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Kritisch-psychologische Methodik, fundiert im kategorial begründeten Zusammenhang von Psychologie- und Gesellschaftskritik, hat sich in der Realisierung der Einheit von Erkennen und Verändern und in der emanzipatorischen Relevanz der empirischen Resultate zu erweisen. Angesichts der Persistenz und Systematik kapitalistischer Produktion von Ungleichheit ist die situationsenthobene Abstraktheit quantitativ orientierter Psychologie nicht durch die Auflösung gesellschaftlicher Struktur in ein Sammelsurium von pseudokonkreten Situationen zu überwinden. An den methodischen Konzepten der Bedingungs-Bedeutungs-Begründungs-Analyse und der Entwicklungsfigur wird gezeigt, wie der Zusammenhang gesellschaftlicher und individueller Reproduktion und Entwicklung konkret-psychologisch fassbar und verallgemeinerbar gemacht werden soll. Dazu ist erforderlich, Theorien nicht als Bedingungs-Ereignis-Relationen, also im kontrollwissenschaftlichen Bedingtheitsdiskurs, sondern als Prämissen-Gründe-Zusammenhänge, also im subjektwissenschaftlichen Begründungsdiskurs, zu formulieren. Gegenstand einer Psychologie vom Standpunkt des Subjekts sind nicht die Subjekte, die nämlich selber auf der Forschungsseite stehen; Gegenstand ist vielmehr die Welt, wie die Subjekte sie erfahren.

Environmental psychology is an emerging interdisciplinary, problem-oriented field concerned with the interrelations among physical settings and human behavior and experience. The field is further defined in terms of the complexity of the events involved, the historical nature of space in relation to human behavior, and the cultural, social, and organizational definitions of physical settings. The properties of these problem areas as well as the inchoate nature of the field indicate that exploratory-descriptive studies in real-life settings should be undertaken. The measurement problem involves not just the validity of the measurement instruments, but also their "phenomenon legitimacy," that is, the extent to which the properties of the response system of the instrument are consistent with those of the phenomenon under study. This concept is demonstrated in the use of conventional questionnaire-interview and observational techniques in environmental research. Questionnaire-interviews may not have "legitimacy" in such research if used to measure attitudes and values which do not exist or which have been formed in ways that the respondents are either unaware of or cannot verbalize. Similar methodological problems are involved in the use of conventional observational instruments. Finally, the severe limitations of the laboratory paradigm in light of the nature and present development of environmental psychology as a field of inquiry are pointed out.

THIS PAPER PRESENTS A PLEA FOR A RETURN TO POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY AND THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PARADIGM AS A PROPER DOMAIN OF POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY. Q METHODOLOGY IS PROPOSED AS A TECHNIQUE ESPECIALLY SUITED FOR AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO THE PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF POLITICAL SUBJECTIVITY. SELECTED CASE STUDIES ILLUSTRATE ITS THEORY AND TECHNIQUE IN PSYCHOANALYTIC APPLICATIONS.

In this article, I explore the meaning of experiments in early twentieth century psychology, focusing on the qualitative experimental methodology of psychologist Frederic Bartlett. I begin by contextualizing Bartlett's experiments within the continental research tradition of his time, which was in a state of transition from a focus on elements (the concern of psychophysics) to a focus on wholes (the concern of Gestalt psychology). The defining feature of Barlett's early experiments is his holistic treatment of human responses, in which the basic unit of analysis is the active person relating to some material within the constraints of a social and material context. This manifests itself in a number of methodological principles that contrast with contemporary understandings of experimentation in psychology. The contrast is further explored by reviewing the history of "replications and extensions" of Barlett's experiments, demonstrating how his methodology was progressively changed and misunderstood over time. An argument is made for re-introducing an open, qualitative and idiographic experimental method similar to the one Bartlett practiced. (author's abstract)

This compelling work brings together leading social psychologists and evaluators to explore the intersection of these two fields and how their theory, practices, and research findings can enhance each other. An ideal professional reference or student text, the book examines how social psychological knowledge can serve as the basis for theory-driven evaluation; facilitate more effective partnerships with stakeholders and policymakers; and help evaluators ask more effective questions about behavior. Also identified are ways in which real-world evaluation findings can identify gaps in social psyc

Abstract
This paper aims to briefly introduce the main idea behind the fuzzy approach and to identify the areas and problems encountered in the humanities that might profit from using this approach. Based on a short overview of selected applications of fuzzy in psychology we identify key areas in which the fuzzy approach has already been applied, and propose a list of general types of problems that the fuzzy approach may provide solutions for in psychology and the humanities in general. These types of problems are illustrated using practical examples. The benefits and possible shortcomings of using the fuzzy approach compared to classical approaches in use today are discussed.
The goal of this paper is to indicate areas in research and practice in the humanities, where modern mathematical tools—in this case linguistic fuzzy modeling—have already been used or might prove promising.

Introducing social psychology -- Methodology : how social psychologists do research -- Social cognition: how we think about the social world -- Social perception : how we come to understand other people -- The self : understanding ourselves in a social context -- The need to justify our actions : the costs and benefits of dissonance -- Reduction -- Attitudes and attitude change : influencing thoughts and feelings -- Conformity : influencing behavior -- Group processes : influence in social groups -- Interpersonal attraction : from first impressions to close relationships -- Prosocial behavior : why do people help? -- Aggression : why do we hurt other people? can we prevent it? -- Prejudice : causes, consequences, and cures