Suchergebnisse

The article reflects the main aspects that should be taken into account in developing and changing the regulation of intellectual property sphere. Being harmful in some aspects, piracy also has a number of properties that can be useful for copyright owners: information, network and indirect effects. The paper presents a mathematical model showing the case where the protection of intellection activity result can cause more damage to public welfare than piracy itself. The findings show a need for tools more flexible than the intellectual property system so that every copyright owner can choose the required level of protection.

This article takes a look at public costs and benefits, generated by the application of road traffic safety measures and methods. It describes the cost-benefit analysis approach to evaluating their effectiveness. The article defines the nexus of political decisions concerning road traffic safety, measures taken, methods applied, and results achieved. It elaborates on the correlation between reduced number of dead, injured and material damages, on the one hand, and increased public welfare, on the other. ; В данной статье рассмотрены общественные затраты и выгода от реализации мер и методов повышения безопасности дорожного движения. Описан метод оценки их эффективности, основанный на анализе «затраты-выгода». Определена взаимосвязь между политическими решениями в области безопасности дорожного движения, используемыми мерами и методами повышения БДД и достигнутыми результатами. Раскрыто соотношение между сокращением смертности, травматизма и материального ущерба вследствие ДТП и повышением общественного благосостояния.

The article deals with the contradictions of socially oriented activities of NGOs as service provides in two Russian regions (St. Petersburg and Sverdlovsk oblast). In the mixed system of social welfare, the importance of the non-profit sector is increasing, but the processes taking place due to the diverse regional practices are ambiguous. We focus on the issues of interaction of the non-profit sector with the state, reasons for strengthening the commercial interests of NGOs, interaction with regional authorities and the risks of the social service system at the regional level. The theoretical framework of the study is the transformation of welfare state into welfare-service state. The study used empirical data obtained by street and telephone surveys of population, interviews with representatives of NGOs, state service institutions and regional government. The analysis demonstrates that the key constraining factors for the development of NGOs as service providers are administrative barriers to access state fonds, inappropriate ways of government's interaction with private services providers in a changing environment, the continued lack of confidence to NGO' activities among the majority of the population. NGOs are limitedly represented in the social service provider registries for a number of reasons: high bureaucratic requirements; difficultly implemented requirements for reporting for cost recovery; strong control on NGO's activities by the authorities; untimely informing concerning grant competitions; non-transparency of competitive procedures. The formal approach of authorities indicates that the institutional advantages of NGOs, their ability to social innovations are not considered. Overcoming the barriers for NGOs as social service providers should be also considered as a resource for increasing the public trust in private sector. © 2020 National Research University Higher School of Economics. All rights reserved.

Economic science considers human capital as a fundamental factor that stimulates the accumulation of productive capital and, accordingly, has a positive effect on economic growth. Improving labor force quality can lead to an increase in the well-being of an individual due to an increase in his labor cost. An increase in public welfare will affect the economic growth of the state as a whole. The above conditions the relevance and timeliness of this work, aimed at illustration of human capital concept (subject of the study), as well as determination of human capital place in theoretical economic growth models and empirical mechanisms of its influence on growth. A review of theoretical works analyzing human capital concept and its relationship with economic growth rates aimed at achieving this goal. The study was conducted at the IPEI Center for the Study of Central Banking Problems as part of the RANEPA state task for 2022 using relevant academic literature and as the major source of information and methods such as descriptive, statistical, comparative analysis, as well as systematic approach. Analysis of human capital concept allows concluding that this indicator represents a set of innate and acquired through investment knowledge, skills and practical skills that determine labor productivity and future income of an employee. The mechanisms of human capital impact on economic growth include the relationship between growth and education level, the impact of human capital on technological progress, the relationship between health indicators and economic growth rates, the growth effect of public spending on education and health, and, finally, the effect of human capital in terms of poverty reduction. In the future, this review can serve as a starting point for an empirical study of investments in human capital in Russia within the framework of models with uncertainty and individual heterogeneous discounting.

In the given article on the basis of archival sources and published literature the author cosiders thefunctioning of social assistance institutions, their role in organizing assistance in the rehabilitationof disabled people in the early post-war years.Nursing homes provided the people in need with some vital facilities: home, food, clothes,medicine. The need for treatment and psychological support involved having the staff of qualifiedprofessionals, but due to very low salaries and rather harsh working conditions many institutionswere not staffed with fully qualified general medical workers let alone doctors. The lack of qualifiedpersonnel resulted in the poor level of educational work.Nursing homes tried to solve the problems of irregular supply of food and food shortages by meansof farming on the premises, but that, too, proved ineffective through lack of farming equipment. Thefood grown by the disabled, besides its apparent use in the homes' dining-rooms, was partly given tothe government. Moreover, despite the limited abilities, the charges worked in workshops.The study of material and household problems leads to the conclusion that the housing stock ofthe institutions in the early post-war years was in an extremely decrepit condition. In spite of limitedinvestment it was not uncommon that the funds were not applied efficiently ; В статье на основе источников и опубликованной литературы рассматривается деятель-ность учреждений социального обеспечения, их роль в организации помощи и реабилитацииинвалидов в первые послевоенные годы.Дома инвалидов обеспечивали нуждающихся жизненно важными условиями: дом, питание,одежда, лекарства. Необходимость в лечении и психологической поддержке предполагало на-личие профессионального хорошо обученного персонала, но из-за низкой заработной платы идостаточно тяжелых условий труда многие учреждения не были обеспечены не только врачами,но и полноценным медицинским персоналом. Недостаток квалифицированных кадров явилсяпричиной и низкого уровня воспитательной работы.Проблемы перебоев в доставке продуктов и нехватки питания дома инвалидов пыталисьрешать за счет подсобного хозяйства, но и они не были достаточно эффективными из-за не-хватки техники. Продукция, выращенная инвалидами, помимо снабжения столовых, еще исдавалась государству. Кроме того, несмотря на ограниченность физических возможностей,опекаемые принимали участие в работе мастерских.Исследование материальных и бытовых проблем позволяет сделать вывод о том, что жилойфонд учреждений в первые послевоенные годы находился в крайне ветхом состоянии. Не-смотря на ограниченность финансирования не редкими были случаи, когда целевые средстваиспользовались нерационально

У статті обґрунтовано необхідність застосування комплексу понять і процесів, що лежать в основі парадигми державного будівництва для досягнення шістьох основних складових критеріїв індексу якості державного управління за версією Світового банку; обґрунтовано взаємозв'язок критерію врахування думки населення та підзвітності органів влади з поняттям комунікативної функції держави; обґрунтовано взаємозв'язок критерію політичної стабільності з ключовими поняттями тектоніки і адаптивності держави; обґрунтовано взаємозв'язок критерію ефективності уряду з поняттям блага як основної державної якості, яка передбачає дотримання прав людини на життя і гідне існування; обґрунтовано взаємозв'язок критерію якості регуляторної політики з поняттям смислової функції держави; обґрунтовано взаємозв'язок критерію верховенства закону з поняттям ступеня свободи в державі та ступеня її обмеження. ; The necessity to use the complex of ideas and processes, which are laying in the basis of a state structure paradigm, has been grounded in the article. This is important in order to achieve six basic components of the public administration's quality index according to the World Bank version; the interrelation between the Population Feedback and Accountability of Authority criterion and the concept of state's communicative function; the interrelation between the Political Stability and Absence of Violence criterion and the key points of tectonics and adaptability of a state; interrelation between the Government Effectiveness criterion and the idea of social welfare as the main type of a state quality, which implies compliance of human rights for life and proper existence; interrelation between the Regulatory Quality criterion and the concept of semantic function of a state; interrelation between the Rule of Law criterion and the concept of freedom in a state and the degree of its limitation. Having considered the components of the index of the quality of public administration through the prism of concepts, processes underlying state ...

The Russian Federation has a high degree of the socio-economic differentiation among its regions, which objectively requires large-scale redistribution of funds between them. Intergovernmental transfers are one of the main tools of this redistribution. Other things being equal, an increase in transfers to the region leads to an increase in the unpaid goods' consumption by its residents, which ultimately affects their welfare. Moreover, these changes stimulate interregional migration. Therefore, the resulting change in welfare depends on multiple economic forces. Based on a computable model of general equilibrium with two regions, I assessed the effects of intergovernmental transfers for the Khabarovsk Krai' economy. The specific feature of the model is the behaviour of regional governments, which optimize the regional tax rate and budget expenditures in a non-cooperative game to maximize the utility function of resident households. The latter are completely mobile between regions and consume two types of goods, private and state-provided ones, under given budgetary restrictions. I carried out simulation estimations for two scenarios differing in motivation incentives of households to change their residency. Calculations have shown that a sharp increase (more than twofold) in the federal budget grants may lead to a significant inflow of labour resources to the recipient region, but changes in welfare, wages and per capita household consumption will be minor. The reason is the behaviour of the regional governments, balancing the households' consumer basket by changing the volume of local government spending. Ultimately, the actions of regional authorities seeking to maximize the residents' welfare will result in such changes in tax revenues, which will compensate the increase in households' consumption of the state-provided goods by the decrease in funding of the same goods from the regional budget. © 2019 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ; Рассмотрены межбюджетные трансферты. Дана общая характеристика бюджетного федерализма. Представлена динамика структуры доходов и расходов консолидированного бюджета Хабаровского края. Приведено описание и формализация модели общего равновесия с двумя регионами.

The current socio-political upheavals, which are fraught with undermining the Belarusian statehood, may also torpedo the planned transition to the implementation of the strategy of advanced development of the Republic of Belarus based on increasing cooperation between Belarusian economic entities and Russian ones on the legal basis of the Union state of Russia and Belarus (USRB) and the Eurasian economic Union (EAEU). Summing up the socio-economic evolution of post-Soviet Belarus, which is impressive against the background of the corresponding results of other ex-Soviet republics, the author of the article connects these successes with the capacity of the Belarusian management system, which has already mastered a number of institutions of a new (integral) world economic structure, including strategic indicative macroeconomic planning. However, this in itself does not save from socio-political upheavals of various forms, strength and scale. The Republic of Belarus, like other members of the EAEU, needs to harmonize the interests of various social groups and consolidate society based on the state policy of increasing public welfare. Based on these principles, developed in numerous previous publications of the author, he makes recommendations for coping with the growing socio-political and socio-economic crises, as well as builds options for future economic development, depending primarily on the vector of the upcoming integration construction — Eurasian or European — that the Belarusian people will choose.
Keywords: the Republic of Belarus (RB), Belarus, the Union State of Russia and Belarus (USRB), the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Eurasian Economic Commission, Eurasian economic integration, European economic integration, European Union (EU), cooperative interaction of economic entities, technological structure, new (sixth) technological structure, world economic structure, new (integrated) economic structure, strategy of advancing economic development, economic growth, convergent technology, the Republic of Ukraine (RU).

In 2000s, Russian large retailers captured a large share of the market and obtained a significant market power. This change in the market organization may enhance or deteriorate social welfare. Public interest in this issue stimulated adoption by the Russian Parliament (State Duma) of the law against the concentration of trade in the hands of a few firms. In this paper we consider the question of efficiency, in terms of social welfare, this kind of state intervention in the relations between retailers and manufacturers. ; С начала XXI в. российские крупные торговые сети захватили большую долю рынка и получили значительную рыночную силу. Такое изменение рыночной организации может приводить и к выгоде, и к ущербу для общественного благосостояния. Общественный интерес к этому вопросу подтолкнул принятие Государственной Думой РФ закона против концентрации торговли в руках немногих фирм. В данной работе мы теоретически рассматриваем вопрос об эффективности, с точки зрения общественного благосостояния, подобного рода вмешательства государства во взаимоотношения ритейлеров и производителей.

The paper describes the further development of an agent-based multiregional input-output model of the Russian economy. We consider the idea of incorporating the government into the model and analyse the results of experimental calculations for the conditional example of spatial economy. New agents are included into the model such as the federal and regional governments, pension fund and also the state enterprises producing public goods at the federal and regional levels. The government sets four types of taxes (personal and business income taxes, VAT and payroll taxes), ensures the provision of public goods and provides social, investment and interbudgetary transfers to households, firms and budgets. Social transfers consist of social assistance and unemployment benefits. The utility functions of households are expanded by the terms associated with national and regional public goods. The budget policy is designed in accordance with the maximization of isoelastic function of social welfare that formalizes the choice between the different concepts of social justice. The Gini index is used for the monitoring the inequality of income distribution. The results of experimental calculations present the convergence of the new version of the model to the state of quasi-equilibrium. The special attention is paid an optimal level of the taxation maximizing the social welfare function. Four variants of the optimal tax rates are defined: for three major taxes at a fixed proportion of rates and for each of the tax separately at zero rates of two other taxes. The further directions of modelling are identified, they allow to investigate the spatial development of the Russian economy taking into account the decision-making by private agents in responding to government policies. ; Проанализировано развитие агент-ориентированной многорегиональной модели "затраты - выпуск" российской экономики. Представлены результаты экспериментальных расчетов по изучению сходимости модели к состоянию квазиравновесия. Особое внимание уделено поиску оптимального уровня налогообложения, при котором максимизируется функция общественного благосостояния. Определены оптимальные налоговые ставки. ; The article is prepared within the Program of the Russian Academy of Sciences IX.84.2., Project IX.84.2.1. The authors thank for Ibragimov N.M. and Gusak M.A., who took part in the preparation of initial information, the discussion of the model and the code writing of a code.

Alcohol consumption enters the list of risk factors for the global population health. It determines the nature of social relations and achieved level of public welfare. Authors of the article claim that some unsolved methodological problems complicate the process of interdisciplinary research on various negative consequences of alcohol consumption. The absence of generally approved interpretation of the nature of the risk factor («alcohol consumption» by an individual or «alcohol abuse»), negative consequences of alcohol consumption, and logical contradictions in theories describing the mechanism of their interaction can be indicated among these problems. The use of alternative approaches to the quantitative assessment of the scale of the negative consequences of alcohol consumption (even within the same scientific discipline) does not provide opportunities to perform a comparative analysis of research results. Basing on a review of methods and results of series of clinical, epidemiological, social, and economic studies, the authors systematize and explain the methodological problems of assessing the scale of the alcohol consumption negative consequences, formulate the principles of solutions. The review results can be used for methodological rationalization of new mono- and interdisciplinary studies on negative consequences of alcohol consumption, critical analysis of previous study results, and correction of activities implemented within the government policies aimed to reduce the alcohol abuse and alcoholism prevention. The presented academic review can be used in planning the new activities implemented within the government policy on alleviation of alcohol abuse and prevention of alcoholism. ; Потребление алкоголя является одним из ведущих факторов риска состояния глобального популяционного здоровья, в значительной мере обусловливает характер социальных отношений и достигнутый уровень общественного благосостояния. Авторы статьи утверждают, что процесс междисциплинарного исследования его негативных последствий (клинических, демографических, социальных и экономических) осложнен рядом нерешенных методических проблем. В их числе отсутствие общепринятой трактовки природы фактора риска («потребление алкоголя» индивидом в любом объеме или «злоупотребление алкоголем») и негативных последствий потребления алкоголя, а также противоречия в теориях, описывающих механизм их взаимосвязи с фактором риска. Использование специалистами альтернативных подходов к количественной оценке масштаба негативных последствий потребления алкоголя при выполнении научных исследований не позволяет проводить сравнительный анализ их результатов. На основе обзора методов и результатов ряда отечественных и зарубежных клинических, эпидемиологических, социальных и экономических исследований авторы статьи раскрывают содержание основных методических проблем оценки масштаба негативных последствий потребления алкоголя, формулируют пути их решения. Результаты представленного научного обзора, предметом которого являются негативные последствия потребления алкоголя, критический анализ результатов ранее выполненных исследований, а также коррекция мероприятий, реализуемых в рамках государственной политики по снижению масштабов злоупотребления алкоголем и профилактике алкоголизма, могут быть использованы для методического обоснования новых моно- и междисциплинарных исследований.