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The General Assembly made several minor changes affecting property law in Virginia. The most significant of these changes was the amendment of the Code's provisions regarding a spouse's dower and curtesy interests in the separate estate of a deceased spouse. In addition to this legislation, the Virginia Supreme Court decided several cases dealing with varied property issues. The decisions discussed below are those which should have the most interest to the general practitioner. The real estate specialist, no doubt, is already aware of most of them. In the majority of the cases which follow, the Virginia Supreme Court affirms and reinforces long-standing judicial precedent in Virginia. The most significant development deals with zoning regulations and residential restrictive covenants which affect group homes for the mentally handicapped. In another decision, the court had the opportunity to recognize tortious interference with a prospective contract for the sale of real estate as a cause of action for the first time.

In A Theory of Justice John Rawls argued that people in a just society would have rights to some forms of personal property, whatever the best way to organise the economy. Without being explicit about it, he also seems to have believed that protection for at least some forms of privacy are included in the Basic Liberties, to which all are entitled. Thus, Rawls assumes that people are entitled to form families, as well as personal associations which reflect their tastes as well as their beliefs and interests. He seems also to have assumed that people are entitled to seclude themselves, as well as to associate with others, and to keep some of their beliefs, knowledge, feelings and ideas to themselves, rather than being obliged to share them with others. So, thinking of privacy as an amalgam of claims to seclusion, solitude, anonymity and intimate association, we can say that Rawls appears to include at least some forms of privacy in his account of the liberties protected by the first principle of justice. [First paragraph]

In A Theory of Justice John Rawls argued that people in a just society would have rights to some forms of personal property, whatever the best way to organise the economy. Without being explicit about it, he also seems to have believed that protection for at least some forms of privacy are included in the Basic Liberties, to which all are entitled. Thus, Rawls assumes that people are entitled to form families, as well as personal associations which reflect their tastes as well as their beliefs and interests. He seems also to have assumed that people are entitled to seclude themselves, as well as to associate with others, and to keep some of their beliefs, knowledge, feelings and ideas to themselves, rather than being obliged to share them with others. So, thinking of privacy as an amalgam of claims to seclusion, solitude, anonymity and intimate association, we can say that Rawls appears to include at least some forms of privacy in his account of the liberties protected by the first principle of justice. [First paragraph]

The 1986 General Assembly may be remembered as much for what it did not do as for what it did. Carried over into the next session was House Bill 810, which would have abolished dower and curtesy in favor of a statutory share for the surviving spouse in the deceased spouse's estate. Of course, passage of this bill would have ushered in significant change in the practice of decedents' estates. Significantly, passage of the bill also would have legislatively overruled recent judicial and legislative activity which has created the sole and separate estate, for both female and male, allowing circumvention of the surviving spouse's claim of curtesy or dower. Many believe House Bill 810 is a long-awaited change whose time has come, but it must wait at least one more year. Of those bills which became law, most noteworthy was House Bill 207. Virginia Code ("Code") section 36-91(c) now provides that group homes, family care homes, or foster homes wherein no more than six physically handicapped, mentally ill, mentally retarded or developmentally disabled persons reside, with or without one or more resident counselors or staff personnel, shall be considered single family residences for the purpose of interpreting restrictive covenants executed after July 1, 1986.4 This legislation was in direct response to Omega Corp. v. Malloy a 1984 Virginia Supreme Court decision which upheld the trial court's determination that a group home for the mentally retarded does not constitute a "single-family use." A key finding in the case was that the presence of a counselor living in the home converted the residence into a facility.

Property exists in the following forms: - private property - property of individual civil law entities (individual, legal entity). - public property - property of the people of Ukraine presented as an independent form due to the specific legal regime of its use. Specific legal regime of public property: Property state (is the impersonal property of citizens of Ukraine (subsoil); Procedure for acquiring property rights (permitting and competitive); Settlement entity having a dual (private and public) legal nature (state of Ukraine, local government). Types of property - private property Individual is the ownership of property to an individual or entity. One entity is the plurality or singularity of objects. Joint is the ownership of property jointly to several individuals or entities. Plural entities are the plurality or singularity of objects. Such item belongs simultaneously to individuals or entities entitling them to jointly exercise the powers of the property owner. It is not the thing itself that is divided between the co-owners, but the ownership over it. ; https://youtu.be/WyoASGcgkRo

Property exists in the following forms: - private property - property of individual civil law entities (individual, legal entity). - public property - property of the people of Ukraine presented as an independent form due to the specific legal regime of its use. Specific legal regime of public property: Property state (is the impersonal property of citizens of Ukraine (subsoil); Procedure for acquiring property rights (permitting and competitive); Settlement entity having a dual (private and public) legal nature (state of Ukraine, local government). Types of property - private property Individual is the ownership of property to an individual or entity. One entity is the plurality or singularity of objects. Joint is the ownership of property jointly to several individuals or entities. Plural entities are the plurality or singularity of objects. Such item belongs simultaneously to individuals or entities entitling them to jointly exercise the powers of the property owner. It is not the thing itself that is divided between the co-owners, but the ownership over it.

Property exists in the following forms: - private property - property of individual civil law entities (individual, legal entity). - public property - property of the people of Ukraine presented as an independent form due to the specific legal regime of its use. Specific legal regime of public property: Property state (is the impersonal property of citizens of Ukraine (subsoil); Procedure for acquiring property rights (permitting and competitive); Settlement entity having a dual (private and public) legal nature (state of Ukraine, local government). Types of property - private property Individual is the ownership of property to an individual or entity. One entity is the plurality or singularity of objects. Joint is the ownership of property jointly to several individuals or entities. Plural entities are the plurality or singularity of objects. Such item belongs simultaneously to individuals or entities entitling them to jointly exercise the powers of the property owner. It is not the thing itself that is divided between the co-owners, but the ownership over it. ; https://youtu.be/WyoASGcgkRo

Property exists in the following forms: - private property - property of individual civil law entities (individual, legal entity). - public property - property of the people of Ukraine presented as an independent form due to the specific legal regime of its use. Specific legal regime of public property: - Property state (is the impersonal property of citizens of Ukraine (subsoil); - Procedure for acquiring property rights (permitting and competitive); - Settlement entity having a dual (private and public) legal nature (state of Ukraine, local government). Types of property - private property Individual is the ownership of property to an individual or entity. One entity is the plurality or singularity of objects. Joint is the ownership of property jointly to several individuals or entities. Plural entities are the plurality or singularity of objects. Such item belongs simultaneously to individuals or entities entitling them to jointly exercise the powers of the property owner. It is not the thing itself that is divided between the co-owners, but the ownership over it.

Long before the onset of the now-emblematic quarrel between England and Greece over the Parthenon marbles, nations and tribes have squabbled over the extraterritorial transfer of objects of purported cultural significance. Over the past few decades, however, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of cultural property repatriation claims, mostly targeting U.S. collections. The value of cultural artifacts is generated largely by the intellectual expression they manifest. Digital technologies make increasingly possible the creation of reproductions of even three-dimensional artifacts, which are indistinguishable from the originals. This development challenges our attributing value to the "aura" of the original renderings of tangible cultural artifacts. Stripped of their auras, the worth of these objects devolves to the sum of the value of the physical materials deployed in their creation, and that ascribed to the perceptible intellectual expression they contain. If we were to perceive cultural artifacts fundamentally as works of information rather than of tangible property, the location of the original instantiations of them would be of little significance. Three-dimensional technologies might soon permit source nations to retain the essential intellectual value of cultural artifacts found within their borders, while simultaneously capitalizing upon sales of the originals to collectors who will pay for their "aura."

Property concerns conflicts – both conflicts between individuals and conflicts of interest. Conflicts between individuals have long been the paradigmatic property focus. According to this view, property debates circle around issues of autonomy and productive competition. But this is an impoverished view. In this Article, we shift attention to conflicts of interest. By helping people manage conflicts of interest, a well-governed property system balances interdependence with autonomy and productive cooperation with productive competition. We identify three mechanisms woven throughout property law that help manage conflicts of interest: (1) internalization of externalities; (2) democratization of management; and (3) de-escalation of transactions. We show that property law predictably selects among these mechanisms depending on the ratio of economic to social benefits that people seek from a group resource. When economic concerns predominate, property law typically uses contribution-based allocations of rights and responsibilities mediated by formal, foreground procedures; while at the social end of the spectrum we tend to see more egalitarian substantive rules operating in an informal, background safety net.

Property concerns conflicts - both conflicts between individuals and conflicts of interest. Conflicts between individuals have long been the paradigmatic property focus. According to this view, property debates circle around issues of autonomy and productive competition. But this is an impoverished view. In this Article, we shift attention to conflicts of interest. By helping people manage conflicts of interest, a well-governed property system balances interdependence with autonomy and productive cooperation with productive competition. We identify three mechanisms woven throughout property law that help manage conflicts of interest: (1) internalization of externalities; (2) democratization of management; and (3) de-escalation of transactions. We show that property law predictably selects among these mechanisms depending on the ratio of economic to social benefits that people seek from a group resource. When economic concerns predominate, property law typically uses contribution-based allocations of rights and responsibilities mediated by formal, foreground procedures, while at the social end of the spectrum we tend to see more egalitarian substantive rules operating as an informal, background safety net.

Property concerns conflicts – both conflicts between individuals and conflicts of interest. Conflicts between individuals have long been the paradigmatic property focus. According to this view, property debates circle around issues of autonomy and productive competition. But this is an impoverished view. In this Article, we shift attention to conflicts of interest. By helping people manage conflicts of interest, a well-governed property system balances interdependence with autonomy and productive cooperation with productive competition. We identify three mechanisms woven throughout property law that help manage conflicts of interest: (1) internalization of externalities; (2) democratization of management; and (3) de-escalation of transactions. We show that property law predictably selects among these mechanisms depending on the ratio of economic to social benefits that people seek from a group resource. When economic concerns predominate, property law typically uses contribution-based allocations of rights and responsibilities mediated by formal, foreground procedures, while at the social end of the spectrum we tend to see more egalitarian substantive rules operating as an informal, background safety net.

International audience ; This article explores how home is made and re-made on national television screens by reference to new domestic lifestyle genres. Through a comparative analysis of the property TV of English-language broadcasters in the UK and US, as well as the minority-language Welsh broadcaster S4C, this article examines the inter-relationship of domestic scenes of private homes with the formation of national constructions of homelands and national belonging. The aestheticization of everyday home life is tied both to distinct material cultural practices and to the politics of taste in the formation of cultural identities within distinct national locales.

This paper uses interview data to explore and examines property markets in three Chinese cities with the focus placed on the emergence of the commercial property markets and the government-market interplay, noting the market formation process and cycles that are 'unexpected' in a transitional economy. The research identified varying opinions and perceptions among key stake-holders about cycles in China's emerging commercial property markets. Interviews in the three cities suggested a spectrum of factors that may substantially affect the stability of China's office markets. A cross-sectional comparison of the three cities has revealed a similar pattern of cyclical behaviour highlighting structural change and state intervention with leads-and-lags, in spite of the dispersion in geography, culture and market maturity. The various views offered about market mechanism and cyclical behaviour represent varying levels of market maturity. These brief insights offer an opportunity to develop an alternative approach to measure property market conditions in emerging or immature markets such as China. ; published_or_final_version

As legal years go, action on the 1996 legislative and judicial fronts was relatively quiet in the area of property law. The legislative activity which spawned most of the interest was bills addressing the definitional limits of the unauthorized practice of law in real estate closings. These bills were not enacted and have been carried over for the next legislative session. Several judicial decisions, although none could be described as landmark determinations, are of interest and clarify points of law. These cases, as well as selected items of legislation which are believed to be of the most practical interest to the practitioner, are what follow.