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The paper deals with the religious situation in Kyrgyzstan in general as well as with issues that in certain conditions might serve as factors for development of a religious radicalization in Kyrgyzstan. The author describes certain measures taken by the Kyrgyz Government to bring into order activities of religious organizations and movements. The aim is to protect a secular model of the state development and freedom of religion in the country. Also, it analyzes ideological reasons that motivate people to participate in the Syrian confl ict as well as the entire picture of the number of followers of extremist and terrorist organizations, especially women. The conclusion contains some recommendations on decreasing the level of radicalization. These recommendations may be adapted through a clear and detailed optimization of the state policy in the sphere of religion. ; В статье анализируется религиозная ситуация в Кыргызстане, а также рассматриваются проблемы, которые при определенных условиях могут стать факторами роста религиозного радикализма в стране. Кроме того, описаны усилия правительственных структур Кыргызстана по упорядочению деятельности религиозных организаций и течений для обеспечения условий по сохранению светской модели государства и реализации свободы вероисповедания в Кыргызстане. Отдельно анализируются идеологические мотивы, побудившие наших граждан участвовать в cирийском конфликте, а также масштабы процесса увеличения сторонников экстремистских и террористических организаций и среди них — женщин. В заключительной части автор дает рекомендации по снижению уровня радикализации, которые могут быть реализованы путем четкой и детальной оптимизации государственной политики в сфере религии.

In this article the author examines the conditions which led to the appearance of the student protest movement in West Berlin in the 1960-s and the factors of its radicalization. Special attention is paid to the development of a particular "Berlin pattern" of selfgovernment in the Free University; to political climate in West Berlin during the Cold War and the role played by mass media in the escalation of intolerance in the society. ; В статье рассматриваются условия возникновения студенческого движения протеста 1960‑х годов в Западном Берлине и факторы его радикализации. Уделяется внимание развитию особой «берлинской модели» самоуправления в Свободном университете, анализируется общественно-политический климат в Западном Берлине в период холодной войны и роль средств массовой информации в нагнетании нетерпимости в обществе.

This article addresses the challenges of ensuring the protection of children involved in violent extremism and terrorism through the recruitment and exploitation of minors by extremist and terrorist groups. Based on the analysis conducted' the author proposes to continue the implementation of international standards for juvenile justice in Uzbekistan and to strengthen the role of international organizations in ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of children.

Рассматриваются причины возникновения и распространения религиозного экстремизма. Анализируются варианты объяснения соотношения религиозного экстремизма и политики. Предпринимается попытка выявления конфессиональной специфики радикализации религиозной жизни в контексте политических и экономических процессов в современном обществе. Предлагаются пути преодоления радикализации религии. ; The reasons for the rise and spread of religious extremism are considered. The options for explaining the relationship between religious extremism and politics are analyzed in this article. An attempt is made to reveal the confessional specificity of the radicalization of religious life in the context of political and economic processes in modern society. The ways to overcome the radicalization of religion are proposed.

The article describes the Indonesian Government using non-violent methods in withstanding the spread of radicalism in contemporaryIndonesia. The article analyzes the development of de-radicalization program aimed at the rehabilitation of the former terrorists and supporters of violent methods of the Islamization of the country — the jihadists. The main tools are such methods of struggle against terrorism and extremism, as de-radicalization, rehabilitation and reintegration into society, and most importantly — the elimination of roots and causes of terrorism. This article provides details on how the use of the "soft power" in withstanding extremism works, as well as successes and difficulties in implementing this program. ; Статья посвящена использованию ненасильственных методов противостояния распространению радикализма и терроризма в современной Индонезии. В статье подробно разбираются способы применения «мягкой силы» в противостоянии экстремизму, успехи и трудности в реализации этой программы. Показано, что в Индонезии большое внимание уделяется реабилитации бывших радикалов и их реинтеграции в общество. В стране ведётся серьёзная борьба с терроризмом. Выявляется также отношение представителей разных организаций и групп индонезийских мусульман к дерадикализации — как тех, кто поддерживает эту правительственную программу, так и ее ярых противников.

Цель. Статья посвящена актуальной в условиях суверенизации и этнорелигиозного Ренессанса в Кыргызской Республике теме этнорелигиозной трансформации общества. Объектом анализа выступают этнорелигиозные процессы, происходящие в постсоветском Кыргызстане. Автор ставит целью раскрыть основные тенденции становления поликонфессионального социума в этническом контексте.Метод или методология проведения работы. В своем исследовании автор опирается на диалектические принципы, восхождения от абстрактного к конкретному, синтеза и анализа, историзма, взаимосвязи и взаимозависимости социальных явлений и процессов.Результаты. Результаты работы заключаются в том, что автор раскрывает этнический состав в конфессиональном разрезе в современных условиях становления независимости Кыргызстана, выделяя три основные зоны по этноконфессиональному составу населения. Анализируются основные факты активизации религиозных организаций и рассматривается роль и место новоявленных нетрадиционных религиозных течений в республике. В статье исследуются взаимоотношения государства и религиозных организаций. Выявляются современные тенденции развития ислама в Кыргызстане.Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть применены в сфере совершенствования управления этнорелигиозными процессами в Кыргызской Республике. ; Purpose. The article is devoted to the topical theme of the ethnoreligious transformation of society in the conditions of sovereignty and ethno-religious Renaissance in the Kyrgyz Republic. The object of the analysis areethno-religious processes taking place in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan. The author aims to reveal the main trends in the formation of multi-confessional society in the ethnic context.Methodology. In his research, the author relies on dialectical principles, the ascent from abstract to concrete, synthesis and analysis, historicism, the relationship and interdependence of social phenomena and processes.Results. The results of the work are that the author reveals the ethnic composition in the confessional context in the current conditions of the formation of independence of Kyrgyzstan, highlighting the three main zones on the ethno-confessional composition of the population. The author analyzes the main facts of religious organizations activation and considers the role and place of new religious movements in the Republic. The article examines the relationship between the state and religious organizations. Modern tendencies of development of Islam in Kyrgyzstan are revealed.Scope of application of the results. The results of the study can be applied to improve the management of ethno-religious processes in the Kyrgyz Republic.

The article analyzes the transformation of Islamic community of the Adygheya Republic during 1990-2015, new tendencies and actors. The author reveals new trends in the 2010s updated by the dynamics of the political background of Adygheya. The main focus is the factors constraining Muslims from radicalism in the 1990s – 2010s, as well as factors that may contribute to the spread of radical version of Islam today. According to the author, the factors of radicalization of Muslims in the Adygheya can be divided into two groups – federal and regional. The first concerns the many unresolved methodological issues relating to "New Muslims". As practice shows, the state unequivocal support of the "traditional Muslim clergy" contributes to the isolation of Salafis, limits the possibilities of intraconfessional dialogue. The facts of destruction of mosques, injunction religious books, extra-judicial persecution of Muslims and ban on headscarves (hijabs) in schools in the other regions of the Russian Federation forms the protest discourse. At the regional level a crisis of ethnic ideology Adyghe Khabze, economical crisis and broken social lifts contribute to the radicalization of Muslims. Islamic radicals are very active and professional in social networks, they create the groups whose target audience is youth. The activities of the radical "Internet imams", electronic "religious authorities" are typical for Adygheya and for the whole North Caucasus outside the native region. Their influence, agitation and propaganda are destructive and will have a negative impact in the future. A new trend is the departure of the Adyghe Muslims in ISIL (about 21 people from the beginning of 2015).

The purpose of this scientific article is to determine the actual problems of combating the spread of religious extremism among prisoners in Western Europe, Russia and the CIS.

The question of activation of ideology of radical political Islam and its new forms – «Islamism» and «jihadism» is raised.

The process of spreading radical Islamism among the criminal part of Western and post-Soviet society is comprehensively studied and analyzed. It is emphasized that in the context of the decline of all ideological constructs of European origin, claiming to own and universal project, Islamism is becoming more and more clearly and clearly a «new alternative style» with impressive prospects of covering a variety of social groups not only in the countries of traditional spread of Islam, but also in Western Europe.

It is emphasized that Islam with its egalitarian ethos has a historical experience of ideological expansion to the masses.

The problem of the wide spread of Islam as a religion and ideology of Islamism among those serving sentences in the penitentiary institutions of Western Europe is particularly raised. In particular, the authors draw attention to the existing processes of symbiosis of Islamic radicalism and criminality both in penitentiaries and in the wild after release from prison. Such processes tend to further entrench and spread on the territory of Russia and the post-Soviet States of Central Asia.

The reasons for the spread of radical Islam in places of deprivation of liberty are formulated. The article analyzes the most effective measures in the world to counter radicalization in places of detention, examines domestic and foreign programs of de-radicalization.

The author emphasizes the timeliness and importance of the development of Islamic education as a factor to prevent the influence of extremist ideology on believers.

The article analyzes the essence and peculiarities of the Serbian political consolidation in Croatia in the 1980s–1990s. The author considers the reasons underlying the aggravation of the Serbian question in the course of system crisis and disintegration of Yugoslavia. Special attention is paid to the development of party and political institutions of the Serbian population in Croatia in the 1980s–1990s. The author draws a conclusion about the compelled nature of consolidation of the Serbian communities and further radicalization of the Serbian national movement. ; В статье анализируются содержание и особенности сербской общественно-политической консолидации в Хорватии на рубеже 1980–1990-х гг. Рассматриваются причины обострения сербского вопроса в процессе системного кризиса и распада Югославии. Особое внимание уделяется развитию партийно-политических институтов сербского населения в Хорватии в 1989–1990-х гг. Автором делается вывод о вынужденном характере консолидации сербских общин и дальнейшей радикализации сербского национального движения.

The article examines the new realities of Russia's foreign policy after the "Arab Spring" and the potential for increased Russian influence in the Maghreb. One of the consequences of the recent political upheavals in North Africa is the growth of terrorist threat – this factor draws particular attention to this region. The Maghreb is important for the promotion of Russian interests in the Arab world and the African continent. Russia and North Africa are seeking strategic cooperation, and these countries have long-term friendship and mutual interests in the political and economic spheres. Further increase of the interaction will strengthen bilateral relations, will make it easier to survive during the political and economic crisis. The article analyzes the formation, the current state and prospects of Russian-Algerian, Moroccan-Russian and Russian-Tunisian relations. Algeria is one of the leading economic partners of Russia on the African continent. The main areas of bilateral cooperation are the energy and military spheres. The growth of the terrorist threat in the Sahara-Sahel region prompted Russia and Morocco to deepen security cooperation. In the context of EU economic sanctions against Russia a priority in Russian- Tunisian and Russian-Moroccan trade relations is to enhance cooperation in the field of agriculture. Russia is a traditional exporter of Moroccan oranges and Tunisian olive oil. Promising areas of cooperation of Russia and Tunisia are the development of water resources and hydraulic engineering, infrastructure projects in the field of construction of roads, bridges, industrial facilities. Expansion of ties with the North African countries will allow Russia to increase influence in the region.

The paper presents the results of a research project "Global study of the politicization of social networks." According to the author, undermining the citizens' trust in democratic institutions such as the parliament and political parties in various states leads not only to visible consequences – political absenteeism and social escapism, but also provokes a deeper process of the rapid politicization of Internet social networks. A content analysis of political discourse has been selected as the academic metho dology. The project has shown that in countries of various regions – from Europe to Latin America – there are pro-government, opposition, and moderately radical network communities. It is concluded that the politicization of modern networks is more conducive to the archaization and radicalization of social relations than strengthening the legitimacy of democratic regimes and constructive dialogue with the government of society. The most politicized social networks are Facebook and Twitter. ; В работе публикуются итоги научного проекта – «Глобально- го исследования политизации социальных сетей». По мнению автора, подрыв доверия граждан различных государств к таким демократическим институтамкак партии и парламент приводит не только к видимым последствиям – политическому абсентеизму и общественному эскапизму, но и провоцирует более глубокий процесс стремительной политизации сообществ социальных сетей Интернета. В качестве научной методологии был избран контент-анализ политического дискурса. Проект показал, что в странах различных регионов – от Европы до Латинской Америки – существуют провластные, умеренно оппозиционные и радикальные сетевые сообщества. Сделан вывод, что политизация современных сетей пока больше способствует архаизации и радикализации социальных отношений, чем упрочнению легитимности демократических режимов и конструктивному диалогу общества с властью. Наиболее политизированными социальными сетями оказались Facebook и Twitter. ; The paper presents the results of a research project "Global study of the politicization of social networks." According to the author, undermining the citizens' trust in democratic institutions such as the parliament and political parties in various states leads not only to visible consequences – political absenteeism and social escapism, but also provokes a deeper process of the rapid politicization of Internet social networks. A content analysis of political discourse has been selected as the academic metho dology. The project has shown that in countries of various regions – from Europe to Latin America – there are pro-government, opposition, and moderately radical network communities. It is concluded that the politicization of modern networks is more conducive to the archaization and radicalization of social relations than strengthening the legitimacy of democratic regimes and constructive dialogue with the government of society. The most politicized social networks are Facebook and Twitter.

During the existence of theSoviet Unionthe influence of Islam on politics was minimized. In Soviet times, Islam in the Central Asian republics felt some oppression until the late 1950s. It was due to constant persecution and anti-religious propaganda within the framework of the Soviet policy of atheism. After Khrushchev's thaw there began a reverse process of gradual release of Islam from the underground, which culminated in the era of perestroika and glasnost. The weakening of the central government and the struggle of the foreign forces against theUSSRinstigated the development of radical Islamism in the region. This period was characterized by the revival, politicization and radicalization of Islam. ; За время существования СССР было минимизировано влияние ислама на политику. В советское время ислам в республиках Средней Азии ощущал некоторое притеснение вплоть до конца 1950-х годов. Это было связано с постоянными гонениями и антирелигиозной пропагандой в рамках советской политики атеизма. После хрущевской оттепели начался обратный процесс постепенного выхода ислама из подполья, который завершился в эпоху перестройки и гласности. Ослабление центральной власти и борьба внешних сил против СССР спровоцировали развитие в регионе радикального исламизма. Этот период характеризовался возрождением, политизацией и радикализацией ислама.

Раздел "Международные отношения и внешняя политика" ; В статье рассматриваются основные периоды в истории австрийского радикализма. На примере Австрийской партии свободы раскрыты основные причины роста радикальных настроений среди электората этой страны, а также радикализации идеологии ее партии. Особый акцент сделан на анализе политических концепций новых партий, образованных в конце XX – начале XXI в. Отмечается рост их популярности и успехи радикальных партий на парламентских выборах 2013 г. Подчеркивается роль председателя АПС Й. Хайдера как одного из наиболее популярных лидеров австрийского радикализма. = The main periods of the history of Austrian radicalism are analyzed in the article. By the example of the Austrian Party the author reveals the core reasons of the radical sentiments' increase among the electorate of this country as well as of the radicalization of the parties' ideology. Special focus was made on the analysis of new parties' political concepts that were established at the end of 20th – beginning of the 21st century. The author underlines the increase of their popularity and successes of radical parties during the parliamentary elections in 2013. The role of J. Heider as one of the most popular Austrian radical leader is stressed.

The article considers the transformation of basic values, life plans and behavioral strategies of the youth in contemporary Belarus. The changes in basic values are directly connected with the youth's adaptation to the conditions of global instability. The new generation is sensitive to social injustice, violations of rights and freedoms, unwillingness to take into account their opinions on current issues of social development and the future. The self-perception of people regarding the possibility to realize basic values in the current social-economic conditions is an important factor of social stability. In both 1990 and 2018, family holds the first place among the basic values in Belarus; work takes the second place as a factor of decent life and family's success; the importance of friends and leisure remains the same over the decades, while the importance of politics and religion grows. International comparisons show that Belarus has the same hierarchy of values as European countries. The surveys prove a decrease in popularity of the traditional media among the youth and an increase in individualism, importance of personal self-realization in family and at work, and in reliance on one's own forces. In the public space, the needs and expectations of people have changed - there is an increase in political radicalization and critical perception of the most important events, which affects the behavioral patterns of social-demographic groups. Education together with the family and new information technologies have a significant impact on values - there is an intragenerational gap, alienation from society and increasing informatization. The article is based on the results of the sociological surveys conducted in the framework of the European Values Study (EVS) (the results of 1990 and 2018 are compared).

Islamism appears one of the most important phenomena of our times and it
greatly affects many global processes. In the Muslim world one can hardly find
a country where Islamism would not be an influential and stable political factor. It
seems impossible to comprehend modern Muslim (especially Arab) societies without taking into account the role of Islamism as simultaneously an ideology, a cultural environment, and a mode of life and guideline to follow. And if one keeps in
mind the increasingly large share of the Muslim population in the world, it appears
impossible to ignore their impact in current and future globalization trends. All
these make the correlation between globalization and Islamism an urgent issue
which is, nevertheless, understudied. In the present article we would like to outline
some patterns and landmarks of this mutual interaction.
Currently, Islamism is one of the most complicated social phenomena; it is
a multi-faceted, changing and heterogeneous movement within whose framework
there unfolds an intensive ideological and political struggle. We hope the present
article will help the reader to obtain some idea about this important phenomenon
of the modern world whose development involves interests of billions of people of
all countries, religions and views. At that, we emphasize that it is vital to distinguish between radical and moderate types of Islamism; the latter is promising with
respect to becoming a positive and promising wing of political system in Muslim
countries. We suppose that it is impossible to eliminate the dangers of radical and
terrorist Islamism only by force. One may hope to achieve this goal if to separate it
from moderate Islamism while the latter should become more respectable, open and
involved in common political life.