Political psychology in international relations (IR) has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past two decades, mirroring the broader changes occurring in IR itself. This review examines the current state of the field. We begin by offering a data-driven snapshot analyzing four years of manuscript classifications at a major IR journal to characterize the questions that IR scholars engaged in psychological research are and are not investigating. We then emphasize six developments in particular, both present-day growth areas (an increased interest in emotions and hot cognition, the rise of more psychologically informed work on public opinion, a nascent research tradition we call the first image reversed, and the rise of neurobiological and evolutionary approaches) and calls for additional scholarship (better integration of the study of mass and elite political behavior and more psychological work in international political economy). Together, these developments constitute some of the directions in which we see the next generation of scholarship heading.
According to the "great replacement" conspiracy theory, mass immigration to Europe and the U.S. is part of a secret plot to replace the autochthonous White and Christian population with non-White and Muslim immigrants. With the aim of exploring psychological factors that play a role in believing in the "great replacement" theory, the present research focused on individual differences in reflective thinking. Using data from a cross-sectional study (N = 906), we found that cognitive reflection was negatively associated with belief in the "great replacement" conspiracy theory, even when political ideology and sociodemographic characteristics were controlled in the analysis. The findings highlight the key role of reflective thinking in countering conspiracy theories.
BACKGROUND: The COVID‐19 pandemic and the UK government's subsequent coronavirus action plan have fundamentally impacted on every aspect of healthcare. One area that is severely affected is ear, nose and throat (ENT)/laryngology where speech and language therapists (SLTs) engage in a diverse range of practice with patients with a range of conditions, including voice disorders, airway problems, and head and neck cancers (HNCs). A large majority of these patients are in high‐risk categories, and many specialized clinical practices are vulnerable. In addition, workforce and research issues are challenged in both the immediate context and the future. AIMS: To discuss the threats and opportunities from the COVID‐19 pandemic for SLTs in ENT/laryngology with specific reference to clinical practice, workforce and research leadership. METHODS & PROCEDURES: The relevant sections of the World Health Organisation's (WHO) health systems building blocks framework (2007) were used to structure the study. Expert agreement was determined by an iterative process of multiple‐group discussions, the use of all recent relevant policy documentation, and other literature and shared documentation/writing. The final paper was verified and agreed by all authors. MAIN CONTRIBUTION: The main threats to ENT/laryngology SLT clinical services include increased patient complexity related to COVID‐19 voice and airway problems, delayed HNC diagnosis, reduced access to instrumental procedures and inequitable care provision. The main clinical opportunities include the potential for new modes of service delivery and collaborations, and harnessing SLT expertise in non‐instrumental assessment. There are several workforce issues, including redeployment (and impact on current services), training implications and psychological impact on staff. Workforce opportunities exist for service innovation and potential extended ENT/SLT practice roles. Research is threatened by a reduction in immediate funding calls and high competition. Current research is ...
Intention to engage in research activities has probably been one of the least investigated concepts when it comes to literature on relationship between research attitudes and research behaviors. Only few studies in the past drew on the Planned Behavior Theory to explore how research intention mediates between certain antecedent variables and research performance. Extending the previous literature, this current study aimed to use some key variables from previous theories [i.e. Planned Behavior Theory and Social Cognitive Career Theory] to predict the intention to engage in research activities of Cambodia faculty. Results from Path Analysis of 453 respondents indicated that research self-efficacy, research outcome expectation, and research interest all pose a positive, direct influence on research intention. Research interest was also detected to partially mediate the relationship between research self-efficacy and research intention. The final model (with both the direct and mediating effects) explained 39% of variation in research intention. These findings, scoped within the psychological dimensions, seemed to imply that promoting research intention and performance hinges heavily on whether participants are interested enough in research, confident enough in their ability to do research, and motivated enough to feel complicated research tasks are worth their efforts.
This thesis is the outcome of a doctoral project on using gender as an analytical lens to help understand women's traumas and design context-specific psychological interventions. In particular, the project focused on traumas resulting from sexual and political violence and traumas associated with political conflicts, war and displacement in Egypt and Syria, in the context of the uprisings of 2011 and their aftermath. Based on a theoretical framework grounded in feminist psychology, the dissertation postulates that women's interpersonal traumas are forms of systematic abuse anchored in patriarchal gender norms and shaped by the socio-cultural and political features of a specific context. The research is presented in five papers. The first study investigated the structure of prototypical femininities and masculinities in the two contexts of interest. In both cultures, two co-existing prototypes of femininity were identified: the Good Wife, and the Assertive Competent Woman, in addition to four co-existing prototypes of masculinity: the Family Man, the Macho Man, the Rebellious Man and the Soft and Tender Man. The second paper examined how the two identified femininity profiles relate to women's exposure to sexual violence, abstract rumination, depression, and PTSD. The results point to marked differences in the way in which each femininity profile relates to sexual violence and the psychological consequences thereof, while showing different patterns of association among variables in each context. The third and fourth papers feature a quantitative analysis of the narratives of five Syrian and five Egyptian women, respectively, with a view to understanding modes of victimization and resistance in response to exposure to trauma, as well as the impact of possible changes in femininities and masculinities following the Arab uprisings. One key focus throughout both papers was how the context has contributed to the participants' exposure to, perception of, and response to trauma. The fifth and final paper aimed at evaluating the reception by women's trauma survivors of a tailored version of Narrative Exposure therapy. The intervention was directed in light of a feminist reading of women's trauma and the themes that were identified from participant narratives. The results pointed to the potential value of the proposed intervention, showing that integrating a gendered reading of the survivors' socio-political contexts into their post-trauma narratives may foster meaning-making and help survivors construct more positive self-perceptions. The dissertation concludes with a general discussion of the results and reflections on the overall doctoral journey. Most importantly, I discuss the position of the project, and my own position as a researcher and practitioner, within the psychology scholarship, engaging with some central theoretical, methodological, epistemological, and moral issues, and most notably, the possible role of psychology in pushing for social change to undermine the foundations of gender-based violence and discrimination. ; (PSYE - Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation) -- UCL, 2021
This thesis is the outcome of a doctoral project on using gender as an analytical lens to help understand women's traumas and design context-specific psychological interventions. In particular, the project focused on traumas resulting from sexual and political violence and traumas associated with political conflicts, war and displacement in Egypt and Syria, in the context of the uprisings of 2011 and their aftermath. Based on a theoretical framework grounded in feminist psychology, the dissertation postulates that women's interpersonal traumas are forms of systematic abuse anchored in patriarchal gender norms and shaped by the socio-cultural and political features of a specific context. The research is presented in five papers. The first study investigated the structure of prototypical femininities and masculinities in the two contexts of interest. In both cultures, two co-existing prototypes of femininity were identified: the Good Wife, and the Assertive Competent Woman, in addition to four co-existing prototypes of masculinity: the Family Man, the Macho Man, the Rebellious Man and the Soft and Tender Man. The second paper examined how the two identified femininity profiles relate to women's exposure to sexual violence, abstract rumination, depression, and PTSD. The results point to marked differences in the way in which each femininity profile relates to sexual violence and the psychological consequences thereof, while showing different patterns of association among variables in each context. The third and fourth papers feature a quantitative analysis of the narratives of five Syrian and five Egyptian women, respectively, with a view to understanding modes of victimization and resistance in response to exposure to trauma, as well as the impact of possible changes in femininities and masculinities following the Arab uprisings. One key focus throughout both papers was how the context has contributed to the participants' exposure to, perception of, and response to trauma. The fifth and final paper aimed at evaluating the reception by women's trauma survivors of a tailored version of Narrative Exposure therapy. The intervention was directed in light of a feminist reading of women's trauma and the themes that were identified from participant narratives. The results pointed to the potential value of the proposed intervention, showing that integrating a gendered reading of the survivors' socio-political contexts into their post-trauma narratives may foster meaning-making and help survivors construct more positive self-perceptions. The dissertation concludes with a general discussion of the results and reflections on the overall doctoral journey. Most importantly, I discuss the position of the project, and my own position as a researcher and practitioner, within the psychology scholarship, engaging with some central theoretical, methodological, epistemological, and moral issues, and most notably, the possible role of psychology in pushing for social change to undermine the foundations of gender-based violence and discrimination. ; (PSYE - Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation) -- UCL, 2021
Introduction. In order to improve the quality of psychological training, it is important to study and implement the experience of conducting psychological training for NATO armies. Systematic approach, flexibility of organization of training, complexity of practical training - all this distinguishes the armies of the leading countries of the world. The task of bringing the personnel training system to the requirements of NATO standards creates the conditions for the systematic transformation of the military's psychological training for combat. An important objective of approximation to NATO standards is the synchronization of methodological approaches and terminology.Purpose. The article discusses the peculiarities of implementation of methodological approaches of NATO Armed Forces in the practice of psychological training of Ukrainian Armed Forces servicemen: introduction of the principle of psychological fitness; comprehensive development of resilience in servicemen and their families; integration of psychological measures in the process of combat training; conducting specialized psychological activities at the request of the unit leader. Methods. Resilience is the ability to overcome crises and use them as an opportunity for development through the involvement of personal and socially-mediated resources. Psychological fitness is positioned as the integration and optimization of psychic, emotional and behavioral abilities and capabilities to optimize the performance and development of resilience in military personnel. Specialists have proposed a military demand-resource model (MDR) as an integrated model of psychological fitness for the armed forces.Originality. The introduction of the principle of psychological fitness in psychological training transforms it into a system of development of the necessary psychological qualities and prevention of post-traumatic disorders on the basis of formulated requirements (necessary for effective activity in combat conditions of competencies, including psychological competences - adaptation, avoidance, survival, resistance, interaction and reintegration) and resources (psychological and personal, comprehensive use of combat and psychological training, mutual support of serviceman's in the unit, unit leader support, medical support, social support, spiritual support, family support). Different levels of development of resilience (physiological, psychological and social-psychological) determine their own hierarchy of resources (available and those that need to be provided).Conclusion. The article proposes a set of measures of development of resilience in military personnel on the basis of the competence approach (psychological fitness) in the process of Basic military training.A promising area of psychological research for the prevention of the effects of combat stress in military personnel is to study the relationship of transformational coping combat stress with psychological conditions for the development of post-traumatic growth in military personnel of combatants. ; В статье обсуждаются особенности внедрения методологических подходов армий стран НАТО, предложен комплекс мер по развитию психологической устойчивости (резилиенсу) военнослужащих на основе компетентностного подхода (психологического фитнеса). ; У статті обговорюються особливості впровадження методологічних підходів армій країн НАТО, запропоновано комплекс заходів розвитку психологічної стійкості (резилієнсу) у військовослужбовців на основі компетентнісного підходу (психологічного фітнесу).
Introduction. In order to improve the quality of psychological training, it is important to study and implement the experience of conducting psychological training for NATO armies. Systematic approach, flexibility of organization of training, complexity of practical training - all this distinguishes the armies of the leading countries of the world. The task of bringing the personnel training system to the requirements of NATO standards creates the conditions for the systematic transformation of the military's psychological training for combat. An important objective of approximation to NATO standards is the synchronization of methodological approaches and terminology.Purpose. The article discusses the peculiarities of implementation of methodological approaches of NATO Armed Forces in the practice of psychological training of Ukrainian Armed Forces servicemen: introduction of the principle of psychological fitness; comprehensive development of resilience in servicemen and their families; integration of psychological measures in the process of combat training; conducting specialized psychological activities at the request of the unit leader. Methods. Resilience is the ability to overcome crises and use them as an opportunity for development through the involvement of personal and socially-mediated resources. Psychological fitness is positioned as the integration and optimization of psychic, emotional and behavioral abilities and capabilities to optimize the performance and development of resilience in military personnel. Specialists have proposed a military demand-resource model (MDR) as an integrated model of psychological fitness for the armed forces.Originality. The introduction of the principle of psychological fitness in psychological training transforms it into a system of development of the necessary psychological qualities and prevention of post-traumatic disorders on the basis of formulated requirements (necessary for effective activity in combat conditions of competencies, including psychological competences - adaptation, avoidance, survival, resistance, interaction and reintegration) and resources (psychological and personal, comprehensive use of combat and psychological training, mutual support of serviceman's in the unit, unit leader support, medical support, social support, spiritual support, family support). Different levels of development of resilience (physiological, psychological and social-psychological) determine their own hierarchy of resources (available and those that need to be provided).Conclusion. The article proposes a set of measures of development of resilience in military personnel on the basis of the competence approach (psychological fitness) in the process of Basic military training.A promising area of psychological research for the prevention of the effects of combat stress in military personnel is to study the relationship of transformational coping combat stress with psychological conditions for the development of post-traumatic growth in military personnel of combatants. ; В статье обсуждаются особенности внедрения методологических подходов армий стран НАТО, предложен комплекс мер по развитию психологической устойчивости (резилиенсу) военнослужащих на основе компетентностного подхода (психологического фитнеса). ; У статті обговорюються особливості впровадження методологічних підходів армій країн НАТО, запропоновано комплекс заходів розвитку психологічної стійкості (резилієнсу) у військовослужбовців на основі компетентнісного підходу (психологічного фітнесу).
In this commentary, we first analyze Elson and Ferguson's (2013) attempt to offer a theory that would explain why exposure to family, community, school, and media violence could be related to increased aggression, but not cause such aggression. We conclude that the "new" theory they offer is not very "new." It differs from dominant social learning theories only in its claim that the relation between exposure to violence and aggression is almost entirely due to people who are genetically or biologically predisposed to be aggressive also exposing themselves to more violence. We show this assertion is strongly contradicted by existing experimental and longitudinal data. We also show that Elson and Ferguson's so-called "exhaustive review" of empirical data on the topic is seriously flawed; that their claim that effect sizes are trivial is not supported by the math; and that their claim that scholars who believe that violent video games cause aggression are an "extreme" group in a divided field is contradicted by surveys that show the vast majority of researchers believe violent video games increase aggression. We point out that their claim that scholars who believe in media violence effects are having a "moral panic" has no theoretical or empirical support, whereas the contrasting argument that researchers who produce violent media themselves, or use it extensively, are biased by the force of cognitive consistency and experience a "reactance" of "regulatory panic" does have support from psychological theory.
The power of stories to raise our concern for animals has been postulated throughout history by countless scholars, activists, and writers, including such greats as Thomas Hardy and Leo Tolstoy. This is the first book to investigate that power and explain the psychological and cultural mechanisms behind it. It does so by presenting the results of an experimental project that involved thousands of participants, texts representing various genres and national literatures, and the cooperation of an internationally-acclaimed bestselling author. Combining psychological research with insights from animal studies, ecocriticism and other fields in the environmental humanities, the book not only provides evidence that animal stories can make us care for other species, but also shows that their effects are more complex and fascinating than we have ever thought. In this way, the book makes a groundbreaking contribution to the study of relations between literature and the nonhuman world as well as to the study of how literature changes our minds and society.
The article touches upon the topic of pedagogic communication. A review of psychological and pedagogic approaches to the definition of communicative qualities necessary for the pedagogue to organise effective interaction with students, as well as for the organisation of personality-developing educational space. The emotional side of the attitude of students to educational activity, consisting in satisfaction with this activity is considered. Mathematical processing of the data showed the presence of a statistically significant relationship between the degree ofmanifestation of communicative qualities of the pedagogue and the level of satisfaction of students with educational activities in the classes of this pedagogue. It is revealed that the most pronounced relationship of satisfaction with educational activities with indicators of pedagogic cooperation and emotional attractiveness of pedagogues. The author emphasises the need to develop the communicative qualities of future pedagogues in the system of higher pedagogic education. The article will be of interest to specialists, pedagogues of higher education.
Over the last decade the number of unaccompanied immigrant youths and asylum seekers has increased worldwide. The arrival of minors from Northwestern Africa and asylum seekers, mainly from Latin America and the Middle East, has triggered a series of responses and initiatives by governments and social entities. These young people in search of more promising futures follow different routes within the reception system. However, both groups (asylum seekers and unaccompanied immigrants) face similar difficulties during this settlement process. This process becomes an indeterminate stage in their lives in which they suffer from a wide range of vulnerabilities that have an impact on their mental health. In addition, the lack of support networks and social capital makes it difficult for these people to develop full autonomy and maintaining psychological and emotional well-being. In this context, several mentoring programmes have begun to respond to the difficulties faced by foreigners through fostering supportive relationships with people from civil society. This implies a change in the trend of population groups targeted by this social intervention methodology since it mainly has focused on accompanying general young population in their development. This thesis analyses the impact that these mentoring programmes have on unaccompanied young people and asylum seekers. For this research project, two studies were developed on mentoring programmes with young people of foreign origin. The first study consisted of a longitudinal mixed methods study in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB) with unaccompanied youths. Data was obtained from 44 surveys with mentored (treatment group) and non-mentored (control group) male youths who had recently turned 18, as well as through 30 semi-structured interviews with mentored youths, their adult mentors, and non-mentored youths. The results of this study were presented in two of the published articles of this thesis. In the first article, we demonstrated that participation in the ...
U radu se razmatraju terenska istraživanja kao složena metoda u metodološkom sustavu turističke geografije, znanstvene discipline društvene geografije. Turizam, koji je geografski fenomen, istražuje se kao složen dinamički sustav u stalnim mijenama i transformacijama. Složenost turizma proistječe iz njegovih prostornih, društveno-ekonomskih, političkih, kulturnih, psiholoških, povijesnih, administrativnih, pravnih, organizacijskih i drugih sastavnica koje se u geografskom prostoru isprepleću, nadopunjavaju i suprotstavljaju preobražavajući kulturni krajolik turističke regije. U radu se izdvajaju temeljna obilježja terenskih istraživanja: složenost, sveobuhvatnost, temeljitost te upotreba triangulacijskih postupaka i metoda. Predlažu se triangulacijske metode i postupci poput metode promatranja, individualnog intervjuiranja i fokus-grupa, anketiranja, terenskog skiciranja i kartiranja, fotografskog snimanja i videosnimanja te sudioničkog promatranja. Nadalje, izdvajaju se i objašnjavaju tri osnovne etape terenskih istraživanja: pripremna, provedbena i završna. Predlaže se vrednovanje studentskih postignuća na preddiplomskome, diplomskom i doktorskom studiju geografije provedbom praktičnih terenskih ispita s ciljem jačanja kompetencija u istraživačkim i aplikativnim radovima i projektima. ; The focus of this work is field research as a complex method of the methodological system of tourism geography, a scientific discipline of human geography. Tourism as a geographical phenomenon is researched here as a complex dynamic system in constant flux and transformation. The complexity of tourism is to be found in its spatial, socio-economical, political, cultural, psychological, historical, administrative, legal, organisational and other components, which are all interconnected in geographical space, and thus compliment and oppose each other, thereby transforming the cultural landscape of a tourist region. This work will single out basic characteristics of fieldwork: complexity, all-inclusiveness, depth and the use of triangular procedures and methods. Triangular methods and procedures such methods of observation as individual interviews and focus groups, questionnaires, landscape mapping, photo and video recording as well participatory observation. Furthermore, special focus will be placed on the three separate stages of field research: the preparatory, executing and concluding phase. Student achievements at the undergraduate, graduate and post graduate level in the study of geography by applying practical field examinations will be suggested here: the aim of this is to increase competence in applied research and other projects.
"The COVID-19 pandemic has a significant impact on the physical and psychological functioning of the entire world's population. Our study has had three major aims: (1) to identify the major sources of discomfort related to COVID-19 pandemic in third year psychology students, (2) to establish a hierarchy of the major sources of discomfort, and (3) to identify possible vulnerabilities for different sources of discomfort. We used a cross-sectional study to explore more accurately the individual reactions and possible vulnerabilities, also including open-ended questions to explore perceived sources of discomfort. Our study included 289 third-year psychology students from Babeș-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca, Romania (M=24.39 years, SD=7.12). All participants were assessed regarding their levels of: depression, narcissistic traits, perfectionism, perceived stress, self-esteem, intolerance of uncertainty, subjective well-being, and emotion regulation strategies. Our results indicate significant gender and age differences: male participants reported mobility restrictions as a source of discomfort more frequently than female participants, and younger students are less concerned with restrictions regarding social relations, while older students report less emotional problems and less concern with educational problems. Students living in urban areas report less emotional problems than students from rural areas. The results generated by our research point out certain social and psychological vulnerabilities for each perceived source of discomfort (emotion-regulation strategies, perfectionism, narcissism), can bring a valuable input in counselling and therapy for individuals who are maximally affected by the pandemic of COVID-19."
