Suchergebnisse

After having achieved a major status reform, the grand corps of the Ponts et Chaussees was led to conceive a new training to management intended for his new recruits. The "managerial identity" they aim to perform created a serious conflict within the grand corps. Indeed, some of these high civil servants value & promote public management to reinforce the public sector whilst others use it as a means to encourage their peers to transfer from the public to the private sector. The apparent consensus & the current trend towards hightened managerial control conceals a series of issues concerning the Ponts et Chaussees' identity & control. Analyzing management through its training enables us to deconstruct its imagery by trying to grasp to which extent the relationships between high civil servants & French administration are here at stake. Adapted from the source document.

Magistrates' Actions in the Regulation of Risks : Mountain Sports as an Example.
This article, based on a large set of interviews, describes recent French legal developments and controversies in risks, related to the practice of mountain sports. These controversies concern both the liabilities of professionals (mountain and ski guides) and councils with winter resorts. The article investigates the social role and the autonomy of the professionals of justice in these matters, including their relationships with administrative authorities.

Marie Anderfuhren — Professional mobility of domestic servants in North East Brazil : a complex pattern.
Domestic servants have to continually device strategies out of exploitation, poor wages and the low social esteem they are held in. They thus conceal their functions, deem them temporary, hoping for better prospects. But the domestic's condition stays on, so they are forced to forge acceptable identities. The article studies the relationships between poor work conditions, the self-perceptions of the domestic servants, and the prospects of professional mobility. It shows the stigmatising effects that hamper possibilities of improvement, leading to complex strategies, such as the forging of identity.

Professional Sport 'à la française', a Possible Inspiration for a Future European Model ?
In France, the State has intervened in sporting matters since the 1940s, according to a technique of delegation of power to private organisations, i.e. sporting federations. France has not adopted legislation specifically relating to sporting professionals, notably in the context of their working relationships, in a situation, moreover, where European influences have had the effect of limiting the degree of autonomy for intervention by each member state, including in the area of sports. Where the State does intervene in France it does so in the name of public policy which includes economic factors (such as intervention in the structure of professional clubs and in relation to resources, notably television rights), individual factors (such as defending the individual) and social factors (such as the status of sporting agents and that of youngsters who practise sport).

There is a certain amount of confusion concerning exactly what the idea of professional or social integration includes. We suggest adopting the one usually agreed on by social science researchers. Furthermore, some prejudices, analysed in this article, spoil the relationships, between many young people, especially young graduates, and companies or, more broadly speaking, organisations. Finally, adjusting young people's expectations to the different integration practices in companies is somewhat hampered by its impenetrable nature.
The article, based on several surveys carried out among graduates of different levels and various companies, provides the opportunity to summarise the main problems that impede young people's integration and also the different processes at work in all organisational contexts to either facilitate or hinder professional integration.

The introduction of obstetric echography cannot be analyzed in terms of the effects of technology upon a social organization or a professional group. The "echographic revolution" is radical in that it : exposes hierarchies of know-how, money and power ; helps us understand how a health profession can suddenly go commercial ; and contributes to changing a woman's image of her unborn child. Herein, a technique is considered to be a means of analyzing power relationships, business relations, symbolic exchanges, and even ethical arguments.

The Politics of Contract Between Conflicts and Social Learning
Jacques de Maillard
In urban areas, social policies have been affected by various changes : decentralisation, new partnerships, new professionals. All these transformations tend to make local scenes of negotiation more complex by multiplicating relationships of interdependence and by crossing procedures. This new context raises the question of the policy-learning by the actors involved. In this article, we try to understand how the perceptions and frames of protagonists are modified, by adressing the issues of the role of the state and of the extent of the changes generated.

Résumé Le livre de raison (1612-1662) inédit d'un officier moyen, marchand de vin à Montreuil-Bellay et de sa femme, constitue un objet de mémoire domestique à multiples dimensions : mémoire des affaires dans l'épaisseur du quotidien et d'un micro-circuit économique, mémoire d'un couple prenant son indépendance et fondant une famille (selon les usages de la coutume d'Anjou), chronique d'un réseau de pouvoirs très territorialisés, où rapports politiques et religieux, fortement intriqués, se modifient lentement. La maîtrise de l'écriture construit ici une identité familiale forte. Reflections of a multi-dimensional field or research can be found in this diary of a « middle officeholder », also wine's merchant, and his wife, living in Montreuil-Bellay (Maine-et-Loire) and written drom 1612 to 1662. We can retrace in this book évidences in micro-economy, with records of his professional dealings, a record of his married life and family events (according to the raies found in Anjou) and the mentions of territorial poUtical and religious relationships, with a strong hierarchy, and very intricated interreactions, evolving very slowly. It reveals for us the small world of Falligan's family.

Whether simple domestic tasks are a highlight or the opposite, a drudge, the day-to-day work of early years practitioners rouses little interest. This exploratory study was carried out in two day nurseries with seven child minders and focuses on these everyday activities to show their complexity and issues they raise too. Caught between the demands of a service relationship and the invisibility of care work, these practitioners find suppressing their emotions a real challenge. They perform an intensely emotional job, all the more trying since they cannot talk about it or discuss it. This heavy emotional burden can manifest itself in health problems. Making everyday professional actions visible therefore throws into question the recognition of these professions and the creation of less discriminatory social relationships.

The conflicts of interests of judges are at the core of the requirements of a high quality justice system which operates serenely immune to suspicion of dependency on any kind of power institution and to personal bias. The relationships that could oppose or link a judge to one of the parties should be addressed preventively and if necessary a posteriori through the annulment of the decision delivered in such conditions. But the answer of positive law differs according to whether the judges are professional magistrates or lay judges. In the first case the statute that protects their independence is the best guarantee to avoid conflicts of interests. In the second case the lack of statute (referee) or a less protective statute (for instance judges of commercial courts) leaves the management of conflicts to the impartiality of the judges and their virtue based on personal ethics. Adapted from the source document.

An attempt is made to illustrate some of the possibilities which an accumulation of data can offer to studies based on PO polls in countries having differing pol'al structures. The most important problem arising from the use of such data is one of discovering the relationships between the individual variations & the structural diff's which exist in such systems. In this comparative study, this problem arose when it became clear that the definite relationship claimed to exist between the characteristics of the individuals under consideration in the studies & electoral participation or amount of pol'al information known to them was not discovered in Norway. The proportion of militant party members was not greater in Ur regions, nor was it among individuals with a good educ, nor in the higher professional categories. The proposed explanation is that the local admin'ive org & the nature of the party systems are variables which are peculiar to the system. Other interpretations are also possible, but this one makes it possible to follow with precision the processes of soc polarization & integration. Tr by J. A. Broussard from IPSA.