Suchergebnisse

Prevention of Radicalisation in France: the Case of "Stop Djihadisme" The object of the Master's thesis is the expression of the threat of the islamic radicalization in the counter-discourse of the French government. Although terrorism is usually seen as an external threat to the security of Western European states, it is not clear whether an internal-external dichotomy is maintained in an official institutional discourse due to emergence of islamic radicalization. The aim of this Master's thesis is to analyse the campaign "Stop Djihadisme" and to find out if the threat of radicalization is depicted as internal (by using the discursive construction of the "self") or as external (by using the discursive construction of the "other"). The thesis raises the following question: how does the French government speak about security and how is the threat of islamic radicalization, both external and internal, constructed in their counter-discourse? The analysis revealed that the threat of the islamic radicalization is directly identified with the threat of terrorism and the danger of the terrorist attacks. According to the French government, the French identity is the reason why the state is the main target of the threat of jihadism and shows that the aspect of identity plays a major role in the process of the securitization of the radicalization. The responsibility of the radicalization that leads to violence in France is laid on the external terrorist organisations, especially "Daech", and their discourses which means that the threat of radicalization in France is explained as external. The French residents who chose the path of the islamic radicalization are depicted as the "other" who do not take part in the French society anymore and do not share the common Republic values. The analysis of the campaign demonstrates that the government links the jihadi propaganda to the "group effect", implying that the French residents have chosen a different identity that justifies the violence. In order to counter this group effect, the French administration proposes mobilization of the civil society, who must participate in order to prevent the radicalization. However, the campaign places a lot of importance on the repressive counter-terrorism measures. According to public surveys, these extraordinary measures that justify actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure are accepted by the public, therefore the speech act of securitization can be evaluated as successful. The thesis aims to contribute to the research on the prevention of the islamic radicalization and especially on the use of the discursive practices countering jihadi propaganda. Since the virtual presence of terrorist organisations continues to be one of the ways to maintain a link with their international audience, it is important to analyse the different forms of counter-measures in order to improve them. The results of the analysis provide valuable findings about the content of the counter-discourse which represents the official position of the French government. The analysis, for which the theoretical framework proposed by the Copenhagen School was used, has revealed that the issue of the radicalization in the case of "Stop Djihadisme" was indeed securitized through the construction of the boundaries of "self" and "other". This leads to further question the relation between securitization and identity, not only when the threat is strictly internal or external, but hybrid as well. By highlighting the importance of the aspect of identity, the present paper suggests that it is important to reevaluate the creation of these strict boundaries in the government's communication, as they can foster the sense of isolation in the French society. The paper also proposes to pay more attention to the civil society's role in the prevention of radicalization, and to carry out research on the current non-institutional communication which could provide additional insights.

Prevention of Radicalisation in France: the Case of "Stop Djihadisme" The object of the Master's thesis is the expression of the threat of the islamic radicalization in the counter-discourse of the French government. Although terrorism is usually seen as an external threat to the security of Western European states, it is not clear whether an internal-external dichotomy is maintained in an official institutional discourse due to emergence of islamic radicalization. The aim of this Master's thesis is to analyse the campaign "Stop Djihadisme" and to find out if the threat of radicalization is depicted as internal (by using the discursive construction of the "self") or as external (by using the discursive construction of the "other"). The thesis raises the following question: how does the French government speak about security and how is the threat of islamic radicalization, both external and internal, constructed in their counter-discourse? The analysis revealed that the threat of the islamic radicalization is directly identified with the threat of terrorism and the danger of the terrorist attacks. According to the French government, the French identity is the reason why the state is the main target of the threat of jihadism and shows that the aspect of identity plays a major role in the process of the securitization of the radicalization. The responsibility of the radicalization that leads to violence in France is laid on the external terrorist organisations, especially "Daech", and their discourses which means that the threat of radicalization in France is explained as external. The French residents who chose the path of the islamic radicalization are depicted as the "other" who do not take part in the French society anymore and do not share the common Republic values. The analysis of the campaign demonstrates that the government links the jihadi propaganda to the "group effect", implying that the French residents have chosen a different identity that justifies the violence. In order to counter this group effect, the French administration proposes mobilization of the civil society, who must participate in order to prevent the radicalization. However, the campaign places a lot of importance on the repressive counter-terrorism measures. According to public surveys, these extraordinary measures that justify actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure are accepted by the public, therefore the speech act of securitization can be evaluated as successful. The thesis aims to contribute to the research on the prevention of the islamic radicalization and especially on the use of the discursive practices countering jihadi propaganda. Since the virtual presence of terrorist organisations continues to be one of the ways to maintain a link with their international audience, it is important to analyse the different forms of counter-measures in order to improve them. The results of the analysis provide valuable findings about the content of the counter-discourse which represents the official position of the French government. The analysis, for which the theoretical framework proposed by the Copenhagen School was used, has revealed that the issue of the radicalization in the case of "Stop Djihadisme" was indeed securitized through the construction of the boundaries of "self" and "other". This leads to further question the relation between securitization and identity, not only when the threat is strictly internal or external, but hybrid as well. By highlighting the importance of the aspect of identity, the present paper suggests that it is important to reevaluate the creation of these strict boundaries in the government's communication, as they can foster the sense of isolation in the French society. The paper also proposes to pay more attention to the civil society's role in the prevention of radicalization, and to carry out research on the current non-institutional communication which could provide additional insights.

Prevention of Radicalisation in France: the Case of "Stop Djihadisme" The object of the Master's thesis is the expression of the threat of the islamic radicalization in the counter-discourse of the French government. Although terrorism is usually seen as an external threat to the security of Western European states, it is not clear whether an internal-external dichotomy is maintained in an official institutional discourse due to emergence of islamic radicalization. The aim of this Master's thesis is to analyse the campaign "Stop Djihadisme" and to find out if the threat of radicalization is depicted as internal (by using the discursive construction of the "self") or as external (by using the discursive construction of the "other"). The thesis raises the following question: how does the French government speak about security and how is the threat of islamic radicalization, both external and internal, constructed in their counter-discourse? The analysis revealed that the threat of the islamic radicalization is directly identified with the threat of terrorism and the danger of the terrorist attacks. According to the French government, the French identity is the reason why the state is the main target of the threat of jihadism and shows that the aspect of identity plays a major role in the process of the securitization of the radicalization. The responsibility of the radicalization that leads to violence in France is laid on the external terrorist organisations, especially "Daech", and their discourses which means that the threat of radicalization in France is explained as external. The French residents who chose the path of the islamic radicalization are depicted as the "other" who do not take part in the French society anymore and do not share the common Republic values. The analysis of the campaign demonstrates that the government links the jihadi propaganda to the "group effect", implying that the French residents have chosen a different identity that justifies the violence. In order to counter this group effect, the French administration proposes mobilization of the civil society, who must participate in order to prevent the radicalization. However, the campaign places a lot of importance on the repressive counter-terrorism measures. According to public surveys, these extraordinary measures that justify actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure are accepted by the public, therefore the speech act of securitization can be evaluated as successful. The thesis aims to contribute to the research on the prevention of the islamic radicalization and especially on the use of the discursive practices countering jihadi propaganda. Since the virtual presence of terrorist organisations continues to be one of the ways to maintain a link with their international audience, it is important to analyse the different forms of counter-measures in order to improve them. The results of the analysis provide valuable findings about the content of the counter-discourse which represents the official position of the French government. The analysis, for which the theoretical framework proposed by the Copenhagen School was used, has revealed that the issue of the radicalization in the case of "Stop Djihadisme" was indeed securitized through the construction of the boundaries of "self" and "other". This leads to further question the relation between securitization and identity, not only when the threat is strictly internal or external, but hybrid as well. By highlighting the importance of the aspect of identity, the present paper suggests that it is important to reevaluate the creation of these strict boundaries in the government's communication, as they can foster the sense of isolation in the French society. The paper also proposes to pay more attention to the civil society's role in the prevention of radicalization, and to carry out research on the current non-institutional communication which could provide additional insights.

Prevention of Radicalisation in France: the Case of "Stop Djihadisme" The object of the Master's thesis is the expression of the threat of the islamic radicalization in the counter-discourse of the French government. Although terrorism is usually seen as an external threat to the security of Western European states, it is not clear whether an internal-external dichotomy is maintained in an official institutional discourse due to emergence of islamic radicalization. The aim of this Master's thesis is to analyse the campaign "Stop Djihadisme" and to find out if the threat of radicalization is depicted as internal (by using the discursive construction of the "self") or as external (by using the discursive construction of the "other"). The thesis raises the following question: how does the French government speak about security and how is the threat of islamic radicalization, both external and internal, constructed in their counter-discourse? The analysis revealed that the threat of the islamic radicalization is directly identified with the threat of terrorism and the danger of the terrorist attacks. According to the French government, the French identity is the reason why the state is the main target of the threat of jihadism and shows that the aspect of identity plays a major role in the process of the securitization of the radicalization. The responsibility of the radicalization that leads to violence in France is laid on the external terrorist organisations, especially "Daech", and their discourses which means that the threat of radicalization in France is explained as external. The French residents who chose the path of the islamic radicalization are depicted as the "other" who do not take part in the French society anymore and do not share the common Republic values. The analysis of the campaign demonstrates that the government links the jihadi propaganda to the "group effect", implying that the French residents have chosen a different identity that justifies the violence. In order to counter this group effect, the French administration proposes mobilization of the civil society, who must participate in order to prevent the radicalization. However, the campaign places a lot of importance on the repressive counter-terrorism measures. According to public surveys, these extraordinary measures that justify actions outside the normal bounds of political procedure are accepted by the public, therefore the speech act of securitization can be evaluated as successful. The thesis aims to contribute to the research on the prevention of the islamic radicalization and especially on the use of the discursive practices countering jihadi propaganda. Since the virtual presence of terrorist organisations continues to be one of the ways to maintain a link with their international audience, it is important to analyse the different forms of counter-measures in order to improve them. The results of the analysis provide valuable findings about the content of the counter-discourse which represents the official position of the French government. The analysis, for which the theoretical framework proposed by the Copenhagen School was used, has revealed that the issue of the radicalization in the case of "Stop Djihadisme" was indeed securitized through the construction of the boundaries of "self" and "other". This leads to further question the relation between securitization and identity, not only when the threat is strictly internal or external, but hybrid as well. By highlighting the importance of the aspect of identity, the present paper suggests that it is important to reevaluate the creation of these strict boundaries in the government's communication, as they can foster the sense of isolation in the French society. The paper also proposes to pay more attention to the civil society's role in the prevention of radicalization, and to carry out research on the current non-institutional communication which could provide additional insights.

This article focuses on the evolution of Polish minority responses to Lithuanian minority policies in the post-EU-accession period. State-minority conflicts in Lithuania have not generated violence or minority radicalization, despite continuing discontent among members of the state's Polish minority (which constitutes Lithuania's largest ethnic minority population) and the failure of the Lithuanian state to resolve the causes of discontent. Employing Smooha's concept of ethnic democracy, the article addresses this puzzle through an ethnographic exploration of the views held by members of the Polish minority about the Lithuanian state's policies of nation-building. The findings reveal a diverse set of critical perceptions among Poles in Lithuania, which emphasize the ineffectiveness of state policies in addressing minority needs. However, a shared perception of threat from Russia, generated after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, helps to sustain the regime's stability and its strategy of stalling the resolution of minority concerns.

This article focuses on the evolution of Polish minority responses to Lithuanian minority policies in the post-EU-accession period. State-minority conflicts in Lithuania have not generated violence or minority radicalization, despite continuing discontent among members of the state's Polish minority (which constitutes Lithuania's largest ethnic minority population) and the failure of the Lithuanian state to resolve the causes of discontent. Employing Smooha's concept of ethnic democracy, the article addresses this puzzle through an ethnographic exploration of the views held by members of the Polish minority about the Lithuanian state's policies of nation-building. The findings reveal a diverse set of critical perceptions among Poles in Lithuania, which emphasize the ineffectiveness of state policies in addressing minority needs. However, a shared perception of threat from Russia, generated after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, helps to sustain the regime's stability and its strategy of stalling the resolution of minority concerns.

This article focuses on the evolution of Polish minority responses to Lithuanian minority policies in the post-EU-accession period. State-minority conflicts in Lithuania have not generated violence or minority radicalization, despite continuing discontent among members of the state's Polish minority (which constitutes Lithuania's largest ethnic minority population) and the failure of the Lithuanian state to resolve the causes of discontent. Employing Smooha's concept of ethnic democracy, the article addresses this puzzle through an ethnographic exploration of the views held by members of the Polish minority about the Lithuanian state's policies of nation-building. The findings reveal a diverse set of critical perceptions among Poles in Lithuania, which emphasize the ineffectiveness of state policies in addressing minority needs. However, a shared perception of threat from Russia, generated after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, helps to sustain the regime's stability and its strategy of stalling the resolution of minority concerns.

This article focuses on the evolution of Polish minority responses to Lithuanian minority policies in the post-EU-accession period. State-minority conflicts in Lithuania have not generated violence or minority radicalization, despite continuing discontent among members of the state's Polish minority (which constitutes Lithuania's largest ethnic minority population) and the failure of the Lithuanian state to resolve the causes of discontent. Employing Smooha's concept of ethnic democracy, the article addresses this puzzle through an ethnographic exploration of the views held by members of the Polish minority about the Lithuanian state's policies of nation-building. The findings reveal a diverse set of critical perceptions among Poles in Lithuania, which emphasize the ineffectiveness of state policies in addressing minority needs. However, a shared perception of threat from Russia, generated after the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014, helps to sustain the regime's stability and its strategy of stalling the resolution of minority concerns.

Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.

Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.

Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.

Terrorism is one of the main threats of recent years, not only to national security, but also to the entire world community. This phenomenon has existed for at least a couple of multiple decades. However, in 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, which were highlighted on live television broadcasts, have revealed to many people the destructive potential of this form of violence. This event has become fatal for terrorism studies, from the sight of academics, researchers to special services, which have become the subject of global interest. At the same time, this date symbolized a new phase in the transformation of terrorism, which has prompted states, in particular the United States, to initiate a counter-terrorism campaign. Precisely, in almost few decades that terrorism and the fight against this phenomenon can be traced to a transformation of terrorist threats, the consequences of which have also been felt by EU states. Terrorist attacks pre-9/11, after 9/11, in 2004 Madrid and in 2005 London confirmed the predictions by terrorist experts that Europe is a harbinger of Jihadist terrorism and that the manifestation of attacks on the territory of the EU is a matter of time. Nevertheless, in recent years, contradictories went real following most ferocious terrorism attacks in 2015 France and in 2016 Belgium. Human resources have become the main reason for Jihadist terrorism to function in the EU. It is precisely in Europe that is seen active trends of terrorist recruitment and radicalization. The targets of these processes are the members of the Muslim communities living in Europe who have not adapted and integrated into the socio-cultural life of the EU countries. In today's context, when terrorist activities are carried out in different EU countries, they move freely within the EU and enjoy other benefits provided by the EU. The need for an effective common EU counter-terrorism policy has emerged. Noteworthy that the safeguarding of national security still remains within the competence of the Member States. At the same time, the formation and implementation of EU counter-terrorist policies is one of the most dynamic areas. It is this aspect that justifies the relevance of the EU's fight against terrorism. Knowing that, the use of adequate counter-terrorist methods can only hold back terrorism, the EU's response to the threats of Jihadist terrorism in Europe over recent years is being addressed. The object of the Master's thesis is the EU counter-terrorism policy. At the same time, a comprehensive analysis will also assess the processes and policies taking place in the European Union. The aim of the Master's thesis is to study the formation of EU counter-terrorism policies in 2001-2016, assessing the validity of the applicable counter-terrorism measures and their success. To accomplish this, the following tasks have been implemented: 1. To define the transformation of threats of Jihadist terrorism in today's world; 2. To determine what is causing the tendencies of radicalization of Muslim communities; 3. To examine the evolution of the EU's counter-terrorism policy and thus to reveal its essential aspects in order to answer the question of whether the EU's counter-terrorism policy is of a preventative nature; 4. To examine the EU's institutional counter-terrorism mechanism in assessing whether the EU's fight against terrorism has been successfully coordinated at EU level; 5. To examine the practical application of key EU counter-terrorism measures; 6. Finally assessing whether the EU counter-terrorism measurements are adequate and whether responds appropriately to the tendencies of contemporary threats of terrorism in the EU. Master's work structure reflects the sequence of tasks set. The first part briefly presents the main aspects of the transformation of terrorism and threats of Jihadist terrorism in the EU. As well analyzes the factors contributing to the radicalization of Muslim communities. The second part examines the evolution of the EU counter-terrorism policies, introduces the development of a legal framework for combating terrorism, and examines the features of the functioning of the counter-terrorism mechanism. The third part, examines the practical implementation of specific anti-terrorist measures, based on the findings of the study, highlights the evaluation in the EU's counter-terrorism policies and implementation of measures.

The article argues that universitas or Academia Europeana is, first and foremost, a category of value and not an economic, professional or political entity. Axiological structure that unites the university habitat is threefold. It consists of the three clusters of values coming from the different epochs. First, polylogue of the Middle Ages based on the principle of multicentrism and unmediated, face to face sharing of competence. Second, modern statism and scientism founded in the national monocentrism and a combination of mediated, written, and unmediated, verbal, sharing of competence. Third, modern economism and globalism supported by the national monocentrism and the instrumentation of mediated sharing of competence. It has been showed that Vilnius University possesses all three value clusters, while the idea of the millennium of Lithuania serves as an impetus to conceptually recapture the historic experiences of Vilnius University. The article shows that the three value formations of the Academia Europeana in the history of Vilnius University, which is posited as the extreme edge of the European university habitat, underwent an essential, even extreme, radicalization. It has been argued, that sustainable development of university education is unthinkable without the consonant development of all three historically formed clusters of values, the most important of which still continues to be centered around the tradition of classical polylogue – unmediated search for existential values that is carefully passed on from hands to hands and from generation to generation.

The article argues that universitas or Academia Europeana is, first and foremost, a category of value and not an economic, professional or political entity. Axiological structure that unites the university habitat is threefold. It consists of the three clusters of values coming from the different epochs. First, polylogue of the Middle Ages based on the principle of multicentrism and unmediated, face to face sharing of competence. Second, modern statism and scientism founded in the national monocentrism and a combination of mediated, written, and unmediated, verbal, sharing of competence. Third, modern economism and globalism supported by the national monocentrism and the instrumentation of mediated sharing of competence. It has been showed that Vilnius University possesses all three value clusters, while the idea of the millennium of Lithuania serves as an impetus to conceptually recapture the historic experiences of Vilnius University. The article shows that the three value formations of the Academia Europeana in the history of Vilnius University, which is posited as the extreme edge of the European university habitat, underwent an essential, even extreme, radicalization. It has been argued, that sustainable development of university education is unthinkable without the consonant development of all three historically formed clusters of values, the most important of which still continues to be centered around the tradition of classical polylogue – unmediated search for existential values that is carefully passed on from hands to hands and from generation to generation.

The article argues that universitas or Academia Europeana is, first and foremost, a category of value and not an economic, professional or political entity. Axiological structure that unites the university habitat is threefold. It consists of the three clusters of values coming from the different epochs. First, polylogue of the Middle Ages based on the principle of multicentrism and unmediated, face to face sharing of competence. Second, modern statism and scientism founded in the national monocentrism and a combination of mediated, written, and unmediated, verbal, sharing of competence. Third, modern economism and globalism supported by the national monocentrism and the instrumentation of mediated sharing of competence. It has been showed that Vilnius University possesses all three value clusters, while the idea of the millennium of Lithuania serves as an impetus to conceptually recapture the historic experiences of Vilnius University. The article shows that the three value formations of the Academia Europeana in the history of Vilnius University, which is posited as the extreme edge of the European university habitat, underwent an essential, even extreme, radicalization. It has been argued, that sustainable development of university education is unthinkable without the consonant development of all three historically formed clusters of values, the most important of which still continues to be centered around the tradition of classical polylogue – unmediated search for existential values that is carefully passed on from hands to hands and from generation to generation.