Linguistic regionalism in Eastern Europe and beyond: minority, regional and literary microlanguages
In: Studies on language and culture in Central and Eastern Europe Band 31
In: Studies on language and culture in Central and Eastern Europe Band 31
Badając, jak wzajemne postrzeganie Europy Środkowej i Rosji zmieniało się na tle złożonych relacji między Wschodem a Zachodem, artykuł czerpie z elementów teorii komunikacji i studiów międzykulturowych (C. Gullién, H. Dyserinck, D. H. Pageaux, D. Ďurišin, etc.) znanych jako imagologia. Jako obszar geograficzny kulturowych przecięć, gdzie weszły ze sobą w kontakt niesłowiański Zachód i słowiański Wschód, Europa Środkowa zawsze wyróżniała sięzmienną pozycją przejściowych centrów i peryferii ze specyficzną mieszanką grup etnicznych, kultur, religii i ideologii. Fakt, że leży ona pomiędzy dwoma tak potężnymi narodami, jak Niemcy i Rosja, wywarł fundamentalny wpływ nie tylko na polityczną, ale i estetyczną komunikację pomiędzy narodami słowiańskimi i Zachodem, który często ujmowany był za pomocą mitów, tzn. fikcjonalnych i subiektywnych obrazów służących do interpretowania rzeczywistości. Wzajemne schodzenie się i rozchodzenie Rosji i Zachodu wynikało z różnic religijnych i "rozdarcia" narodów słowiańskich (przede wszystkim Słowian zachodnich), którzy oprócz trzymania się zachodniej religii i reguł politycznych, pielęgnowali niechęć w stosunku do plemiennej wspólnoty z Rosją. Najsilniejsze więzy z Rosją demonstrowały więc małe narody słowiańskie, żyjące w imperium habsburskim, podczas gdy rosyjskie interesy w Europie skierowane były raczej na Niemcy, Francję lub Anglię, a obszar środkowoeuropejski uznano za strefęprzejściową, traktowaną przez carską Rosję lub Związek Radziecki jako siłę polityczną do prowadzenia własnej polityki względem Zachodu. W przeciwieństwie do tego stanowiska, narody środkowoeuropejskie, nie wyłączając z nich Czechów, nawiązywały relacje z Rosją jako inspirującym liderem i symbolem słowiańskiej niezależności, szczególnie w czasach kłopotów, zagrożenia narodowego i politycznej niestabilności. Ich oczekiwania opierały się na powszechnym przekonaniu, że "nieeuropejska" Rosja i jej inność zdemokratyzuje się poprzez podążanie drogąlokalnej tradycji i popieranie czeskich interesów w geopolitycznej konfrontacji z niesłowiańskim Zachodem. Jak się wydaje, relacja pomiędzy Europą Środkową i Rosją pozostanie centrum permanentnej refleksji metakrytycznej nawet na początku XXI wieku i pozostaje mieć nadzieję, że będzie to model harmonijnej współegzystencji, wzajemnego zrozumienia i szacunku. ; While examining mutual perception of Central Europe and Russia as it has changed against the background of the complex East-West relation, the paper employs the motives of the theory of communication and intercultural studies (C. Guillén, H. Dyserinck, D. H. Pageaux, D. Ďurišin, etc.) known as imagology. As a cultural crossroads and geographicalarea where the non-Slavonic West and the Slavonic East come into contact, Central Europe has always featured a changeable position of transitional centres and peripheries with the specific mingling of ethnics, cultures, religions and ideologies. The fact that it is situated between two powerful nations, such as Germany and Russia, has fundamentally influenced not only political but also aesthetical communication between the Slavonic peoples and the West, which has often been maintained through myths, i.e. fictional and subjective images to interpret the reality. The mutual converging or diverging of Russia and the West has resulted from the religious oscillation and "splitting" of Slavonic peoples (namely the West Slavs) who, despite adhering to Western religion and policies, have fostered awareness of tribal affinity with Russia. The strongest ties with Russia were thus maintained by small Slavonic nations living in the Hapsburg Empire, whereas the Russian interest in Europe was rather aimed at Germany, France or England, andCentral European area was deemed to be a zone of transition employed by Tsarist Russia or the Soviet Union as political powers to pursue their goals in the West. In contrast to it, Central European nations, the Czechs not excluding, forged ties with Russia as the inspiring leader and symbol of Slavonic independence, the more so in times of troubles, national danger and political instability. Their expectations were based on the common belief that "non-European" Russia and its otherness would become democratised through following the local tradition and supporting Czech interests in the geopolitical confrontation with the non-Slavonic West. As it seems, the relation between Central Europe and Russia will remain the focus of permanent metacritical discourse even in the early 21st century and one can only cherish hope that it will be a model of harmonious coexistence, mutual understanding and respect.
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Valentina Bagozzi: Gulag Argot as a Site of Memory in Julija Voznesenskaja's The Women's Decameron, s. 7-15 Marta Belia: An Original Perspective on Czech Translation Studies: A Comparison between the Theory of Otokar Fischer and that of Jiří Levý, s. 17-23 Sabrina Canestrella: Locus Amoenus: A Lexicon of Contrasts in Adam und Evelyn, s. 25-34 Alicja Cimała: Visual Rhetoric and Architecture, s. 35-42 Aneta Daniel: Wroclaw as the Leading Neurolinguistics Centerat the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries, s. 43-64 Maciej Dymczyk: Possible impact of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality on Media Societ, s. 65-72 Maria Diletta Giordano: Severin the Walker and his Dark Path:Declinations of the Act of Walking in Paul Leppin's Severins Gang in die Finsternis, s. 73-82 Jakub Kubś: Historical Narratives in Different Language Versions of Wikipedia, s. 83-94 Natalia Lazreg: Monomodal and Multimodal Humour as a Challenge in Audiovisual Translation: On the Example of the Polish Translation of the French Film Le Petit Nicolas (Little Nicolas), s. 95-106 Marlena Oleksiuk: North and South Korean Issues in 20th-Century Literature, s. 107-114 Ciro Porcaro: Messermänner and Parasiten: An Analysis of the Role of Metonymic and Metaphoric Patterns in Shaping "Immigrants" Stereotypes in German Political Discourse, s. 115-124 Agata Rębkowska: Négation et le non-dit. Vers le sens social de la Russie dans la presse écrite française, s. 125-135 Nataliia Romanyshyn: Artistic Conceptualization of Native Land in William Wordsworth's Poetry, s. 137-146 Anna Skibińska: The Image of Ukrainians in Press Headlines: A Case Study of Polska Times Website, s. 147-166 Kamila Sroślak: Obrazy 'Nowych Wojen' i terroru z perspektywy reportera wojennego w literaturze niemieckiej, s. 167-178 Marta Strukowska: On the Irony-Affect Interface in Political Discourse, s. 179-194 Maria Stryszewska: Przymiotniki odrzeczownikowe z podstawowymi formantami sufiksalnymi w języku macedońskim, s. 195-205 Dorota Ucherek: Piśmienne przejawy Strajku Kobiet w świetle koncepcji ...
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World Affairs Online
In: historia
In 1926, in "Myśl Narodowa", Aleksander Świętochowski wrote among others: "For almost fifty years my spirit has endured the torture of Russian censorship, suffering torments, and yet I felt less terror then than I do now." Such a comparison of the Russian censorship (foreign) to the Polish one (native), favourable to the former, was seen by many as highly controversial. Was it a valid comparison? Can foreigncensorship be judged according to diff erent criteria than the native one? Which criteriacan one apply to the very phenomenon of censorship in general? The problem of freedom of speech and censorship took up a special place in Świętochowski's literary production: as a writer, publicist, editor and publisher he had to face numerous instances of the restrictions imposed on the freedom of speech. He used to draw attention, not only to the institutional censorship but also to the informal pressure exerted by the clerical and conservative circles. Following the concepts of Jürgen Habermas and Pierre Bourdieu this articleaims to conceptualise the sphere of the freedom of speech presented in the writingsof Aleksander Świętochowski. ; Agnieszka Uziębło
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Magdalena Bator: On the Development of the English Culinary Recipe, s. 7-16 Maria Bloch-Trojnar: Linguistic Contact and the Complementation of Regular Action Nominals in Irish, s. 17-30 Anna Drogosz: Darwin's Metaphors. A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Theory of Evolution, s. 31-46 Katarzyna Klimkowska: Transition to the Translation Market as a Challenge for Translators-to-Be, s. 47-58 Konrad Klimkowski: A Language Specialist as an Entrepreneur: An Educational Perspective, s. 59-74 Paulina Królikowska: The Mechanism of Activating and Realizing the Context of the Middle East Conflict in the Israeli Political Discourse, s. 75-90 Anna Malicka-Kleparska: Czech and Polish Analytic and Synthetic Anticausatives in Generative Morpho-Syntax, s. 91-102 Jacek Mianowski: Epigraficzna pozajęzykowość, czyli czego głazy nam nie powiedzą, s. 103-110 Anna Pałczyńska: The Official Journal of the European Union and Gender Inequality, s. 111-120 Margita Petrović: The 4-M Model and Convergence in Modern Nahuatl, s. 121-134 Emil Potec: Muhammad's Night Journey to Heaven or the Initiatic Path to a Temporal and Spiritual Leadership, s. 135-140 Robert Skoczek: Adaptacja foniczna obcojęzycznych nazw własnych w języku polskim i niemieckim jako problem ortoepiczny, s. 141-156 Brygida Sobótka: Die nihilistischen Protagonisten im Roman Peace von Alexa Hennig von Lange, s. 157-166 Dora Văetuș: Lexical-Semantic Dynamics in Romanian Biblical Versions. Case Study: The "Parable of the Prodigal Son", s. 167-180 Piotr Zazula: Intimate but Not Private: Deep Image and the Telluric Sublime in W. S. Merwin's Poems, s. 181-190 ESSAYS, REVIEWS AND POLEMICS Franciszek Grucza: Akademickie akty immatrykulacji i inauguracji ze stanowiska komunikologii ogólnej, s. 191-226 ; Wrocław ; Magdalena Bator: On the Development of the English Culinary Recipe, s. 7-16 Maria Bloch-Trojnar: Linguistic Contact and the Complementation of Regular Action Nominals in Irish, s. 17-30 Anna Drogosz: Darwin's Metaphors. A Cognitive Semantics Analysis of the Theory of ...
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Beyond comparison In this article, the author takes up the issue of the so-called "crisis" of comparative literary studies (Comparative Literature), at the same time trying to outline the presentday condition of the discipline and to point to the objectives which it should attempt to attain today. Beside other detailed problems, the author analyses the threats posed by the hegemonic status of English which has become a specific 'foundational language' in Comparative Literature. However, in the principal part of his analysis, the author tries to go beyond the tendency towards 'unification and totalisation of thought,' which is present in Comparative Studies, by means of a search for 'commensurability' between the elements being compared,, and also beyond the equally popular strategy of 'divisiveness' that consists in continual emphasis on and proliferation of differences. He juxtaposes these two dominant trends with a model of conducting Comparative Literary Studies based on the concept of language of friendship or even love – an idea stemming from the philosophical thought of Lyotard and Badiou. In this approach, reading becomes an 'event of love, which, like love, is what is without and beyond compare.
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World Affairs Online
Political but Non-party In recent years, involvement has become almost the main topic of literary life; this is due largely to the fact that, firstly, there has emerged a group of authors who manifest not only their political views, but also their obligations; secondly due to the fact that some critics appeal for a "political turnaround" in literature and thirdly, due to the popularization of the thought of several world philosophers, with Jacques Rancier at the helm, who try to extract the political out of the aesthetic, and fourthly, as a consequence of the reactivation of old languages – Marxist one on the left side and conservative-identity one on the right. The resistance which these tendencies have aroused in some milieus is associated with the conviction that the discovery of the political possibilities of literature and its interpretation leads (or will lead) to its literariness, utilitarization, subordination to the languages that dominate on the public scene. The author of the article shares the above fears; he is of the opinion that literature should rather be an instrument for undermining instruments, pragmatism and sociologism by means of a language that does not belong to the territory of defined discourse; whereas the most interesting aspect of its political nature consists in its ability to resist politics.
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A characteristic feature of Polish-Russian mutual perception is binarity, manifesting itself in various discursive spaces, from colloquial stereotypes, through popular literature, to sophisticated forms of meta-historical discourse. Asian-Europeanness, Latin-Byzantism/Orthodoxy, collectivism-individualism, and authenticity-falsehood, are just some of the oppositions that organise the social imagination of Poles and Russians in the sphere of their mutual assessments and opinions. The article draws attention to the partial manifestations of such oppositions (literary discourse, postcolonial studies, etc.) in order to show their hidden, dialectical dimension. To achieve this goal, the author refers to the category of ratio and emotum, which refers to a specific current of the European philosophical tradition. Both of these binary categories are the foundation for creating an image of the Other. They also fit into self-defining strategies important for understanding Polish and Russian identity. ; A characteristic feature of Polish-Russian mutual perception is binarity, manifesting itself in various discursive spaces, from colloquial stereotypes, through popular literature, to sophisticated forms of meta-historical discourse. Asian-Europeanness, Latin-Byzantism/Orthodoxy, collectivism-individualism, and authenticity-falsehood, are just some of the oppositions that organise the social imagination of Poles and Russians in the sphere of their mutual assessments and opinions. The article draws attention to the partial manifestations of such oppositions (literary discourse, postcolonial studies, etc.) in order to show their hidden, dialectical dimension. To achieve this goal, the author refers to the category of ratio and emotum, which refers to a specific current of the European philosophical tradition. Both of these binary categories are the foundation for creating an image of the Other. They also fit into self-defining strategies important for understanding Polish and Russian identity.
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Fragile states pose a risk to regional and global security and an immense challenge to international development cooperation. The term fragile states generally refers to countries with dysfunctional, deteriorating or collapsed central authorities, as well as weak, failed, failing and collapsed states. In recent years they have attracted considerable and increased attention in the international development community, including the German development policy. Documents such as the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) strategy "Developmentoriented Transformation in Conditions of Fragile Statehood and Poor Government Performance" and the guidelines on dealings with troubled states demonstrate that the German development cooperation has tried to tailor its approaches to these circumstances. This new policy crosses ministry boundaries and sets out a framework of closely action for the German foreign ministry, the defense ministry and the ministry for economic cooperation. This paper gives a short summary of the German policy towards fragile states, portrays their limitations, efforts and strategies for the future. Key words: fragile states, development policy, development cooperation, Germany, ODA, aid
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In: Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Band 18, Heft 2, S. 255-274
The main purpose of the research was to analyze selected elements of the German discourse on historical narratives present in public space and to determine the implications for Poland thereof. German- and Polish-language monographs and studies related to the issues of historical narratives and Polish-German relations were used and the content of selected German press materials was analyzed. The author used the method of analyzing history discourse, and the source analysis of selected German-language documents was made. The autor defined the concept of historical narratives and analyzed terminology used in German historical discourse. The author pointed out the role of The Federation of Expellees (BdV) and political organizations in public discourse. The role of anniversaries and historical of the World War II in German cinema were identified. Such analysis was the basis for describing importance of this proces for Poland. The main reference point in German narratives about World War II that are present in public space is the memory of the Holocaust. At the same time, the process of consistent promotion of the memory of German victims of war continues in Germany, taking place simultaneously on many levels. In parallel, the memory of the crimes committed during World War II by the Nazi regime on Poles is in the background, which is still a serious gap in German narratives of that period and also requires the Polish side to take further action to change this situation. Germany's important instrument for promoting a positive narrative about the latest history of Germany is promoting the memory of the fall of the Berlin Wall and therefore further strengthening the image of Germany on the international stage.
In: Texte und Materialien zur Zeitgeschichte Band 9/1
""Vorwort""; ""Przedmowa""; ""AbkÃ?rzungsverzeichnis / Wykaz skrótów""; ""Ãœbersichtskarte / Mapa""; ""EinfÃ?hrung / WstÄ?p""; ""Die deutsche Minderheit in Polen (1920-1939)""; ""MniejszoÅ?Ä? niemiecka w Polsce (1920-1939)""; ""Die polnische Grenzminderheit in Deutschland 1920-1939""; ""Polska mniejszoÅ?Ä? przygraniczna w latach 1920-1939""; ""Auswahlbibliographie (Darstellungen und Quellen) / Bibliografia wybrana (opracowania i zródla)""; ""Dokumentenverzeichnis / Wykaz dokumentów""; ""Dokumente / Dokumenty""; ""A. Provinz Ostpreußen / Prowincja Prusy Wschodnie""
Przedmiotem omówienia są ankiety do Niemieckiego atlasu językowego, opracowane przez bibliotekarza pracującego w Marburgu – Georga Wenkera (1852–1911). Publikacja zawiera analizę językową tych ankiet (z 80 miejscowości) z terenu Mazur wschodnich – powiatów ełckiego, gołdapskiego, oleckiego. Choć ankiety służyły do eksploracji gwar niemieckich, to jednak udało się wskazać polskie cechy gwarowe, dzięki czemu było możliwe częściowe odtworzenie stanu gwar mazurskich w XIX wieku na terenie wysuniętym najdalej na wschód ówczesnych Prus Wschodnich. Ankiety to jedyny zbiór danych z tego czasu, dający szeroki ogląd gwar Mazur wschodnich, położonych na obszarze peryferycznym, przez długie lata znacznie oderwanym od polszczyzny ogólnej, mającym nikłe związki z polskim życiem kulturalnym i politycznym, na co dzień naznaczonym infiltracją języka niemieckiego. ; This book is devoted to the discussion of questionnaires for the German Linguistic Atlas (Deutscher Sprachatlas), designed by Georg Wenker (1852–1911), a librarian working in Marburg. The present study offers a linguistic analysis of replies to Wenker's questionnaire collected in eighty locations in eastern Mazuria – the Ełk, Gołdap and Olecko districts. Although the questionnaire had been designed to explore German dialects, it was possible to identify Polish dialectal features and to conduct a partial reconstruction of the state of Mazurian dialects of Polish in the easternmost part of the historical province of East Prussia in the nineteenth century. Wenker's survey material is a unique set of data from the period which provides a broad perspective on local dialects of eastern Mazuria, a peripheral area which had a limited contact with the general Polish language for a long time, did not have much connection with Polish cultural and political life, and was characterised by the penetration of the German language. ; Publikacja finansowana z subwencji na utrzymanie i rozwój potencjału badawczego Instytutu Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. ; This work was financed from a subvention for maintaining and developing the research potential of the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences.
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