The article is a review of ways of thinking and concepts available in the literature that are the basis for creating school syllabi of moral education. It describes what axiological and anthropological assumptions and psychological theories those syllabi are based on and analyses selected studies that evaluate their effectiveness and impact on the moral formation of young people.
Id, ego and superego deficit in a psychological image of the protagonists of ″Jealousy and Medicine″ by Michał Choromański Jealousy and Medicine – a novel by Michał Choromański, published in 1933, evidently breaks out of the convention of psychological realism thriving on the achievements of behavioural psychology, dominant in the interwar period. Choromański's work is an innovatory experiment on composition and thought; the world shown in the novel resembles a psychotic maligna or oneiric vision. The whole novel prompts interdisciplinary research using psychoanalysis of Sigismund Freud, Charles Mauron's psychocritical method, being a transformation of classical Freudian psychoanalysis (with Otto Rank's modifications), contemporary psychology of a creative process and the methodologies of psychological research which are accepted and occasionally used by contemporary literary studies. Choromański's novel is deemed the most discerning studium of jealousy in interwar literature.
Personality traits and the preference for metal music – preliminary meta-analysis of previous researches
The article presents the relations between personality traits and preference for metal music in view of previous psychological research. First reports concerning the influence of personality traits on music preferences appeared in the middle of the 20th century (Cattel & Anderson 1953). Social stereotypes relating to heavy metal fans have had an impact on formulation of research hypotheses according to which this group is characterised by antisocial behaviour, suicidal tendencies, depressive moods, substance and alcohol abuse, school problems and dysfunctional families. However, past researches have demonstrated a predictive value of different traits, such as openness to experience, risk-taking, extraversion and sensation seeking.
Patients' resistance may occur at any stage of psychotherapy or mediation process. The focus of this paper is on the resistance to use psychotherapy or family mediation. We also explore psychological grounds for the difficulties behind the decision to seek professional psychological help. The resistance in psychotherapy is one of the fundamental problems, hence a lot of research studies and practical techniques can be found regarding the determinants of resistance and strategies how to cope with it. However, in the family mediation literature the conceptualisation of resistance to enter the mediation process has rarely been investigated. In the present paper five main factors of the avoidance of counselling or psychotherapy are analysed, namely: (i) social stigma, (ii) treatment fears, (iii) fear of emotion, (iv) anticipated utility and risk, and (v) problems with self-disclosure. As far as the decision to enter family mediation is concerned the main sources of clients' resistance can be traced to negative convictions, attitudes and fears of the mediation process. The results of the author's own research on this subject show that the main components of resistance are: (1) disbelief in effectiveness of mediation, (2) attribution of negative characteristics to mediation, (3) reluctance to involvement of third party, and (4) fear of disclosure of secrets. In the final part of the paper a discussion of similarities between the factors determining the resistance to participate in psychotherapy and family mediation is presented.
The paper looks at the issue of the psychological conditioning of the preferences concerning the shape of governance system and the system of political parties in Poland in the light of empirical research (N=1086), carried out in 2009. The analysis takes into account the variables of self-assessment, dispositional optimism, self-efficacy and dispositional fear. These variables, accounting for the cognitive functioning of individuals, the level of their involvement and motivation, have turned out to be significant when differentiating individuals' preferences concerning political systems. ; The paper looks at the issue of the psychological conditioning of the preferences concerning the shape of governance system and the system of political parties in Poland in the light of empirical research (N=1086), carried out in 2009. The analysis takes into account the variables of self-assessment, dispositional optimism, self-efficacy and dispositional fear. These variables, accounting for the cognitive functioning of individuals, the level of their involvement and motivation, have turned out to be significant when differentiating individuals' preferences concerning political systems.
Disability is one of the features that differentiate individuals and groups in modern societies. People with reduced physical, cognitive and psychological efficiency are particularly exposed to discrimination and social, economic and political exclusion. What's important social issue of people with disabilities in the early 21st century changes by entering into a relationship with the ageing of the population. Article aims to introduce some theoretical concepts efforts to improve the image of disability and reduce the barriers faced by persons with disabilities in access to different kinds of resources, spaces and opportunities. A critical analysis of the literature includes: description of the concept of activation policy as well as principles and objectives of social policy in a holistic paradigm of normalization. This summary contains possible future directions of research and analysis.
Values are such multiform phenomenon that they can be considered in numerous aspects, depending on the point of view and methods of research. They can be considered from the philosopher, psychologist, ethnographer, culture anthropologist, sociologist or economist point of view. However, in the frames of the elaboration, the topic is seen from the pedagogical and psychological aspect of what we call a value. A value can be considered as a phenomenon of choosing an aim, assuming an attitude towards the aim, selection of alternative aspirations in a certain psychological situation, selection of needs, means of action. Assuming a family as a fundamental unit of society we can conclude that values work similarly in a family. Spouses understand each other better when they both assent the same basic values. Common values is the factor of constancy and development of marriage in the periods of crisis. Spouses, thanks to creation a common hierarchy of values, build between them a deep bond, asserting the most important values as the common ones, recognize their differences in the less important ones, as well as they respect each other's variety of the lowest values in their values hierarchy, being aware of their enriching effect on the marital community. All over the world we can deal with values presented by somebody or something. While choosing a certain value a man attributes it to somebody or something and based on it choses between competitive objects. While attributing a value a man uses an evaluation to establish a valence of the object. In other words, we value if we prize certain things more than others. Values can refer to understanding one good for a unit or society, which is worth implementing.
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the functioning of the mediator profession in various aspects of its effectiveness. This implies the need for research in all dimen-sions of his work. Much has been said about the mediation procedure, about the ways of conducting it, about ethics and even the desired qualities of a mediator, but it has not yet been examined whether his/her work is safe, and if not, what constitutes the greatest threat in it. The work of a mediator is distinguished not only by specific technical and organizational features, but also based on unique competences, skills and knowledge. The role of the mediator is to perform specific tasks that are characterized by high social usefulness, and his activity is primarily focused on working with peo-ple. The article describes the specificity of the mediator's profession and discusses the pilot studies carried out among professionally active mediators in Poland in terms of the safety of their work, in general and psychological aspects.
The aim of this paper is a synthetic presentation of the theory of household finances in the area of economics, sociology and psychology. An overview of the theories, regardless of the field of science, shows a progressive increase in the complexity and individualisation of household finances. At the same time the extension of the scope of the research (of sociological and psychological aspects of decisions made by and within a household) has contributed significantly to a better representation of reality in economic theories. The development of the concept regarding the functioning of households clearly shows the growing importance of household finances. This does not mean reducing the role of public policy in ensuring the economic security of households. On the contrary, the growing financialisation of household budgets poses new challenges to public policy. The condition of household budgets increasingly affects the overall economy and in order to achieve the target level of effectiveness, greater precision in the design of public solutions is required.
The ethical analysis of The Theory of Moral Sentiments as well as 'n Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations presents A. Smith's (1723-1790) works in a completely new light than it is conventionally presented in the neoliberal interpretation. One of the most important issues appears to be the classification of moral sentiments. He divides them into social, neutral, and antisocial. The neutral sentiment - the so-called 'self love' forms the basis of acting in the best interests of oneself and as such it constitutes the foundations of the development of entrepreneurship. This can be transferred into an antisocial sentiment, i.e. selfishness. In such a case it has a devastating influence on economic activity, social life as well as public life. For this reason A. Smith shows the importance of the social emotion of sympathy understood as empathy and the acceptance of the behaviours that are acknowledged as proper. As the findings of his analysis clearly show, selfishness was the characteristic trait of the businessmen at that time, i.e. merchants and the owners of manufacturing plants. With reference to the works of A. Smith we should therefore identify and then describe all the psychological as well as economic mechanisms that in effect postpone or minimise the chances of the transformation of self love into selfishness, i.e. the activities based on rational economic grounds into the ones that are driven by mere greed. The interpretation of the issue presented in the article questions the conventional neoliberal interpretation. The latter reiterates that in the works of A. Smith the most important ones are the sentences taken out of the context that define the state as a night watchman and the market that is controlled by the invisible hand. The ethical analysis holds that in the opinion of A. Smith alone, one of the most fundamental problems of capitalism lies in the fact that self love should be realised within the boundaries set by the community. The Theory of Moral Sentiments is so vital then, in which he analysed sympathy, social sentiment, and selfishness, i.e. an antisocial emotion, along with 'n Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, in which he addressed the issue of collective selfishness.
Exclusion and inclusion in the culturally, economically, and politically deter- mined educational space are one aspect of social life and its many micro-, meso-, eco-, macro-, and chronosystems. This issue is often addressed from theoretical, cognitive, practical, and research angles, which is reflected in scholarly and popular-science pub- lications as well as literary fiction. It is not bound to any particular time or place and it is relevant at all stages of a person's life, from conception to death. It can therefore be assumed that, to a greater or lesser extent, it governs the integral, holistic develop- ment of a human being, and, by the same token, the development of civilization. Moreover, one could argue that as the biological, psychological, social, cultural, and spiritual (religious) exclusion of the human being is more and more mitigated by his/ her participation in creating a living environment in the local, regional, national, and international spaces, we can observe an increasingly higher quality of the functioning of education systems. This is particularly a challenge for schools, which perform the basic functions—educational and preventative, didactic and protective—as defined by the educational law in Poland.
The objective of this study is to identify and analyse the methods of disinformation utilized by Russia to disseminate information in the Ukrainian information field. The main tasks include defining the concept of disinformation and explaining its societal dangers, characterising Information-Psychological Operations (IPSO) as a component of Russia's disinformation campaign against Ukraine and investigating the most prevalent elements utilised by Russia in the dissemination of disinformation. This study is aimed at the synthesis and combination of methods of monitoring, content analysis, and comparative analysis. The article selects publications that exhibit disinformation targeted at Ukrainian society. Disinformation propagated by Russia is subsequently refuted by either foreign or Ukrainian publications, including the "NotaEnota" organisation. The study reveals that Russian disinformation aims to propagate specific narratives and manipulate mass consciousness. Disinformation involves intentionally creating misleading and manipulative content, often in the form of artificially created fakes. The information field of Ukraine has become the primary battleground for Russia's hybrid warfare tactics, which include disinformation, propaganda, and fakes. To effectively counter these tactics, society needs to develop critical thinking skills and media literacy to discern and evaluate information critically. Future research aims to delve deeper into the methods employed in creating disinformation, their objectives, and potential strategies to prevent or counteract their influence.
The complexity and ambiguity of suicide are the main factors hampering the development of fully effective measures against suicidal behavior. Nonetheless, risk factors identified in the scientific literature allow for creating more and more effective preventive strategies, which seems essential, particularly in countries with high suicide rates. The most effective strategies are multidimensional and operate on a different level, addressing specific target groups (those at risk of suicide, and those professionals who may offer support to them), as well as local communities and society as a whole (to increase awareness about mental health and suicidal behavior). In order to develop effective strategies, tailored to specific societal needs, the in-depth exploration of the phenomena is needed, which may lead to planning evidence-based policies. This article elaborates on the process of research, development, and implementation of the suicide prevention strategy in Finland since the mid-1980s and its role in public policy. The decline in suicide rates in Finland is addressed in this context and the potential inspiration for the Polish suicide prevention is discussed.
Wstęp. Obecna koncepcja niepełnosprawności zakłada, że stopień niepełnosprawności jest wypadkową stanu zdrowia fizycznego i psychicznego oraz warunków środowiskowych, w których żyje osoba niepełnosprawna. Dlatego również na społeczeństwie spoczywa odpowiedzialność za taką modyfikację środowiska, aby poprawie uległy warunki uczestnictwa i aktywności osób niepełnosprawnych w życiu społecznym i zawodowym. Cel. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie problematyki rehabilitacji osób niepełnosprawnych i kwestii związanych z ich zatrudnieniem. Materiał i metoda. Oparto się na danych opublikowanych przez Zakład Ubezpieczeń Społecznych (ZUS), Kasę Rolniczego Ubezpieczenia Społecznego (KRUS) i Państwowy Fundusz Rehabilitacji Osób Niepełnosprawnych (PFRON), biuro Pełnomocnika Rządu ds. Osób Niepełnosprawnych oraz na wynikach Narodowego Spisu Powszechnego Ludności i Mieszkań przeprowadzonego w Polsce w 2011 roku. Przeanalizowano ponadto akty prawa krajowego i międzynarodowego z ostatnich kilkunastu lat. Wyniki: W 2013 roku w Polsce rentę z tytułu niezdolności do pracy pobierało 1 075 000 osób., zaś rentę z tytułu niezdolności do pracy w gospodarstwie rolnym otrzymywały 216 373 osoby. Według Badania Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności Polski (BAEL) w 2013 roku aktywnych zawodowo było 27,3% osób niepełnosprawnych w wieku produkcyjnym. Istotne znaczenie ma zapewnienie osobom niepełnosprawnym zdobycia lub utrzymania zatrudnienia, a więc możliwie pełnej integracji społecznej. Wydane na ten cel pieniądze są inwestycją, która się zwraca, a nawet daje korzyści społeczne i ekonomiczne. Podsumowanie, Konieczne jest holistyczne podejście i koordynacja całego procesu leczenia, rehabilitacji i zatrudnienia osób niepełnosprawnych uwzględniające współodpowiedzialność pracodawcy, połączenie usług medycznych, społecznych i zawodowych, odpowiednie doradztwo, zastosowanie modelu biopsychospołecznego (ICF) w ocenie efektów rehabilitacji osób niepełnosprawnych. ; Introduction. According to the current concept of disability the degree of impairment is a product of physical and psychological health as well as environmental conditions in which a disabled person lives. Therefore, it is also the society that is responsible for modifying the environment so as to improve the conditions of participation and activity of the disabled persons in social and professional life. Objective. The objective of this work is to present the problem of rehabilitation of persons with disabilities and issues related to their employment. Materials and method: The work is based on data published by ZUS (the Polish Social Insurance Institution), KRUS (the Agricultural Social Insurance Fund), PFRON (the State Fund for Rehabilitation of Disables Persons), Office of the Government Plenipotentiary for Disabled People and on the results of the 2011 Polish Census of Population and Housing. Also acts of Polish and international law from the last dozen of years have been analysed. Results. In 2013 in Poland, 1 075 000 people received the inability to work benefit and 216 373 persons received the benefit related to inability to work on a farm. According to the Polish Research on Economic Activity of the Population (BAEL), 27.3% of disabled persons in the working age led an active professional life in 2013. It is crucial to ensure that the disabled persons access or maintain employment and thus to provide for their largest possible social inclusion. The expenses on this are an investment that pays back and even generates social and economic profits. Conclusion. It is necessary to adopt a holistic approach and to coordinate the entire process of treatment, rehabilitation and employment of persons with disabilities, taking into account employer's co-responsibility, combination of medical, social and vocational services, appropriate counselling and application of a biopsychosocial model (ICF) in evaluating the effects of rehabilitation of the disabled persons.
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