Suchergebnisse

Paying home visits to mark social events and maintain networks is an established cultural pattern in Arab countries. Northern Sudanese displaced in Cairo in the 1990s made significant efforts to continue visiting each other in their temporary homes, despite having to travel long distances to members of their widely scattered networks. The deterioration of the legal and political status of Sudanese living in Egypt during the 1990s contributed to longer-term uncertainty for those who sought safety and security in Cairo. In this article, I argue that this long-term uncertainty constitutes a protracted refugee situation, and that Sudanese visiting practices constituted a mobile homemaking strategy that actively contributed to the negotiation of a complex ethnic identity in their protracted exile. Ranging across space and connecting people through experiences and values of Sudanese "homeyness," visiting during these fraught years connected individuals and networks into constellations that recreated familiar patterns of homemaking but also encouraged new meanings granted to homeland and belonging. Woven through the more familiar relationship between "home" and "away" were the policy positions about urban refugees taken by the Egyptian government, United Nations High Commission for Refugees, International Organization for Migration, and other humanitarian aid and resettlement agencies, which produced a state-centred view of "home" for Sudanese. ; Dans les pays Arabes, rendre une visite à domicile pour commémorer les événements de la vie sociale communautaire, ainsi que pour maintenir les réseaux, fait partie des pratiques culturelles consacrées par l'usage. Les Soudanais du nord en situation de déplacement au Caire durant les années 90 faisaient des efforts considérables pour continuer de se rendre visite dans leurs domiciles temporaires malgré la nécessité de devoir effectuer de longs trajets pour rejoindre ceux qui faisaient partie de leurs réseaux dispersés. La détérioration du statut juridique et politique des ...

International audience ; Since 2015, the so-called "migration crisis" in Europe has generated a large number of cartographic images, wrongly suggesting that the European Union is facing massive arrivals of asylum seekers. Moreover, these maps, based on aggregated data, tend to deliver a smooth and uniform image of migratory movements. These iconographies therefore ignore the vicissitudes of the journeys undertaken by people who are forced to travel along the irregular migration routes crisscrossing the Euro-Mediterranean area. These observations necessarily invite us to consider alternative modes of graphic representation, less Euro-centric, more humanizing and above all allowing us to recall the "migratory in-between" connecting the spaces of departure and settlement. This article presents a methodological protocol and graphic formalizations (itinerary maps, timelines and spatialized network diagrams) responding to these objectives. It is based therefore on qualitative data collected from a sample of Syrian refugees originating from the same locality in Syria: Deir Mqaren. The comparison of figures illustrating the different dimensions (spatial, temporal and relational) of their migratory journeys between Syria and Jordan highlights the effects of the closure of Jordanian borders on the routes taken since 2011 by Syrian exiles wishing to settle in Jordan. ; Depuis 2015, l'événement abusivement qualifié de "crise migratoire" par les sphères politiques et médiatiques européennes a engendré une importante production cartographique, suggérant à tort que l'Europe fait face à des arrivées massives de demandeurs d'asile. De surcroît, ces cartes, fondées sur des données agrégées, ont tendance à délivrer une image particulièrement lisse et uniformisante des mouvements migratoires. Ces iconographies font donc fi des vicissitudes des voyages entrepris par les personnes contraintes d'emprunter les routes euro-méditerranéennes de la migration irrégulière. Ce constat invite à envisager des modes de représentation graphique alternatifs, moins euro-centrés, plus humanisants et permettant d'évoquer l'entre-deux migratoire connectant les espaces de départ et d'installation. Cet article revient ainsi sur le processus d'élaboration d'une démarche de recherche reproductible, destinée à visualiser de manière plus sensible une partie des expériences vécues sur la route par les personnes en migration. Nous présentons pour cela le protocole méthodologique conçu afin de réunir le matériau narratif nécessaire à la création d'une combinaison de formalisations graphiques : cartes d'itinéraires, frises spatio-temporelles et diagrammes de réseaux spatialisés. Cette contribution se fonde sur des données qualitatives collectées auprès d'un échantillon de réfugiés syriens originaires d'une même localité de Syrie : Deir Mqaren. La comparaison des figures illustrant les différentes dimensions (spatiale, temporelle et relationnelle) de leurs parcours migratoires entre la Syrie et la Jordanie permet de mettre en exergue les effets de la fermeture des frontières jordaniennes sur les itinéraires empruntés, depuis 2011, par les exilés syriens désireux de s'installer sur le territoire jordanien.

Abstract
The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees assumes States to be dominant actors in the international system, important in the refugee law context as potential sources of risk and/or of protection. In the refugee definition at article 1A(2), the nationality (or absence of nationality) of the individual is a central consideration. Entitlement to protection turns in significant part upon whether an individual is 'outside the country of his nationality' and 'unable or … unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country' for relevant reason. The phrase 'the country of his nationality' is clarified later, in the second paragraph of that article 1A(2), as meaning each country of nationality, where an individual possesses more than one nationality. In contrast, an individual 'not having a nationality' is assessed by reference to inability or unwillingness, for qualifying reason, 'to return to' a country defined by past residence, not nationality – 'the country of his former habitual residence'.
This article examines the underlying significance of States to international refugee law as potential sources both of threat and of protection, and considers the article 1A(2) definition in the case of persons with a nationality, resting on the individual's position as regards 'the country of his nationality'. In doing so, it identifies particular national approaches that have treated the concept either as including countries of which an individual is not a national, but to which there is some presumed or real relationship, or as inapplicable to a State of nationality that does not provide a particular level of protection. It then considers the interpretation of the article 1A(2) definition in the case of individuals possessing multiple nationality and, in particular, whether the definition requires that a well-founded fear of persecution for relevant reason must relate directly to every country of nationality before a right to international protection arises.