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Based on Michael Rössner and Carine Trapper's studies and the memoirs and feuilletons of the Viennese coffeehouse literati, the article concisely considers the genesis of Vienna's coffeehouse literati before a German invasion in 1938. The article confines itself to the Café Griensteidl, Café Central, and Herrenhof, three major coffeehouses literati: the conditions of their setting up and closing down, literary programmes offered by regular visitors at the coffeehouses, the so-called emotional attitude of the coffeehouse, as well as the conditions under which they were generally able to exist. At the stage of the Café Griensteidl, also known as Café Megalomania, the Young Vienna movement centered on Hermann Bahr to declare naturalism in literature and art to be at an end. On the other hand, in contrast to artists the literati of the given stage who later shifted to the Café Central combined salon writing and cafe culture whereby the coffeehouse was seen as a place of writing or even "lifestyle", "emotional attitude". At the stage of the Herrenhof, attempts were made to overcome an impressionistic sense of life upheld at the Café Central, the bohemian lifestyle, decadence and dandyism, and to refuel art, politics and literature discussions originating from the café setting with a tincture of revolutionary activism and anarchism. The Herrenhof literati were interrelated by lasciviousness and the demand for opioid intoxication carried over from the Café Central and promoted by psychoanalyst Otto Gross. Critical feeling and impotence of the modern individual to apprehend the causes of the impending catastrophe constituted an essential condition for cafe culture development. Anticipation of the imminent collapse of the Habsburg monarchy was driving the literati to abundant cafés in Vienna. [.]

Based on Michael Rössner and Carine Trapper's studies and the memoirs and feuilletons of the Viennese coffeehouse literati, the article concisely considers the genesis of Vienna's coffeehouse literati before a German invasion in 1938. The article confines itself to the Café Griensteidl, Café Central, and Herrenhof, three major coffeehouses literati: the conditions of their setting up and closing down, literary programmes offered by regular visitors at the coffeehouses, the so-called emotional attitude of the coffeehouse, as well as the conditions under which they were generally able to exist. At the stage of the Café Griensteidl, also known as Café Megalomania, the Young Vienna movement centered on Hermann Bahr to declare naturalism in literature and art to be at an end. On the other hand, in contrast to artists the literati of the given stage who later shifted to the Café Central combined salon writing and cafe culture whereby the coffeehouse was seen as a place of writing or even "lifestyle", "emotional attitude". At the stage of the Herrenhof, attempts were made to overcome an impressionistic sense of life upheld at the Café Central, the bohemian lifestyle, decadence and dandyism, and to refuel art, politics and literature discussions originating from the café setting with a tincture of revolutionary activism and anarchism. The Herrenhof literati were interrelated by lasciviousness and the demand for opioid intoxication carried over from the Café Central and promoted by psychoanalyst Otto Gross. Critical feeling and impotence of the modern individual to apprehend the causes of the impending catastrophe constituted an essential condition for cafe culture development. Anticipation of the imminent collapse of the Habsburg monarchy was driving the literati to abundant cafés in Vienna. [.]

The article discusses the concept of historical culture of German historian and philosopher Jörn Rüsen (b. 1938). This discussion includes the analysis of the idea of the historical culture studies that evolved from theory of historiography or metahistory (Historik). Rüsen considered as the object of Historik paradigms of historical studies conceived as hermeneutical- circle-like structures including interests, viewpoints upon the past, methods of research, forms of representation, and functions of the practical orientation of life. Historical culture includes all phenomena of the social representation of the past, public collective memory considered as expression of the historical consciousness of society or some particular social group. The structure of historical culture is defined by the interrelated cognitive, political, and aesthetic dimensions. However, neither in his earlier concept of Historik nor in the later project of the historical culture studies Rüsen provides satisfactory solution of the problems concerning epistemological status of his universal statements about the history and its representations. Are they descriptive or normative statements? A priori or empirical statements? His idea of the historical culture studies is onesidedly oriented towards the elite historical culture at the cost of neglecting the issues related to the production, consumption, commercialization of popular historical culture and its ideological functions. The ideas of the ethics of history and that of religion of history are considered as the original and bold proposals how to extend the field of the historical culture studies.

The article discusses the concept of historical culture of German historian and philosopher Jörn Rüsen (b. 1938). This discussion includes the analysis of the idea of the historical culture studies that evolved from theory of historiography or metahistory (Historik). Rüsen considered as the object of Historik paradigms of historical studies conceived as hermeneutical- circle-like structures including interests, viewpoints upon the past, methods of research, forms of representation, and functions of the practical orientation of life. Historical culture includes all phenomena of the social representation of the past, public collective memory considered as expression of the historical consciousness of society or some particular social group. The structure of historical culture is defined by the interrelated cognitive, political, and aesthetic dimensions. However, neither in his earlier concept of Historik nor in the later project of the historical culture studies Rüsen provides satisfactory solution of the problems concerning epistemological status of his universal statements about the history and its representations. Are they descriptive or normative statements? A priori or empirical statements? His idea of the historical culture studies is onesidedly oriented towards the elite historical culture at the cost of neglecting the issues related to the production, consumption, commercialization of popular historical culture and its ideological functions. The ideas of the ethics of history and that of religion of history are considered as the original and bold proposals how to extend the field of the historical culture studies.

The article discusses the concept of historical culture of German historian and philosopher Jörn Rüsen (b. 1938). This discussion includes the analysis of the idea of the historical culture studies that evolved from theory of historiography or metahistory (Historik). Rüsen considered as the object of Historik paradigms of historical studies conceived as hermeneutical- circle-like structures including interests, viewpoints upon the past, methods of research, forms of representation, and functions of the practical orientation of life. Historical culture includes all phenomena of the social representation of the past, public collective memory considered as expression of the historical consciousness of society or some particular social group. The structure of historical culture is defined by the interrelated cognitive, political, and aesthetic dimensions. However, neither in his earlier concept of Historik nor in the later project of the historical culture studies Rüsen provides satisfactory solution of the problems concerning epistemological status of his universal statements about the history and its representations. Are they descriptive or normative statements? A priori or empirical statements? His idea of the historical culture studies is onesidedly oriented towards the elite historical culture at the cost of neglecting the issues related to the production, consumption, commercialization of popular historical culture and its ideological functions. The ideas of the ethics of history and that of religion of history are considered as the original and bold proposals how to extend the field of the historical culture studies.

The article discusses the concept of historical culture of German historian and philosopher Jörn Rüsen (b. 1938). This discussion includes the analysis of the idea of the historical culture studies that evolved from theory of historiography or metahistory (Historik). Rüsen considered as the object of Historik paradigms of historical studies conceived as hermeneutical- circle-like structures including interests, viewpoints upon the past, methods of research, forms of representation, and functions of the practical orientation of life. Historical culture includes all phenomena of the social representation of the past, public collective memory considered as expression of the historical consciousness of society or some particular social group. The structure of historical culture is defined by the interrelated cognitive, political, and aesthetic dimensions. However, neither in his earlier concept of Historik nor in the later project of the historical culture studies Rüsen provides satisfactory solution of the problems concerning epistemological status of his universal statements about the history and its representations. Are they descriptive or normative statements? A priori or empirical statements? His idea of the historical culture studies is onesidedly oriented towards the elite historical culture at the cost of neglecting the issues related to the production, consumption, commercialization of popular historical culture and its ideological functions. The ideas of the ethics of history and that of religion of history are considered as the original and bold proposals how to extend the field of the historical culture studies.

The article begins with a discussion of the transitional justice concept, which is followed by a brief overview of the developments of the study field. It notes that the classical works on transitional justice focus on the implementation of various transitional justice policies, their adaptability to specific needs of societies, emerging after a repressive rule or a violent ethnic conflict, and the possible benefits resulting from an active engagement in the past, whereas the more recent inquiries demonstrate an important empirical turn. Since the year 2000, there has been an increase in comparative studies attempting to empirically verify the effect of transitional justice mechanisms on societal transitions. This new wave of research calls into question the previous assumption regarding the ability of transitional justice mechanisms to contribute to peace and reconciliation and demonstrates that this relationship may be more complicated than initially thought. The article continues with the discussion of the main debates in the field. It covers the well-known debates on Peace vs. Justice, Truth vs. Justice, and provides an overview of the problems faced by those attempting to explore the causal relationship among the transitional justice mechanisms and societal reconciliation, democratization and peace. The methodological issues of definitions and problems with proving causality are addressed. The article concludes with recommendations for future inquiries.

The article begins with a discussion of the transitional justice concept, which is followed by a brief overview of the developments of the study field. It notes that the classical works on transitional justice focus on the implementation of various transitional justice policies, their adaptability to specific needs of societies, emerging after a repressive rule or a violent ethnic conflict, and the possible benefits resulting from an active engagement in the past, whereas the more recent inquiries demonstrate an important empirical turn. Since the year 2000, there has been an increase in comparative studies attempting to empirically verify the effect of transitional justice mechanisms on societal transitions. This new wave of research calls into question the previous assumption regarding the ability of transitional justice mechanisms to contribute to peace and reconciliation and demonstrates that this relationship may be more complicated than initially thought. The article continues with the discussion of the main debates in the field. It covers the well-known debates on Peace vs. Justice, Truth vs. Justice, and provides an overview of the problems faced by those attempting to explore the causal relationship among the transitional justice mechanisms and societal reconciliation, democratization and peace. The methodological issues of definitions and problems with proving causality are addressed. The article concludes with recommendations for future inquiries.

The article begins with a discussion of the transitional justice concept, which is followed by a brief overview of the developments of the study field. It notes that the classical works on transitional justice focus on the implementation of various transitional justice policies, their adaptability to specific needs of societies, emerging after a repressive rule or a violent ethnic conflict, and the possible benefits resulting from an active engagement in the past, whereas the more recent inquiries demonstrate an important empirical turn. Since the year 2000, there has been an increase in comparative studies attempting to empirically verify the effect of transitional justice mechanisms on societal transitions. This new wave of research calls into question the previous assumption regarding the ability of transitional justice mechanisms to contribute to peace and reconciliation and demonstrates that this relationship may be more complicated than initially thought. The article continues with the discussion of the main debates in the field. It covers the well-known debates on Peace vs. Justice, Truth vs. Justice, and provides an overview of the problems faced by those attempting to explore the causal relationship among the transitional justice mechanisms and societal reconciliation, democratization and peace. The methodological issues of definitions and problems with proving causality are addressed. The article concludes with recommendations for future inquiries.

The article begins with a discussion of the transitional justice concept, which is followed by a brief overview of the developments of the study field. It notes that the classical works on transitional justice focus on the implementation of various transitional justice policies, their adaptability to specific needs of societies, emerging after a repressive rule or a violent ethnic conflict, and the possible benefits resulting from an active engagement in the past, whereas the more recent inquiries demonstrate an important empirical turn. Since the year 2000, there has been an increase in comparative studies attempting to empirically verify the effect of transitional justice mechanisms on societal transitions. This new wave of research calls into question the previous assumption regarding the ability of transitional justice mechanisms to contribute to peace and reconciliation and demonstrates that this relationship may be more complicated than initially thought. The article continues with the discussion of the main debates in the field. It covers the well-known debates on Peace vs. Justice, Truth vs. Justice, and provides an overview of the problems faced by those attempting to explore the causal relationship among the transitional justice mechanisms and societal reconciliation, democratization and peace. The methodological issues of definitions and problems with proving causality are addressed. The article concludes with recommendations for future inquiries.

Master's thesis "Impact of the public sector institutions' on the recent migration proceses: Šiauliai region cases analysis" studies public sector's influence on the recent migration processes. In the theoretical problem analysis it is research which migration terms, forms, types, theories, emigration defining factors are distinguished by the Lithuanian and foreign authors, how are migration (emigration) processes are influencing culture, nation, economics, politics and whole nation existence development. The paper reviews Lithuanian politics actions on regulating migration and encouraging emigrants' return. Recent migration tendencies are also discussed. In research empirical part it is assessed Šiauliai city's and district's social-economical state, data used from the Statistics' department. In depth recent emigration processes reasoning analysis has been performed, which consists from questionnaire, interview and media analysis data, also it investigated public sector institutions' activity and their opportunities to compensate emigration problems. Once analysis of theoretical and practical migration (emigration) aspects is finnish, conclusions and suggestions are presented.

Master's thesis "Impact of the public sector institutions' on the recent migration proceses: Šiauliai region cases analysis" studies public sector's influence on the recent migration processes. In the theoretical problem analysis it is research which migration terms, forms, types, theories, emigration defining factors are distinguished by the Lithuanian and foreign authors, how are migration (emigration) processes are influencing culture, nation, economics, politics and whole nation existence development. The paper reviews Lithuanian politics actions on regulating migration and encouraging emigrants' return. Recent migration tendencies are also discussed. In research empirical part it is assessed Šiauliai city's and district's social-economical state, data used from the Statistics' department. In depth recent emigration processes reasoning analysis has been performed, which consists from questionnaire, interview and media analysis data, also it investigated public sector institutions' activity and their opportunities to compensate emigration problems. Once analysis of theoretical and practical migration (emigration) aspects is finnish, conclusions and suggestions are presented.

This publication provides and analyses the European Union Structural Funds impact on the disparity the Irelands and Greece, Spain and Portugal. As my assumption is that Structural Funds were not enough acceptably put to use, thus this article provides the actual results observed in an attempt to prove this supposition by explaining the major examples of Ireland's recent economic growth. The Irish experience and comparative analysis of Greece, Spain and Portugal cases is used as a model of successful use of structural funding. Despite its limitations, Ireland economic convergence is compared with the other Cohesion countries during the 1988, 1993 and 1999 reforms.

This publication provides and analyses the European Union Structural Funds impact on the disparity the Irelands and Greece, Spain and Portugal. As my assumption is that Structural Funds were not enough acceptably put to use, thus this article provides the actual results observed in an attempt to prove this supposition by explaining the major examples of Ireland's recent economic growth. The Irish experience and comparative analysis of Greece, Spain and Portugal cases is used as a model of successful use of structural funding. Despite its limitations, Ireland economic convergence is compared with the other Cohesion countries during the 1988, 1993 and 1999 reforms.

The paper examines a polemic that rose after the publishing of Vytautas Kubilius' book 20th Century Literature in 1995: the main topics, forms, and development; the positions and professional, institutional, and generation dependence of its participants, their arguments and rhetoric. The number and fervour of reviews was evidence of the importance and influence attached to Kubilius' work, but at the same time it highlighted different approaches to literature (an artistic composition or a social phenomenon performing aesthetic, social and political functions), its historic process (homogeneous or multiplex), expectations of literary studies (uncompromisingly objective or subjective, Soviet vs Western, with priorities given to aesthetics or attention to social functions). The polemic displayed a particular sensitivity to various interpretations of Lithuanian literature of the Soviet period and the problematic place of the post-Soviet critic. The paper also considers the way the history of literature written by Kubilius could be read and interpreted after a decade of its publications, especially the possibility of a different estimation of his attention to historical contexts and ideological aspects in the perspective of contemporary literary studies.