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This paper analyses the important of regional investment agreements for promoting international trade in ASEAN countries. To visualize the above idea, this work will explain the roles of regional investment agreements to serve investment, trade facilitation and to protect regional investment interests. It is argued that regional investment agreements can serve as a vehicle for dialogue, coordination on and to response regional issues including regulatory harmonization, infrastructure development, and collaboration among members to facilitate investment. The paper shows how regional agreements will commit to eliminate barriers on substantially trade and investment, create positive welfare gains, the productivity and stimulus to growth in the region. This paper also analyses the effect of the establishment of an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015 to the regional investment policies. AEC aiming at transforming ASEAN into a single market and production base with a highly competitive economic region, equitable economic development, free movement of goods, services, investment, skilled labor, and freer flow of capital, will likely accelerate regional integration and cooperation in the investment sectors fully integrated into the international trade. Then, this work demonstrates the implementation of regional investment cooperation into the formal instruments/agreements of investment policy architecture promoting and protecting cross border investment among nationals of ASEAN member states, such as ASEAN Investment Guarantee Agreement (IGA), the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) and ASEAN Comprehensive Investment Agreement (ACIA). However, it is realized that the ASEAN members may resist and protest against the regional investment agreements because of conflicting their national interest. The paper proposed that the regional inv stment agreements need to be strengthened by harmonization and structural adjustment due to the member's resistance and protest. This idea may spark challenge because each member has fundamental differences on the nature and character of legal and economic systems reflecting different political systems, economic and social cultures in accordance with the philosophy of life values and national interests of each country. To overcome the challenge, this paper argues that ASEAN member countries need to unilaterally and collectively come up with structuring trade and investment policy harmonization to move ahead and reap the benefits from regional investment agreement as a common tool for contesting their interest in international trade. In addition, pre agreed flexibilities to accommodate the interests of all ASEAN countries may eliminate the problem.

This paper looks at how Indonesia contributes to the creation of a relatively peaceful and stable Southeast Asian region after the Cold War. It examines Jakarta's diplomacy in the South China Sea, and explains its implications for the making of the regional order. The argument is that Indonesia's impact on regional security has been apparent in its attention to the improvement of rule-based interaction among states in the region. However, recent developments have demonstrated that Indonesia's initiatives, formulated in the Indo-Pacific Cooperation Concept, are unsuccessful due to the lack of support from other ASEAN states. This paper shows that great powers politics in the troubled waters has hindered the advancement of Indonesian's orderdriven policy.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) as a regional cooperation association has a significant roles on harmonizing the counter terrorism effort in the Southeast Asia region. Based on primary and secondary data by using qualitative method, the purpose of this paper is to examine the harmonization of counter terrorism cooperation between ASEAN members. The research found that ASEAN has a set of counter terrorism policies that had been ratified in different times as a form of regional policies harmonization. However in terms of strategic-operational level, the ASEAN's member states has the authority to tackle terrorism issue on their own with the possibility to establish a cooperation with a non ASEAN member state. In addition, the US also has a significant role in assisting counter terrorism effort for ASEAN's states members.

Purpose: The implementation of zakat fund management especially in some zakat institutions is considered not optimum yet. This condition is represented by disparity between potential and actual collection. In Islam, the objective of zakatis not only to collect wealth and keep it idle, instead zakat should become a source of productive fund to fulfill societal needs. Some countries with advanced zakat institutions have developed zakatto become a pillar of economic development. Today, each zakat institution is competing against each other to innovate in zakat fund management. Empowerment in zakat institutions with the appropriate strategies will enhance zakat management and distribution for the betterment of zakat recipients (mustahiq) and the Muslim society at large. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is aimed to analyze optimization of management in regional zakat institution with SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) analysis approach with IFE-EFE Matrix. Descriptive qualitative analysis is used to explain optimization of fund in zakat institution. Major Findings: Findings of this research shows that zakat institution should improve their strategy by developing strength and turning threat into opportunities. Originality/Value: The study provides a guideline for regional zakat institution on how they can enhance their role and efficiency to boost the economic growth for the Islamic community in Indonesia. It may also be instrumental for the government to improve in efficiency and innovative manpower, considerable research and development in optimizing Islamic Gift Economy to enhance economic growth of the Islamic community of Indonesia.

Purpose: The implementation of zakat fund management especially in some zakat institutions is considered not optimum yet. This condition is represented by disparity between potential and actual collection. In Islam, the objective of zakat is not only to collect wealth and keep it idle, instead zakat should become a source of productive fund to fulfill societal needs. Some countries with advanced zakat institutions have developed zakat to become a pillar of economic development. Today, each zakat institution is competing against each other to innovate in zakat fund management. Empowerment in zakat institutions with the appropriate strategies will enhance zakat management and distribution for the betterment of zakat recipients (mustahiq) and the Muslim society at large. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research is aimed to analyze optimization of management in regional zakat institution with SWOT (strength, weakness, opportunity, threat) analysis approach with IFE-EFE Matrix. Descriptive qualitative analysis is used to explain optimization of fund in zakat institution. Major Findings:Findings of this research shows that zakat institution should improve their strategy by developing strength and turning threat into opportunities. Originality/Value: The study provides a guideline for regional zakat institution on how they can enhance their role and efficiency to boost the economic growth for the Islamic community in Indonesia. It may also be instrumental for the government to improve in efficiency and innovative manpower, considerable research and development in optimizing Islamic Gift Economy to enhance economic growth of the Islamic community of Indonesia.

This paper investigates the inflation convergence of 82 Indonesian cities and discusses the remarkable regional inflation programmes in Indonesia. By employing a dynamic panel regression, the paper shows that Indonesia experienced an inflation convergence from 2013 to 2018. An intriguing finding is that the cities in Java-Bali, the largest density area, experienced a slower speed of convergence than that in cities outside the Java-Bali. This paper alleges that the development of logistic transportation and the formulation of an inflation control programme, such as the Tim Pengendalian Inflasi Daerah (TPID) or Regional Inflation Controlling Team (RICT) that has just been stationed and has commenced their duties in East Indonesia, might play an essential role in the convergence. Moreover, the coordination between the central and regional governments, represented by TPID/RICT, in implementing the effective policy (i.e. prioritising development outside Java-Bali and fostering inter-region cooperation in the commodity supply chain) is effective in stabilising and reducing the inflation rate.

This article aims to analyze the function of Bapemperda in increasing the effectiveness of the formation of Regional Regulations in the Bone Bolango Regency. The Regional Regulations Formation Agency (Bapemperda) of the Bone Bolango DPRD is one of the council's equipments for forming regional regulations. The type of research used in this article is empirical normative, which combines a normative legal approach with the addition of various elements of empirical studies. The results show that the implications of political intervention sometimes affect the issues and local regulations issued and do not represent the community's interests but are dominated by political interests. Ideally, local regulations must be responsive and meet usual policy standards that at the implementation level can be used and can answer problems that develop in the community. Human resources have an essential role in an organization, such as the rapid development of information technology, globalization, and changes in the world of positions and work, and are tied to the existing system. Members of Bapemperda and local governments play a role in forming regional regulations and other policy designs. To increase the effectiveness of the formation of Regional Regulations, it is necessary to have a relationship between human resources and the objectives that apply to Bapemperda itself. The researcher then offers a prototype product called CIS-Approach, a development concept from the results of the research and data analysis of the previous authors, which is expected to be a consideration for the government in formulating regional regulatory policies. CIS-Approach indicators are: 1) human resources with the system; 2) human resources with the issue; 3) human resources with regulations.

This study considers the political aspects of the Joko Widodo government's megaproject to build an integrated marine logistic system known as the tol laut. Expanding the existing literature which gives details about the contextual obstacles faced by and the prospects for the Indonesian government to pursue its infrastructure ambitions, the study argues that notwithstanding the relevance of the tol laut for advancing the Indonesian economy, it is inevitably entangled with dynamic internal and external environments which can unfavourably distort the construction processes. This is the way of understanding the political economy of Indonesia's development issues which allows for the juxtaposition of domestic political and international relations factors as its framework of analysis. The discussion is divided into four sections. Section one explains the conceptual and methodological foundation of the study. Section two outlines the importance of the tol laut to Indonesian national economic development. Section three looks at how the current domestic political settings pose structural hurdles to Widodo's tol laut, and section four observes the effect of international relations of powerful regional actors and Jakarta's diplomatic capacity to the on-going tol laut. The concluding section summarizes the findings of the study.

In the life of having state, there are opportunities for cooperation to be carried out to achieve the goals that the country wants. Like human life that forms relationships with other humans as humans should be social beings. Some countries collaborate in one forum to clarify their goals and intentions. Likewise with ASEAN, standing as an organization of one regional region namely Southeast Asia, ASEAN will always face new challenges. The role of ASEAN is to find and prepare a solution. Sometimes, this collaboration must be extended to achieve greater goals according to what ASEAN wants. One of these collaborations is to add other countries such as China, Japan and Korea or more familiarly called ASEAN + 3. Of course, there is a program launched by this collaboration that hope will has an impact on ASEAN + 3 countries. This paper trying to discuss the actions that have been planned or carried out by ASEAN + 3 and see the extent of the effectiveness of this cooperation. ASEAN + 3 has brought wind of hope for their member countries without forgetting the fact that other impacts have caused it. Research from this paper is based on literature sources and looks at the facts as one of the ASEAN + 3 member countries. This paper concludes a number of programs planned by ASEAN + 3 and the extent to which they have been effective. In addition, this paper discusses what impacts ASEAN + 3 will have in the future.

This pandemic period is the most difficult period for local governments, especially the pandemic has been going on for almost one fiscal year. The sudden arrival of the pandemic has forced the government to do budget refocusing. This study specifically wants to describe the dynamic governance capabilities of local governments in formulating regional budget policies during the pandemic or after the Covid-19 outbreak ends, so that in the future fiscal year, agile bureaucracy will be built in the regions. Another objective of this study is to describe the fundamental problems that occur in the budget formulation process and offer guidance related to how to solve problems in the budget preparation cycle for the 2021 fiscal year. The focus of the study is on the process of making budgeting policies in the regions, not on fiscal policies. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method, with data sources entirely obtained through secondary sources, so that this study can be called a literature research. The results of this study found that within the framework of thinking a head, local governments must be able to applicate using existing budgetary flexibility and exceptional spending procedures to fund first, so that the programs and activities to be carried out can be more flexible. Another thing that was found was the accelerating revision of regional finance regulation to secure a budget for the response through. During this pandemic, local governments continue to carry out planned programs and activities, so that regional budget absorption can be achieved and the economic life of the community can continue to develop.

The number of respondents being sampled as many as 220 respondents. The description of the respondent's answer is the result of the respondent's answer to each research variable. The description of the answer will be explained based on the frequency and the results of the mean calculation of each categorized variable. In political campaigns there are two relationships that will be built, namely internal and external. Program, image of social, emotional feeling and image of candidats. The program has a significant effect on voting attitudes, these results provide support for the first hypothesis in this study. Social image has a significant effect on voting attitudes, these results provide support for the second hypothesis in this study. Emotional feelings do not have a significant effect on voting attitudes, this result is contrary to the third hypothesis in this study. The image of candidate has a significant effect on the attitude of choosing, this result provides support for the fourth hypothesis in this study. For politicians or candidates who take part in the elections so that they pay more attention to the image, especially the image of the candidate. Because voters are more interested in choosing in terms of the candidate's image. For a successful team should offer more courses menyentu on society as a voter. For the next researchers, it is expected to use a cluster sampling method so that the possibility of the population being represented in the sample is greater.