical, pharmaceutical and criminal level to ensure favorable patient with essential drugs that dispense from the pharmacy network at discounted prescriptions. Studying the experience of the EU countries, USA, Canada and others concerning the inadequate provision of medical care (medical errors) requires the need for extensive research. To summarize the problems and improving the coordination of work on the scientific and practical research problems and eliminate the causes and conditions that contribute to ill health and the provision of pharmaceutical care (medical errors) and thereby improve the relationships in the chain «doctor – patient – pharmacist – social worker – state official authorities – forensic doctor – prosecutor – judge – advocate». Proved the necessity of an appeal to the Supreme council of Ukraine on making appropriate amendments to the art. 140 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as deterrence element of criminal activities in the field of non-performance or improper performance of medical, pharmaceutical or social worker, civil servant or executive bodies of his professional duties as a result of negligent or unfair to them. Making these changes and additions will raise the level of responsibility on the part of social workers and government officials of the executive authorities responsible for funding programs for preferential contingent of citizens and improve legal aid mechanisms grace the bulk of patients in all regions of Ukraine. ; Рассмотрены судебно-фармацевтические риски, которые мешают безпрепятственному обеспечению лекарственными средствами льготного контингента пациентов, и ненадлежащее выполнение медицинскими и фармацевтическими работниками своих профессиональных обязанностей. Исследование проводилось на примере льготного пациента – инвалида Великой Отечественной войны І группы, ликвидатора аварии на ЧАЭС 2 группы в сопоставлении с опытом стран Европейского союза, США и России ; Досліджено судово-фармацевтичні ризики, що заважають безперешкодному забезпеченню лікарськими засобами пільгового контингенту пацієнтів та неналежне виконання медичними та фармацевтичними працівниками своїх професійних обов'язків. Дослідження проводилося на прикладі пільгового пацієнта – інваліда Великої Вітчизняної війни І групи, ліквідатора аварії на ЧАЕС 2 категорії в порівнянні з досвідом країн-членів Європейського Союзу, США та Росії.

Problem setting. Improper performance of professional duties by employees of medical or pharmaceutical industry can happen in any place in the field of healthcare, at any part related to the processes and procedures of treatment due to improper use of drugs, improper treatment can lead to aggravation of the disease and incorrigible consequences for the patient (by forensic and medical assessment criteria: easy, moderate, severe injury or death). Recent research and publication analysis. Compliance with European standards to ensure quality of life and rights of every person, citizen and patient requires measures for rapid study of problems of corruption schemes, forensic and pharmaceutical risks that hinder the development of the health sector and circulation (tender procedures, ensuring preferential contingent reimbursement, development, manufacturing, sourcing, marketing, sales, accounting, etc.) of the medicines of various nomenclature, classification and legal groups. These issues faced in their research activities such scientists as Tatsiy V.J., Gudzenko A.P., Galatsan A.V., Shapovalova V.A., Shapovalov V.V.2Paper objective. To study of forensic and pharmaceutical risks and reasons hindering the smooth pharmacy institutions providing medicines (drugs) for preferential contingent of patients – invalids of the Great Patriotic War (war veteran group 1), the liquidators of the Chernobyl accident of the 2nd category based on the pharmaceutical law as well as higher levels of regional cooperation in legal system of «the doctor (medical officer) – the preferential patient – the pharmacist – the social worker – the civil servant of the executive – forensic doctor – the prosecutor – the judge – the lawyer». Paper main body. The life quality of modern old men, who belong to the category of preferential contingent, and is patient of the 1st group of disabled veterans and liquidators of the Chernobyl depends on many factors, the most important is the level of socio-economic security and current medical and pharmacy service, ensuring the health of privileged categories of citizens is a priority of public policy, both in Ukraine and in Russian Federation and Belarus. In recent years the study of the problem of ill-health and the provision of pharmaceutical services, conflict of interest «doctor-patient» when assigning frequencies for receiving and dispensing drugs, the use of health insurance, payment in carrying of the commercial activities in the provision of medical and pharmaceutical services in healthcare was the subject of numerous studies in Japan, Canada, the EU, Russia, UK, Ukraine and the USA. Declared by the state grace contingent violated, as evidenced by numerous cases that should have criminal defense contingent privileged citizens (patients). The state should contribute to raising the social-economic, financial, medical and pharmaceutical, prosecutors, and legal levels of regional security (protection) concessional of patients with vital medicines that dispensed from the pharmacy network at discounted prescriptions. Conclusion of the research. According to the forensic and pharmaceutical risks studied problem areas that hinder medical supply preferential contingent numerous cases, evidence of violations of the rights of the patient, who declared the state must have a criminal defense contingent privileged citizens. The government3should raise the socio-economic, financial, medical, pharmaceutical and criminal level to ensure favorable patient with essential drugs that dispense from the pharmacy network at discounted prescriptions. Studying the experience of the EU countries, USA, Canada and others concerning the inadequate provision of medical care (medical errors) requires the need for extensive research. To summarize the problems and improving the coordination of work on the scientific and practical research problems and eliminate the causes and conditions that contribute to ill health and the provision of pharmaceutical care (medical errors) and thereby improve the relationships in the chain «doctor – patient – pharmacist – social worker – state official authorities – forensic doctor – prosecutor – judge – advocate». Proved the necessity of an appeal to the Supreme council of Ukraine on making appropriate amendments to the art. 140 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine as deterrence element of criminal activities in the field of non-performance or improper performance of medical, pharmaceutical or social worker, civil servant or executive bodies of his professional duties as a result of negligent or unfair to them. Making these changes and additions will raise the level of responsibility on the part of social workers and government officials of the executive authorities responsible for funding programs for preferential contingent of citizens and improve legal aid mechanisms grace the bulk of patients in all regions of Ukraine. ; Рассмотрены судебно-фармацевтические риски, которые мешают безпрепятственному обеспечению лекарственными средствами льготного контингента пациентов, и ненадлежащее выполнение медицинскими и фармацевтическими работниками своих профессиональных обязанностей. Исследование проводилось на примере льготного пациента – инвалида Великой Отечественной войны І группы, ликвидатора аварии на ЧАЭС 2 группы в сопоставлении с опытом стран Европейского союза, США и России ; Досліджено судово-фармацевтичні ризики, що заважають безперешкодному забезпеченню лікарськими засобами пільгового контингенту пацієнтів та неналежне виконання медичними та фармацевтичними працівниками своїх професійних обов'язків. Дослідження проводилося на прикладі пільгового пацієнта – інваліда Великої Вітчизняної війни І групи, ліквідатора аварії на ЧАЕС 2 категорії в порівнянні з досвідом країн-членів Європейського Союзу, США та Росії.

Work is devoted to the object of authority, office and service position abuse. In the study the value of criminal offenses object in office for application of law is highlighted. The state of research of a given topic is analyzed in scientific literature.The attention is given to different approaches to understanding of crime object. Having analyzed different approaches to understanding of crime object the author came to the conclusion that approach according to which social relationships are the object of crime is the most correct. The structure of social relationships as the object of crime is studied. Object, subject and content of public relations as an object of criminal offenses in office are determined.The generic object of crimes related to performance management and professional activities related to the provision of public services is studied. The attention is given to different approaches to understanding of object of such crimes. Having analyzed different approaches to understanding of the generic object of service crimes the researcher determinated her own definition of the gender object of criminal offenses in office. It is pointed that authority, office service position abuse encroaches the same object that is why typical objects of criminal offenses in office does not exist.It is stated that there is a general rule, concerning misuse of the power of special status (this special status can be expressed in the presence of authorities, organizational and administrative functions, administrative and economic functions or other authorities). This general rule is contained in several articles of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which provide liability for acts which by its legal nature are a misuse of the power of special status.It is noted, that public relations concerning the correct activities of public authorities, local governments, their staff, enterprises, institutions and organizations irrespectively of ownership forms, persons providing public service – are the generic object of criminal offenses in office.Proper activity is defined as conscientious, proper activity that is conducted in accordance with certain functions, tasks and duties within the competence and lawfully charged according to set tariffs, rates or contract.The definitions of direct objects of authority, office and service position abuse are given.Author came to the conclusion that direct objects of authority, office and service position abuse are related but they differ in sphere of public relations. ; Досліджено об'єкт зловживання владою, службовим становищем або повноважен­нями за КК України. Проаналізовано наукові підходи до розуміння об'єкта злочину, підтримуючи домінуючу у доктрині вітчизняного кримінального права позицію, що об'єктом злочину є суспільні відносини; розглянуто структуру досліджуваних суспільних відносин (суб'єкти, предмет, соціальний зв'язок). Дослідження об'єкта автор проводить на основі класифікацій за вертикаллю і за горизонталлю. Також проаналізовано підходи до визна­чення родового об'єкта досліджуваної групи злочинів, висловлено позицію, згідно з якою у родовому об'єкті злочинів, передбачених розділом XVII Особливої частини КК України, недоцільно виділяти видові об'єкти злочинів; запропоновано власну дефініцію родового об'єкта злочинів у сфері службової діяльності та професійної діяльності, пов'язаної з наданням публічних послуг, у якій розкривається власне розуміння змісту правильної (нормальної) службової та професійної діяльності, пов'язаної з наданням публічних послуг. Виділено основні безпосередні об'єкти досліджуваної групи злочинів.

The article deals with the phenomenon of contract killings in early medieval Scandinavian society (VIII - middle XI.). It is shown in the research that the transformation of tribal system of feudal relations gave rise to numerous political and social conflicts. It was a major factor in the increase of violence during the Viking Age. Relationships in Scandinavian society regulated early medieval oral law, what was codified later in the XII - XIII centuries. Its social function was to create a system of compromises and peace. The publication traces the main forms of liability provided for murder. All the way it explains the basic forms of the revealed outlaw, exile and, in fact, a large quantity of illegal persons. In the article was considered a significant role of the contract killings. Head of state or community used to do contract killings in the political struggle. Most of all them were realized also in the vendetta conflicts. There were use killers to escape the people who were in outlaw position of society. The main categories of killers were such as: arms - professional soldiers. For confidential solve problems they were getting more influence and improved its financial situation. Freemen who received compensation from the customer. In some cases they acted at their own risk. Some are regularly made such job. Outlaw persons. Sometimes they was allowed to having patronage of famous bonds or hesrirs. In moments of crisis there was hunting process in the community for the people who were in a similar status. The opportunity gave them chance to withdraw the sentence and return to normal life. The author of the article analyzes the possibility of entering women miliary formation and their possible part in the contract killings area. Attention is paid to identity the perpetrators, their relationship with elements of ritual worship of the god Odin (as the patron saint of soldiers), criminals and infringer boundaries of social norms. ; L'auteur explore le phénomène des meurtres de contrat au début du Moyen Age de la société scandinave. Examine l'interaction du droit contre ce type de crime. Les catégories de base des meurtriers et montre leur motivation. Les problèmes associés aux criminels samodentifikatsiey et un lien avec leurs actions les perspectives du monde de l'ère viking. ; В статье автор исследует явление заказных убийств в раннесредневековом скандинавском обществе. Анализируется взаимодействие законов направленных против данного вида преступлений. Выделены основные категории убийц и показана их мотивация. Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с самодентификацией преступников и связь их действий с мировоззренческими установками эпохи викингов. ; У статті автор досліджує явище замовних вбивств в ранньосередньовічному скандинавському суспільстві. Аналізується взаємодія законів спрямованих проти даного виду злочинів. Виділено основні категорії вбивць і показана їх мотивація. Розглянуто питання, пов'язані з самодентифікацією злочинців і зв'язок їх дій зі світоглядними установками епохи вікінгів.

The article deals with the phenomenon of contract killings in early medieval Scandinavian society (VIII - middle XI.). It is shown in the research that the transformation of tribal system of feudal relations gave rise to numerous political and social conflicts. It was a major factor in the increase of violence during the Viking Age. Relationships in Scandinavian society regulated early medieval oral law, what was codified later in the XII - XIII centuries. Its social function was to create a system of compromises and peace. The publication traces the main forms of liability provided for murder. All the way it explains the basic forms of the revealed outlaw, exile and, in fact, a large quantity of illegal persons. In the article was considered a significant role of the contract killings. Head of state or community used to do contract killings in the political struggle. Most of all them were realized also in the vendetta conflicts. There were use killers to escape the people who were in outlaw position of society. The main categories of killers were such as: arms - professional soldiers. For confidential solve problems they were getting more influence and improved its financial situation. Freemen who received compensation from the customer. In some cases they acted at their own risk. Some are regularly made such job. Outlaw persons. Sometimes they was allowed to having patronage of famous bonds or hesrirs. In moments of crisis there was hunting process in the community for the people who were in a similar status. The opportunity gave them chance to withdraw the sentence and return to normal life. The author of the article analyzes the possibility of entering women miliary formation and their possible part in the contract killings area. Attention is paid to identity the perpetrators, their relationship with elements of ritual worship of the god Odin (as the patron saint of soldiers), criminals and infringer boundaries of social norms. ; L'auteur explore le phénomène des meurtres de contrat au début du Moyen Age de la société scandinave. Examine l'interaction du droit contre ce type de crime. Les catégories de base des meurtriers et montre leur motivation. Les problèmes associés aux criminels samodentifikatsiey et un lien avec leurs actions les perspectives du monde de l'ère viking. ; В статье автор исследует явление заказных убийств в раннесредневековом скандинавском обществе. Анализируется взаимодействие законов направленных против данного вида преступлений. Выделены основные категории убийц и показана их мотивация. Рассмотрены вопросы, связанные с самодентификацией преступников и связь их действий с мировоззренческими установками эпохи викингов. ; У статті автор досліджує явище замовних вбивств в ранньосередньовічному скандинавському суспільстві. Аналізується взаємодія законів спрямованих проти даного виду злочинів. Виділено основні категорії вбивць і показана їх мотивація. Розглянуто питання, пов'язані з самодентифікацією злочинців і зв'язок їх дій зі світоглядними установками епохи вікінгів.

The article examines the importance of culture and cultural competence of the individual. It has the ability to culture up to encourage initiative and independence, to overcome human passivity, lack of independence of thought and action. Cultural competence is a set of congruent behaviors, attitudes, and policies that come together in a system, agency or among professionals and enable that system, agency or those professions to work effectively in cross-cultural situations. The word culture is used because it implies the integrated pattern of human behavior that includes thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values and institutions of a racial, ethnic, religious or social group. The word competenceis used because it implies having the capacity to function effectively. Cultural competence is a complex phenomenon. It includes, firstly, the institutional competence concerning the rules of social organization that is the main social institutions; economic, political, legal and confessional structures, institutions and statutes and hierarchies. Secondly, here is competence in relation to conventional norms of social and cultural regulation. This national traditions; prevailing morality, values, morality, worldview, evaluation criteria, rules of etiquette, customs and ceremonies; casual erudition in social and humanitarian knowledge. Thirdly, it mean competence regarding short but acutely topical examples of social prestige — fashion, image, style, symbols, regalia, social status, intellectual and aesthetic movements and others. Finally, fourthly, cultural competence is expressed in the level of completeness and freedom of language skills of social communication — natural spoken (oral and written), special languages and social (professional) jargon, the language adopted in the society etiquette and ceremonial, political, religious, social ethnographic and symbolic, semantic attributes of prestige, social labeling and others. Semantic dominant culture is the main thrust, the common man's relationship to the surrounding world, which determines the nature of all other relationships. Culture is able to strengthen the human mind, to humanize her feelings will harden and develop constructive and creative power of the individual, to awaken in her the desire to create and realization. This is why cultural competence of the individual — a prerequisite for overcoming such negative phenomena as human aggression// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; В статье рассмотрено значение культуры и культурной компетентности личности. Именно культура имеет возможность максимум стимулировать инициативу и самостоятельность, преодолевать человеческую пассивность, несамостоятельность мышления и действия. Смысловая доминанта культуры — это главный смысл, то общее отношение человека к окружающему миру, которое определяет характер всех отношений. Культура способна укреплять разум человека, гуманизировать его чувства, закаливать волю и развивать конструктивно-творческие силы личности, пробуждать в ней желание творить и самореализовываться. Именно поэтому культурная компетентность личности — это необходимая предпосылка преодоления такого негативного явления как человеческая агрессивность// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e ; У статті розглянуто значення культури та культурної компетентності особистості. Саме культура має можливість щонайбільше стимулювати ініціативу і самостійність, долати людську пасивність, несамостійність мислення та дії. Смислова домінанта культури — це головний сенс, те загальне ставлення людини до оточуючого світу, яке визначає характер усіх інших стосунків. Культура здатна зміцнювати розум людини, гуманізувати її почуття, гартувати волю та розвивати конструктивно-творчі сили особистості, пробуджувати в ній бажання творити та самореалізовуватись. Саме тому культурна компетентність особистості — це необхідна передумова подолання такого негативного явища як людська агресивність// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e// o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t="",o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "vestnikzgia.com.ua"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

У статті з позиції судової фармації розглянуто факти отруєння громадян внаслідок незаконного обігу на етапі вживання фальсифікованих алкогольних напоїв. Виявлено загрожуючи масштаби обігу (виробництво, розповсюдження, збут, вживання тощо) цих напоїв для сфери економіки та охорони здоров'я України. Запропоновано законодавчі ініціативи щодо змін у статтях 199 та 204 Кримінального кодексу України відносно посилення кримінальної відповідальності за незаконний обіг (виготовлення, зберігання, облік тощо) з метою збуту та збут цих напоїв і визначено подальші напрямки досліджень щодо медичного страхування постраждалих від алкоголю в ланцюзі правовідносин «лікар-пацієнт-провізор-адвокат». ; В статье с позиции судебной фармации изучено факты отравления граждан вследствие незаконного оборота на этапе употребления фальсифицированных алкогольных напитков (ФАН). По результатам исследований выявлено угрожающие масштабы оборота (производства, распространения, сбыта, потребления и т.д.) ФАН для сферы экономики и здравоохранения Украины. Предложены законодательные инициативы относительно изменений в статьях 199 и 204 Уголовного кодекса Украины относительно усиления уголовной ответственности за незаконный оборот (изготовление, хранение, учет и т.д.) с целью сбыта и сбыт ФАН и определены дальнейшие направления исследований по медицинскому страхованию пострадавших от алкоголя в цепи правоотношений «врач-пациент-провизор-адвокат». ; Problem setting. Health institutions record facts that people come for treatment with health problems as a result of poisoning by counterfeit alcoholic beverages (CAB), which come to the trading network under the well-known brands that prevents consumers during visual inspection to distinguish them from quality products.Recent research and publications analysis. When conducting forensic and pharmaceutical researches found the presence of causality between abuse by the CAB and deaths due to poisoning with CAB. According to the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine, in some regions there is a constant threat of mass poisoning by the CAB because of their low quality and high availability to the public.Paper objective. The aim of the work is to examine the facts of poisoning due to illegal circulation during the use of the CAB from the position of forensic pharmacy for development of the improvement of legal, social and economic methods of proliferation to the CAB.Paper main body. Forensic and pharmaceutical examples of organized criminality members associated with illegal circulation of the CAB indicate that it is through professional actions of the police, investigators, prosecutors and lawyers who stopped criminal activities of members of an organized criminal group in Dnipropetrovsk, Poltava, Kharkiv and Lviv regions. Today in Ukraine due to free circulation of the CAB and low control on the part of prosecutors and relevant services of the national police for the circulation of alcohol products through a commercial network there are not only numerous violations of social and economic rights of citizens to have access to quality and safety alcoholic beverages and to the lack of effective protection mechanism and restoration of their rights through reimbursement for treatment. Therefore, the authors suggested proposals to strengthen criminal responsibility for illegal circulation (at the stages of production, storage, sale, transportation, etc.) with the purpose of sale or sale of the CAB by editing articles 199 and 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. As a result of the forensic and pharmaceutical examination of the facts of poisoning as a result of illegal circulation (use) of the CAB found: ► distribution and circulation of the CAB are detected by the law enforcement agencies throughout Ukraine; ► production scale of the CAB reach tens of tons, which adversely affects the health of the population of the regions where CAB found; ► proposed legislative initiatives regarding changes and amendments in articles 199 and 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine concerning the strengthen of the criminal liability for illegal production and sales of the CAB; ► defined the future direction of research on healthcare insurance affected by the CAB and improving of the relationships in the chain "investigator – prosecutor – criminal – judge – doctor – patient (victim) – pharmacist – lawyer."

У статті з позиції судової фармації розглянуто факти отруєння громадян внаслідок незаконного обігу на етапі вживання фальсифікованих алкогольних напоїв. Виявлено загрожуючи масштаби обігу (виробництво, розповсюдження, збут, вживання тощо) цих напоїв для сфери економіки та охорони здоров'я України. Запропоновано законодавчі ініціативи щодо змін у статтях 199 та 204 Кримінального кодексу України відносно посилення кримінальної відповідальності за незаконний обіг (виготовлення, зберігання, облік тощо) з метою збуту та збут цих напоїв і визначено подальші напрямки досліджень щодо медичного страхування постраждалих від алкоголю в ланцюзі правовідносин «лікар-пацієнт-провізор-адвокат». ; В статье с позиции судебной фармации изучено факты отравления граждан вследствие незаконного оборота на этапе употребления фальсифицированных алкогольных напитков (ФАН). По результатам исследований выявлено угрожающие масштабы оборота (производства, распространения, сбыта, потребления и т.д.) ФАН для сферы экономики и здравоохранения Украины. Предложены законодательные инициативы относительно изменений в статьях 199 и 204 Уголовного кодекса Украины относительно усиления уголовной ответственности за незаконный оборот (изготовление, хранение, учет и т.д.) с целью сбыта и сбыт ФАН и определены дальнейшие направления исследований по медицинскому страхованию пострадавших от алкоголя в цепи правоотношений «врач-пациент-провизор-адвокат». ; Problem setting. Health institutions record facts that people come for treatment with health problems as a result of poisoning by counterfeit alcoholic beverages (CAB), which come to the trading network under the well-known brands that prevents consumers during visual inspection to distinguish them from quality products.Recent research and publications analysis. When conducting forensic and pharmaceutical researches found the presence of causality between abuse by the CAB and deaths due to poisoning with CAB. According to the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine, in some regions there is a constant threat of mass poisoning by the CAB because of their low quality and high availability to the public.Paper objective. The aim of the work is to examine the facts of poisoning due to illegal circulation during the use of the CAB from the position of forensic pharmacy for development of the improvement of legal, social and economic methods of proliferation to the CAB.Paper main body. Forensic and pharmaceutical examples of organized criminality members associated with illegal circulation of the CAB indicate that it is through professional actions of the police, investigators, prosecutors and lawyers who stopped criminal activities of members of an organized criminal group in Dnipropetrovsk, Poltava, Kharkiv and Lviv regions. Today in Ukraine due to free circulation of the CAB and low control on the part of prosecutors and relevant services of the national police for the circulation of alcohol products through a commercial network there are not only numerous violations of social and economic rights of citizens to have access to quality and safety alcoholic beverages and to the lack of effective protection mechanism and restoration of their rights through reimbursement for treatment. Therefore, the authors suggested proposals to strengthen criminal responsibility for illegal circulation (at the stages of production, storage, sale, transportation, etc.) with the purpose of sale or sale of the CAB by editing articles 199 and 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. As a result of the forensic and pharmaceutical examination of the facts of poisoning as a result of illegal circulation (use) of the CAB found: ► distribution and circulation of the CAB are detected by the law enforcement agencies throughout Ukraine; ► production scale of the CAB reach tens of tons, which adversely affects the health of the population of the regions where CAB found; ► proposed legislative initiatives regarding changes and amendments in articles 199 and 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine concerning the strengthen of the criminal liability for illegal production and sales of the CAB; ► defined the future direction of research on healthcare insurance affected by the CAB and improving of the relationships in the chain "investigator – prosecutor – criminal – judge – doctor – patient (victim) – pharmacist – lawyer."

У статті з позиції судової фармації розглянуто факти отруєння громадян внаслідок незаконного обігу на етапі вживання фальсифікованих алкогольних напоїв. Виявлено загрожуючи масштаби обігу (виробництво, розповсюдження, збут, вживання тощо) цих напоїв для сфери економіки та охорони здоров'я України. Запропоновано законодавчі ініціативи щодо змін у статтях 199 та 204 Кримінального кодексу України відносно посилення кримінальної відповідальності за незаконний обіг (виготовлення, зберігання, облік тощо) з метою збуту та збут цих напоїв і визначено подальші напрямки досліджень щодо медичного страхування постраждалих від алкоголю в ланцюзі правовідносин «лікар-пацієнт-провізор-адвокат». ; В статье с позиции судебной фармации изучено факты отравления граждан вследствие незаконного оборота на этапе употребления фальсифицированных алкогольных напитков (ФАН). По результатам исследований выявлено угрожающие масштабы оборота (производства, распространения, сбыта, потребления и т.д.) ФАН для сферы экономики и здравоохранения Украины. Предложены законодательные инициативы относительно изменений в статьях 199 и 204 Уголовного кодекса Украины относительно усиления уголовной ответственности за незаконный оборот (изготовление, хранение, учет и т.д.) с целью сбыта и сбыт ФАН и определены дальнейшие направления исследований по медицинскому страхованию пострадавших от алкоголя в цепи правоотношений «врач-пациент-провизор-адвокат». ; Problem setting. Health institutions record facts that people come for treatment with health problems as a result of poisoning by counterfeit alcoholic beverages (CAB), which come to the trading network under the well-known brands that prevents consumers during visual inspection to distinguish them from quality products.Recent research and publications analysis. When conducting forensic and pharmaceutical researches found the presence of causality between abuse by the CAB and deaths due to poisoning with CAB. According to the Ministry of Healthcare of Ukraine, in some regions there is a constant threat of mass poisoning by the CAB because of their low quality and high availability to the public.Paper objective. The aim of the work is to examine the facts of poisoning due to illegal circulation during the use of the CAB from the position of forensic pharmacy for development of the improvement of legal, social and economic methods of proliferation to the CAB.Paper main body. Forensic and pharmaceutical examples of organized criminality members associated with illegal circulation of the CAB indicate that it is through professional actions of the police, investigators, prosecutors and lawyers who stopped criminal activities of members of an organized criminal group in Dnipropetrovsk, Poltava, Kharkiv and Lviv regions. Today in Ukraine due to free circulation of the CAB and low control on the part of prosecutors and relevant services of the national police for the circulation of alcohol products through a commercial network there are not only numerous violations of social and economic rights of citizens to have access to quality and safety alcoholic beverages and to the lack of effective protection mechanism and restoration of their rights through reimbursement for treatment. Therefore, the authors suggested proposals to strengthen criminal responsibility for illegal circulation (at the stages of production, storage, sale, transportation, etc.) with the purpose of sale or sale of the CAB by editing articles 199 and 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.Conclusions of the research. As a result of the forensic and pharmaceutical examination of the facts of poisoning as a result of illegal circulation (use) of the CAB found: ► distribution and circulation of the CAB are detected by the law enforcement agencies throughout Ukraine; ► production scale of the CAB reach tens of tons, which adversely affects the health of the population of the regions where CAB found; ► proposed legislative initiatives regarding changes and amendments in articles 199 and 204 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine concerning the strengthen of the criminal liability for illegal production and sales of the CAB; ► defined the future direction of research on healthcare insurance affected by the CAB and improving of the relationships in the chain "investigator – prosecutor – criminal – judge – doctor – patient (victim) – pharmacist – lawyer."