Suchergebnisse

This paper focuses on a kind of reasoning in which the members of a group with a goal of its own may engage, herein referred to as "real team reasoning." Starting with four challenging observations on what is, and is not, involved in acting together towards a group or collective goal, an account of a collective goal that accords with these observations is offered. This account appeals to a joint commitment of the parties, understood as is explained. Several virtues of the account are noted, and it is defended against a methodological objection privileging theoretical parsimony by reference in part to the need to invoke joint commitment in other contexts.

"This book presents the case for Compassionate Reasoning as a moral and psychosocial skill for the positive transformation of individuals and societies. It has been developed from a reservoir of moral philosophical, cultural, and religious wisdom traditions over the centuries. These have been derived from a careful combination of classical schools of ethical thought that are artfully combined with compassion neuroscience, contemporary approaches to conflict resolution, public health methodologies, and positive psychological approaches to social change. There is an urgent need for human civilization to invest in the broad-based cultivation of compassionate thoughts, feelings, and especially habits. This skill is then combined with moral reasoning to move the self and others toward less anger and fear, more joy and care in the pursuit of reasonable policies that build peaceful families, communities, and societies. There are many people across the planet who work every day for the sake of others but who are ensconced in exhausting work with dangerous and difficult situations of conflict. These people are often heroic bridge-builders and creators of peaceful societies, and they have a common set of cultivated moral character traits and psychosocial skills. They tend to be kinder, more reasonable, more self-controlled, and more goal-oriented to peace. They are united by a particular set of moral values and the emotional skills to put those values into practice. The aim of this book is to articulate the best combination of those values and skills that lead to personal and communal sustainability, not burnout and self-destruction. The book pivots on the observable difference in the mind-and proven in neuroscience imaging experiments-between destructive empathic distress, on the one hand, and, on the other, joyful, constructive, compassionate care. Facing existential threats to life on the planet, humans can and must make such skills universally sustainable and ingrained"--

The common law, which is made by courts, consists of rules that govern relations between individuals, such as torts (the law of private wrongs) and contracts. Legal Reasoning explains and analyzes the modes of reasoning utilized by the courts in making and applying common law rules. These modes include reasoning from binding precedents (prior cases that are binding on the deciding court); reasoning from authoritative although not binding sources, such as leading treatises; reasoning from analogy; reasoning from propositions of morality, policy, and experience; making exceptions; drawing distinctions; and overruling. The book further examines and explains the roles of logic, deduction, and good judgment in legal reasoning. With accessible prose and full descriptions of illustrative cases, this book is a valuable resource for anyone who wishes to get a hands-on grasp of legal reasoning.

The question of the evolutionary stability of team reasoning has been answered in multiple, even opposing ways. We provide a general, conceptual categorization of these existing answers along four dimensions: (1) the unit of selection, (2) the notion of fitness for team reasoners, (3) the stage of decision-making, and (4) the ludic ecology. Beyond affording a better assessment of the different modeling choices underlying the existing results, the categorization highlights important conceptual questions for the evolutionary foundations of team reasoning. We illustrate this by looking in more detail into what should count as fitness for team reasoners.

I. Introduction -- 1. Subjunctive Reasoning -- 2. The Linguistic Approach -- 3. The 'Possible Worlds' Approach -- 4. Conclusions -- Notes -- II. Four Kinds of Conditionals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Four Kinds -- 3. 'Even if' Subjunctives -- 4. 'Might Be' Conditionals -- 5. Necessitation Conditionals -- 6. Simple Subjunctives -- 7. The Axiomatization of Simple Subjunctives -- 8. Conclusions 44 -- Notes -- III. Subjunctive Generalizations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Rudiments of an Analysis -- 3. Strong Generalizations -- 4. Weak Generalizations -- 5. Conclusions -- Notes -- IV. The Basic Analysis of Subjunctive Conditionals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Analysis of M -- 3. Simple Propositions -- 4. Counter-Legal Conditionals -- 5. Subject Preference -- Notes -- V. Quantification, Modalities, and Conditionals -- 1. Referential Opacity -- 2. Transworld Identity -- 3. Kripke's Observation -- 4. Quantified Modal Logic -- 5. Conditionals -- Notes -- VI. The Full Theory -- 1. Syntax -- 2. Semantics -- 3. Infinitary Operators -- 4. The Introduction of Sets -- 5. Some Consequences of the Analysis -- Note -- VII. Causes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Ontology of Causes -- 3. Some Causal Relations -- 4. Causal Sufficiency -- 5. Remarks on the Analysis -- >6. The Logic of Causes -- Notes -- VIII. Probabilities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indefinite Probabilities -- 3. The Redefinition of M -- 4. Simple Subjunctive Probability -- Notes -- IX. Dispositions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Absolute Dispositions -- >3. Probabilistic Dispositions -- Notes -- >Index.

Ecological reasoning has been a subject of discussion for some time now. The earliest references to it dates back to 1983 when John S. Dryzek wrote his article on 'ecological rationality'.3 In this article, Dryzek discussed the problem of collective decision making and argued that 'ecological rationality' is a more fundamental form of reason than all other forms of rationality - political, economic, technical, legal and social4 - and hence should take precedence over them when making collective decisions or public policies.5 Dryzek gave the utmost importance to 'ecological rationality' because he claimed that "the preservation of the life-support systems upon which human beings depend is a precondition to the continued existence of society."6 Although, he argued that ecological reasoning should set the standard of reasoning, he didn't make it clear what ecological reasoning entails. This paper aims to explore the incurrent patterns of 'ecological reasoning' through observations of instances of reasoning by self-claimed ecological reasoners in an ethnographic research. In our in depth interviews (48 owners and managers of greentech and consultancy firms in Portugal and Turkey) some of our interlocutors, self claimed ecological reasoners, said that they need to translate their ecological reasoning into economical reasoning in order to appeal to their customers. In other words, in order to make sense, they need to frame their ecological concerns in economic terms. However, contrary to the clarity of economic reasoning, ecological reasoning manifests in a foggy terrain. What are the characteristics of reasoning pattern that make it ecological? Economic reasoning manifests itself in profit maximization, interest seeking etc. However ecological reasoning is a camelon, the colours oscillates between attributing intrinsic value to nature on the one hand; and it gains the colour of means-end rationality on the other.