Suchergebnisse

Coexistence of the majority system at the local level and the proportional system at the regional and national levels in the Italian electoral system. Summary in English.

Examines the 1989 electoral reform, reintroducing a system allowing voters to express one preference among the candidates of a given party's list and bringing the electoral system closer to a formula of pure proportional representation. Summary in English.

This article examines the territorial composition of Italian governments since 1976. Prior to that time, the governments were highly representative from a territorial viewpoint; their composition reflected the distribution of electors across the country in a way that gave each region a share of cabinet posts roughly proportional to its share in the overall electoral strength of governing parties weighted by its share of the total electorate. Regression analysis of 1976-2001 data show that, on the whole, this pattern of cabinet seat distribution has not changed over time. From legislature to legislature, however, differences do exist, & the explicatory power of this model is somewhat limited when applied to the 1996-2001 term. A brand new innovation, as compared to the 1948-1976 period, consists instead of the presence of a growing number of non-MP executive members. However, one, must distinguish between nonpartisan, non-MP government members & partisan government members who are simply not members of the parliament. The former were especially frequent during the years 1992-1994; the latter after 1996. 3 Tables, 13 Figures, 54 References. Adapted from the source document.

In questo lavoro su Gaetano Salvemini vengono analizzate la sua attività parlamentare di deputato e l'intensa azione pubblicistica di giornalista, nell'arco di tempo che va dalla Conferenza di Pace di Parigi alla sigla del Trattato di Rapallo. Prima di tutto, l'attenzione è focalizzata sull'importante snodo elettorale delle elezioni politiche generali del 1919, le prime elezioni dopo la Grande guerra, caratterizzate dall'introduzione della legge sulla rappresentanza proporzionale; in secondo luogo, sulla questione adriatica, cioè sulle dispute circa il controllo delle coste italiane, jugoslave, greche e albanesi e sulla definizione dei confini delle aree frontaliere e dell'intera area balcanico-danubiana. Infine, questo studio si occupa del "Natale di Sangue", e cioè di quegli scontri seguiti all'occupazione da parte di Gabriele D'Annunzio della contesa città di Fiume (Rijeka), e delle modalità attraverso le quali la classe dirigente italiana, all'indomani del primo conflitto mondiale, cercò di negoziare per l'Italia un ruolo autorevole nello scacchiere internazionale, ottenendo, però, magri risultati dal punto di vista diplomatico e soprattutto delle ricompense economiche e territoriali. Salvemini, fermo oppositore del Trattato di Londra (aprile 1915) e protagonista del "diciannovismo", cercò di spiegare all'opinione pubblica gli errori dell'azione diplomatica tradizionalista italiana e, al tempo stesso, rivendicando le ragioni del suo interventismo, con Bissolati si fece promotore di un'alternativa impostazione in materia di politica estera. La questione più spinosa che affrontò come parlamentare, e a cui dedicò buona parte del suo lavoro in questo periodo, fu senza dubbio la sempre più radicata e diffusa convinzione secondo la quale lo sforzo bellico e i sacrifici patiti erano stati per lo più vani. This article is about Gaetano Salvemini's parliamentary career and his intense dedication as a Member of the Chamber of Deputies and as a journalist, from the Paris Peace Conference to the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo. First of all, attention is focused on the important general election in 1919, the first election after the Great War, characterized by the introduction of the Law on proportional representation. Secondly, the Adriatic question focuses on the control of the Italian, Yugoslavian, Greek and Albanian coasts and the definition of the border areas and the entire Balkan- Danube area. Finally, the article deals with the 'Bloody Christmas' and the clashes that followed the occupation of Fiume (Rijeka) by Gabriele D'Annunzio, and also with the ways in which the Italian ruling class, in the aftermath of World War I, tried to negotiate an authoritative role for Italy on the international scene, obtaining, however, scant results in terms of diplomatic and especially territorial and economic rewards. Salvemini was a fierce opponent of the Treaty of London (April 1915) and a leader of the '1919' movement ('diciannovismo'). He tried to explain to the public the errors of traditional Italian diplomacy and, at the same time, claiming the reasons for his particular intervention, became, together with Bissolati, the promoter of an alternative approach to foreign policy. The hardest issue he dealt with as a parliamentarian and toward which he dedicated much of his work during this period was undoubtedly the idea and belief that the war effort and its sacrifices had often been in vain.

The contribution aims, in its first part, at framing the populist phe-nomenon from the point of view of historical and political evolution of two interrelated processes: the praise of the direct representation of the popular will and the criticism and de-legitimization of the elite. These processes find a sudden acceleration at the time of disinter-mediation, which clearly demonstrates its dual nature as an object of study between politics and communication. The ability of political leaders to bypass the traditional structures of mediation (from Par-liament, in reference to political action, to the legacy media, in refer-ence to the relationship with the public) becomes over time directly proportional to their ability to adapt to the media logic. In the age of the hybrid media system, therefore, the strength of the populist leader lies in a careful use of old and new media, according to stra-tegic schemes and communicative styles that are summarized in the case studies selected in the second part of the contribution

Networks have broad applicability to real-world systems, due to their ability to model and represent complex relationships. The discovery and forecasting of insightful patterns from networks are at the core of analytical intelligence in government, industry, and science. Discoveries and forecasts, especially from large-scale networks commonly available in the big-data era, strongly rely on fast and efficient network algorithms. Algorithms for dealing with large-scale networks are the first topic of research we focus on in this thesis. We design, theoretically analyze and implement efficient algorithms and parallel algorithms, rigorously proving their worst-case time and space complexities. Our main contributions in this area are novel, parallel algorithms to detect k-clique communities, special network groups which are widely used to understand complex phenomena. The proposed algorithms have a space complexity which is the square root of that of the current state-of-the-art. Time complexity achieved is optimal, since it is inversely proportional to the number of processing units available. Extensive experiments were conducted to confirm the efficiency of the proposed algorithms, even in comparison to the state-of-the-art. We experimentally measured a linear speedup, substantiating the optimal performances attained. The second focus of this thesis is the application of networks to discover insights from real-world systems. We introduce novel methodologies to capture cross correlations in evolving networks. We instantiate these methodologies to study the Internet, one of the most, if not the most, pervasive modern technological system. We investigate the dynamics of connectivity among Internet companies, those which interconnect to ensure global Internet access. We then combine connectivity dynamics with historical worldwide stock markets data, and produce graphical representations to visually identify high correlations. We find that geographically close Internet companies offering similar services are driven by common economic factors. We also provide evidence on the existence and nature of hidden factors governing the dynamics of Internet connectivity. Finally, we propose network models to effectively study the Internet Domain Name System (DNS) traffic, and leverage these models to obtain rankings of Internet domains as well as to identify malicious activities.