Patentrecht und Sozialpolitik unter dem TRIPS-Abkommen
In: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik an der Universität Bremen (ZERP) Bd. 40
In: Schriftenreihe des Zentrums für Europäische Rechtspolitik an der Universität Bremen (ZERP) Bd. 40
World Affairs Online
In: Apuntes Contables N°26, 2020
SSRN
At the level of taxpayer obligations (tax consciousness), there must be an awareness of every taxpayer to calculate, pay, and report assets which are the obligation of every citizen and taxpayer compliance with tax laws and regulations. In addition, every taxpayer has a willingness for someone's desire and desire to pay taxes that can be interpreted as a value contributed through regulations by not obtaining direct (contra-achievement) services. This research is holistically the duty of the Directorate General of Taxes to carry out guidance and supervision in cutting or collecting taxes, due to inaccuracies that have resulted in administrative sanctions in the form of a 200% fine from the lack of tax deductions or collection The human resources possessed by the tax authorities are actually not ready to implement the self-assessment system and certain interests have emerged to do tax avoidance, tax evasion, and tax mindedness. ; A nivel de las obligaciones del contribuyente (conciencia tributaria), debe existir una conciencia de cada contribuyente para calcular, pagar y reportar los activos que son obligación de todo ciudadano y contribuyente en el cumplimiento de las leyes y regulaciones tributarias. Además, todo contribuyente tiene una disposición por el deseo y el deseo de alguien de pagar impuestos, lo que puede interpretarse como un valor aportado a través de regulaciones al no obtener servicios directos (contra-logro). Esta investigación es holísticamente deber de la Dirección General de Tributos de llevar a cabo la orientación y supervisión en el recorte o recaudación de impuestos, debido a inexactitudes que han derivado en sanciones administrativas en forma de multa del 200% por la falta de deducciones o recaudación tributaria. Los recursos humanos que poseen las autoridades fiscales en realidad no están preparados para implementar el sistema de autoevaluación y han surgido ciertos intereses para la evasión fiscal, la evasión fiscal y la mentalidad fiscal. ; Ao nível das obrigações do contribuinte (consciência fiscal), deve haver a consciência de cada contribuinte para calcular, pagar e reportar ativos que são obrigação de cada cidadão e contribuinte o cumprimento das leis e regulamentos fiscais. Além disso, todo contribuinte tem uma disposição para o desejo e desejo de alguém de pagar impostos, o que pode ser interpretado como um valor contribuído por meio de regulamentos por não obter serviços diretos (contra-realização). Esta investigação incumbe de forma holística a Direcção-Geral dos Impostos de realizar orientação e fiscalização no corte ou cobrança de impostos, devido a imprecisões que resultaram em sanções administrativas na forma de multa de 200% por falta de deduções ou arrecadação de impostos. os recursos humanos possuídos pelas autoridades fiscais não estão realmente prontos para implementar o sistema de autoavaliação e certos interesses surgiram para a evasão fiscal, evasão fiscal e mentalidade fiscal.
BASE
Shipping list no.: 2000-0169-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet.
BASE
In: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mcg.ark:/13960/t95740886
Hand-coloured frontispiece probably by Robert Cruikshank. ; Title page and frontispiece only. ; "Price Sixpence." ; Imprint on frontispiece: Pub. by Hodgson & Co. 10 Newgate St. ; Undated. Dates from publisher's form of name and years of activity at 10 Newgate Street, cf. P.A.H. Brown. London publishers and printers, p. 91. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Copy in McGill Library's Rare Books and Special Collections: 1 in a collection of 57 title pages and frontispieces from 1820 to 1828 that represent a better technique than some earlier examples as the strong colours are not applied as carelessly as some of the earlier and cheaper booklets; accession number: 359087.
BASE
The legal problems encountered by same-sex spouses in Israeli law are more complicated than those encountered in other democratic, developed countries. This stems from the fact that under Israeli law many areas of family law, first and foremost marriage and divorce, are governed by religious law, which is opposed to the legal recognition of such relationships. It is also not possible for such couples to establish a registered partnership in Israel, since partnerships can only be established for commercial purposes. A spectrum of family unions has nonetheless developed, gaining state recognition in various respects, mostly owing to the liberal approach of the Israel Supreme Court. Yet, it would appear that only legislation will be able resolve the outstanding problems. In its absence, a legal status is not conferred upon same-sex family unions and as such they are regarded as purely contractual arrangements. Other subject-matters in this article include: the extent of recognition granted to such family unions established abroad, by marriage or registered partnership; spouses' rights and obligations regarding maintenance obligations and property relations; child adoption in Israel, especially if the child is unrelated to the spouses; parenthood if one spouse is the biological mother and the other a surrogate; the extent of recognition of foreign adoption orders; the dissolution of such family unions and succession.
BASE
In: Political theory: an international journal of political philosophy, Band 12, Heft 3, S. 361-386
ISSN: 0090-5917
THE FOUNDERS OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC SOUGHT TO ESTABLISH A REGIME OF REPUBLICAN LIBERTY, THAT IS, A GOVERNMENT THAT WOULD PROTECT THE INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS OF PERSON AND PROPERTY AND THAT WOULD BE FOUNDED ON THE CONSENT OF THE GOVERNED. SUCH A REGIME SUFFERED FROM A CENTRAL WEAKNESS. HISTORY AND THEORY WARNED THAT REPUBLICAN LIBERTY COULD DESTROY ITSELF BY REASON OF THE VERY DIVERSITY THAT LIBERTY MUST BREED. THE TASK OF GOVERNMENT WAS TO CONCERT THE POWERS OF THE PEOPLE IN DEFENSE OF THEIR LIBERTIES. BUT AS THEIR INSERTS MULTIPLIED AND THEIR OPINIONS DIVIDED, HOW COULD A GOVERNMENT RESPONSIVE TO THESE INTERESTS AND OPINIONS ACHIEVE SUCH A CONCERT? BY WHAT DIALECTIC COULD THE REGIME AND LIBERTY GENERATE THE UNION NECESSARY FOR ITS OWN SURVIVAL? THE NEW REGIME HAD DISPENSED WITH THE PROPS THAT GOVERNMENTS HAD PREVIOUSLY FOUND IN HIERARCHY AND CLASS, DYNASTIC RIGHT, AND A CHANCE TO BETTER TRADITION. IT COULD HOPE TO ENJOY THE SOLIDIARITY THAT CAME FROM GIVING INDIVIDUALS A STAY IN HOW THEY WERE GOVERNED AND A CHANCE TO BETTER THEMSELVES BY THEIR OWN EFFORTS. THE FRAGILITY OF AN ORDER BASED LARGELY ON THE SATISFACTIONS OF SELF-INTEREST AND COMMITMENT TO IDEALS, HOWEVER, WAS WIDELY FITS, THOUGHTFUL PEOPLE RECOGNIZED THAT THE YOUNG REPUBLIC WOULD HAVE TO ENLIST IN ITS SUPPORT THE HEARTS OF ITS CITIZENS AS WELL AS THEIR GOOD SENSCIENCE. VAGUELY, BUT EARNESTLY, THEY AS WELL AS THEIR GOOD SENSE AND CONSCIENCE. VAGUELY, BUT EARNESTLY, THEY SPOKE OF THE NEED FOR "ATTACHMENT" TO ITS INPY: 1984
This paper introduces a solution for the fair division of common property resources in production economies with multiple inputs and outputs. It is derived from complementing the Walrasian solution by welfare bounds, whose ethical justification rests on commonality of ownership. We then apply this solution to the question of burden sharing in the climate change regime, using an intertemporal computable general equilibrium model. For a wide range of initial allocations of CO2 emission rights, we find that developing countries should participate in emission reduction efforts in order to increase their global efficiency, but should also be fully compensated for their incremental abatement costs.
BASE
What is 'Asian law'? Asia in law, the humanities and social sciences / Christoph Antons -- Law, networks, mobility : nineteenth century provocations / Iza Hussin -- East Asia and the study of law and development / John Ohnesorge -- A new China model for the era post global financial crisis : legal dimensions / Randall Peerenboom -- Constitutions, constitutional practice, and constitutionalism in East Asia / Albert H. Y. Chen -- The Vietnamese courts and reform dynamics / Pip Nicholson and Cait Storr -- The role of lawyers in South and East Asia / Yves Dezalay and Bryant G. Garth -- The Political determinants of corporate reorganization in China / Roman Tomasic and Zinian Zhang -- Clusters and links in Asian intellectual property law / Peter K. Yu -- Innovation governance competition : comparing India's and China's electronic commerce development strategies / Jane K. Winn -- Foreign investment law : Asian investment and the growth of regional investment agreements / Vivienne Bath and Luke Nottage -- National control over local lawmaking in Indonesia / Simon Butt -- Forestry law, masyarakat adat, and struggles for inclusive citizenship in Indonesia / Noer Fauzi Rachman and Mia Siscawati -- Legal and cultural landscapes : cultural and intellectual property concepts and the "safeguarding" of intangible cultural heritage in Southeast Asia / Christoph Antons -- Transnational sustainability certification as a new extraterritoriality? / Peter Vandergeest -- The regulation of innovation in agriculture and sustainable development in India and Southeast Asia / Rajeswari Kanniah and Christoph Antons -- Institutionalising property : new land law in a new nation-state / Daniel Fitzpatrick -- Water law in India / Phillipe Cullet -- Islamic courts or courts for Muslims? Shari'a and the state in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore / Tim Lindsey -- Indigenous peoples : indigeneity, indigeny or indigenism? / Geoffrey Benjamin -- Lèse-majesté, Asian style : crisis of monarchy in pre-war Japan and present-day Thailand / David Streckfuss -- The construction of ethnicity in colonial law and its legacy : the example of the Peranakan Chinese in Indonesia / Rosy Antons-Sutanto and Christoph Antons
In: Global Viewpoints Ser
Cover Page -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Popular Culture and Globalization -- 1. Globalization of Pop Culture Does Not Reduce Real Differences -- 2. Venezuela Enacted Laws to Make Its Music More Local and Diverse -- 3. In India, Globalization Creates Growth of Popular Religiosity -- 4. Australian Popular Culture Is Diminished by Americanization -- 5. Japan Is Replacing America as a Force for Pop Culture Globalization -- 6. Global Pop Culture Must Adapt to Local Conditions -- Periodical Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Popular Culture and Intellectual Property Rights -- 1. In New Zealand, a New Download Law Is Unfair and Unworkable -- 2. In New Zealand, the New Download Law Will Benefit Consumers and Musicians -- 3. China Would Benefit from Stronger Intellectual Property Laws -- 4. China and India Would Not Benefit from Stronger Intellectual Property Laws -- 5. Poland's Copyright Laws Allow Sampling -- 6. Video Game Piracy Can Teach Game Manufacturers Important Lessons -- Periodical Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Popular Culture and Censorship -- 1. In Iran, Technology Is Subverting Censorship of Western Pop Culture -- 2. Thailand Should Not Censor Films on Controversial Issues -- 3. Censorship in Zimbabwe Hinders Local Musicians -- 4. In the United States, Viewing Manga Depicting Child Pornography Should Not Be Illegal -- 5. Jamaican Dancehall Performers Who Espouse Homophobia Should Be Prevented from Performing in Canada -- 6. National Socialist Black Metal Should Not Be Sold Through Mainstream Outlets -- Periodical Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Popular Culture's Impact on Attitudes -- 1. American Television Shows Undermine Christian Beliefs -- 2. Television Does Not Encourage Obesity -- 3. Western Pornography and Culture Encourage Genital Plastic Surgery Among Women
International audience ; Graph databases (NoSQL oriented graph databases) provide the ability to manage highly connected data and complex database queries along with the native graph-storage and processing. A property graph in a NoSQL graph engine is a labeled directed graph composed of nodes connected through edges with a set of attributes or properties in the form of (key : value) pairs. It facilitates to represent the data and knowledge that are in form of graphs. Practical applications of graph database systems have been seen in social networks, recommendation systems, fraud detection, and data journalism, as in the case for panama papers. Often, we face the issue of missing data in such kind of systems. In particular, these semi-structured NoSQL databases lead to a situation where some attributes (properties) are filled-in while other ones are not available, either because they exist but are missing (for instance the age of a person that is unknown) or because they are not applicable for a particular case (for instance the year of military service for a girl in countries where it is mandatory only for boys). Therefore, some keys can be provided for some nodes and not for other ones. In such a scenario, when we want to extract knowledge from these new generation database systems, we face the problem of missing data that arises need for analyzing them. Some approaches have been proposed to replace missing values so as to be able to apply data mining techniques. However, we argue that it is not relevant to consider such approaches because they may introduce biases or errors. In our work, we focus on the extraction of gradual patterns from property graphs that provide end-users with tools for mining correlations in the data when there exist missing values. Our approach requires first to define gradual patterns in the context of NoSQL property graph and then to extend existing algorithms so as to treat the missing values, because anti-monotonicity of the support can not be considered anymore in a simple manner. Thus, we introduce a novel approach for mining gradual patterns in the presence of missing values and we test it on real and synthetic data.
BASE
By making reference to the political context of "molecular invasion" (Critical Art Ensemble 2002), this article will compare two practices of production and administration of hormones to highlight the consequences at stake when business property extends over bodies and cells of humans, animals and plants. On the one hand, I will examine DIWO (Do It With Others) biohacking workshops that synthesise pharmaceutical hormones and share the know-how by using open-source protocols and participatory workshop methods. I will refer to these specific practices as exemplary of a growing approach to the topic which represents a new field combining biohacking, activism, art, and open science, by "commoning" (Linebaugh 2008) medical tools and knowledge. These workshops are hacking the business property in humans by commoning practices of co-creating and co-producing hormone molecules, refusing to be locked into the profit-driven mechanics of bio-capital and aiming at taking back scientific knowledge. Moreover, these interventions question what a normal or natural model of sex is – given that organic pollutants are already affecting every aspect of the sphere of reproduction of humans and animals, its related organs and hormonal balance (SCOPE-IUPAC 2001; Lind and Lind 2011; Hood 2005; Kier 2010; Langstone 2010). On the other hand, I draw on an open-ended conversation I conducted with a number of Italian trans activists, focusing on the power that pharmaceutical monopolies have, through the intellectual property rights on pharmaceuticals (including hormones), to introduce or withdraw from the market drugs on which many people rely. This article aims to show how selected DIWO biohacking workshops, which are taking place between Europe and North America, can be understood as decolonial interventions as they call us to critically reappraise the relationship between knowledge, power, and institutions by commoning science knowledge and resisting the push to commodify knowledge and place it behind paywalls, by commoning the molecules' production. Finally, they promote a more inclusive approach to healthcare that critically reappraises technology and raises collective awareness of our bodies as battlegrounds to be engineered and controlled.
BASE
In the article on the basis of analysis of current and former Ukrainian legislation and doctrinal sources are considered some issues of classification of civil law contracts into consensual and real contracts. Approach to divide contracts into two aforementioned groups originates in Roman law; however, its sufficient theoretical model is produced only in XIX century. In Soviet period this method to classify contracts was sharply criticized. Current Civil code of Ukraine uses both types (models): consensual and real contracts.Contract is to be treated as consensual unless the opposite is prescribed in civil legislation. In order to conclude real contract, in addition to sufficient agreement, transfer of property or execution of other action is needed. Such transfer of property or other action are not considered as a part of fulfillment of contractual obligation; they take place at the stage of contract formation and are prerequisite for the very existence of real contract. Based on these considerations, direct application of norm regulating contractual transfer of ownership to conclusion of real contract is complicated and cannot be conducted without certain adjustments.Another issue related to the formation of real contract is transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money. These civil law objects following a common approach are not regarded as things (res). Therefore, transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money in a procedure of formation of real contract cannot be qualified as transfer of property in its traditional meaning. ; Рассмотрены некоторые аспекты правового регулирования и определены отдельные теоретико-практические вопросы классификации договоров на консенсуальные и реальные договоры. Очерчены подходы к пониманию сущности консенсуальных и реальных договоров та проблемы применения законодательства, которое регламентирует консенсуальные и реальные договоры. ; Розглянуто деякі аспекти правового регулювання і з'ясовано окремі теоретико-практичні питання класифікації договорів на консенсуальні та реальні договори. Окреслено підходи до розуміння сутності консенсуальних і реальних договорів, а також проблеми застосування законодавства, що регламентує консенсуальні та реальні договори.
BASE
Розглянуто деякі аспекти правового регулювання і з'ясовано окремі теоретико-практичні питання класифікації договорів на консенсуальні та реальні договори. Окреслено підходи до розуміння сутності консенсуальних і реальних договорів, а також проблеми застосування законодавства, що регламентує консенсуальні та реальні договори. ; Рассмотрены некоторые аспекты правового регулирования и определены отдельные теоретико-практические вопросы классификации договоров на консенсуальные и реальные договоры. Очерчены подходы к пониманию сущности консенсуальных и реальных договоров та проблемы применения законодательства, которое регламентирует консенсуальные и реальные договоры. ; In the article on the basis of analysis of current and former Ukrainian legislation and doctrinal sources are considered some issues of classification of civil law contracts into consensual and real contracts. Approach to divide contracts into two aforementioned groups originates in Roman law; however, its sufficient theoretical model is produced only in XIX century. In Soviet period this method to classify contracts was sharply criticized. Current Civil code of Ukraine uses both types (models): consensual and real contracts.Contract is to be treated as consensual unless the opposite is prescribed in civil legislation. In order to conclude real contract, in addition to sufficient agreement, transfer of property or execution of other action is needed. Such transfer of property or other action are not considered as a part of fulfillment of contractual obligation; they take place at the stage of contract formation and are prerequisite for the very existence of real contract. Based on these considerations, direct application of norm regulating contractual transfer of ownership to conclusion of real contract is complicated and cannot be conducted without certain adjustments.Another issue related to the formation of real contract is transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money. These civil law objects following a common approach are not regarded as things (res). Therefore, transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money in a procedure of formation of real contract cannot be qualified as transfer of property in its traditional meaning.
BASE
In the article on the basis of analysis of current and former Ukrainian legislation and doctrinal sources are considered some issues of classification of civil law contracts into consensual and real contracts. Approach to divide contracts into two aforementioned groups originates in Roman law; however, its sufficient theoretical model is produced only in XIX century. In Soviet period this method to classify contracts was sharply criticized. Current Civil code of Ukraine uses both types (models): consensual and real contracts.Contract is to be treated as consensual unless the opposite is prescribed in civil legislation. In order to conclude real contract, in addition to sufficient agreement, transfer of property or execution of other action is needed. Such transfer of property or other action are not considered as a part of fulfillment of contractual obligation; they take place at the stage of contract formation and are prerequisite for the very existence of real contract. Based on these considerations, direct application of norm regulating contractual transfer of ownership to conclusion of real contract is complicated and cannot be conducted without certain adjustments.Another issue related to the formation of real contract is transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money. These civil law objects following a common approach are not regarded as things (res). Therefore, transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money in a procedure of formation of real contract cannot be qualified as transfer of property in its traditional meaning. ; Рассмотрены некоторые аспекты правового регулирования и определены отдельные теоретико-практические вопросы классификации договоров на консенсуальные и реальные договоры. Очерчены подходы к пониманию сущности консенсуальных и реальных договоров та проблемы применения законодательства, которое регламентирует консенсуальные и реальные договоры. ; Розглянуто деякі аспекти правового регулювання і з'ясовано окремі теоретико-практичні питання класифікації договорів на консенсуальні та реальні договори. Окреслено підходи до розуміння сутності консенсуальних і реальних договорів, а також проблеми застосування законодавства, що регламентує консенсуальні та реальні договори.
BASE