Ce texte est un rapport de fin de recherche issu de l'ACI cognitique. ; Notre projet s'intéresse aux apports de la psychologie sociale et cognitive à l'étude de la formation des croyances dans les marchés financiers. Notre action a réuni des économistes du Groupe de Recherche en Économie Mathématique et Quantitative (GREMAQ) de l'université de Toulouse-I et des psychologues des équipes de l'université de Toulouse-II issus des équipes Dynamiques Sociocognitives et Vie Politique (DSVP) et Centre de Recherche en Psychopathologie (CERPP). Nos objectifs de départ étaient les suivants : d'élaborer i) une étude expérimentale de l'opération des biais cognitifs et sociaux dans un jeu de marché financier ; et ii) une étude psychométrique des dimensions de surconfiance. Depuis nous avons élaboré deux nouveaux objectifs suite à nos expériences initiales : iii) l'étude de la relation des biais cognitifs et performance chez des courtiers professionnels ; et iv) l'étude des styles cognitifs des entrepreneurs. L'originalité de nos recherches est d'élaborer des mesures psychométriques susceptibles d'identifier quels sont les individus susceptibles de réussir dans un type de marché précis, et donc indirectement de démontrer l'opération de certains biais psychologiques et sociaux dans la prise de décisions des acteurs économiques. Notre démarche est interactionniste, dans la mesure que nous entendons définir quel biais cognitif est susceptible d'interférer dans quel marché, et de théoriser cette interaction. Par exemple, nous avons montré que la miscalibration amène les acteurs à des stratégies d'échange agressives dans un marché avec informations asymétriques où il y a le risque de la winner's curse (toute offre d'achat ou de vente acceptée par le marché doit normalement être perdante).
Objective: The objective of this study was to explore beliefs, attitudes and suggestions concerning effective interventions to promote the use of sun protection, the use of personal flotation devices (PFDs) and the avoidance of contact with water unfit for swimming. Method: Interviews were conducted with 36 users and 2 river park activity coordinators on a river in the Greater Montreal area. Results: The respondents recognized the existence of a certain number of negative beliefs and barriers associated with the adoption of safe behaviours, in particular the pointlessness and inconvenience of means of protection against the sun and the wearing of PFDs, the negligible effects of polluted water on health and the thrill of defying bans. To help change beliefs, attitudes and behaviours, the respondents suggested legislative, organizational and individual interventions. Interpretation: The data gathered during this study will help to determine intervention strategies and to set up programs promoting behavioural change among the target population.
Identifying scientism as religions secular counterpart, this collection studies contemporary contestations of the authority of science. These controversies suggest that what we are witnessing today is not an increase in the authority of science at the cost of religion, but a dual decline in the authorities of religion and science alike. This entails an erosion of the legitimacy of universally binding truth claims, be they religiously or scientifically informed. Approaching the issue from a cultural-sociological perspective and building on theories from the sociology of religion, the volume unearths the cultural mechanisms that account for the headwind faced by contemporary science. The empirical contributions highlight how the field of academic science has lost much of its former authority vis-a-vis competing social realms; how political and religious worldviews define particular research findings as favorites while dismissing others; and how much of todays distrust of science is directed against scientific institutions and academic scientists rather than against science per se. Dick Houtman is Senior Professor of Sociology of Culture and Religion at the Center for Sociological Research at the University of Leuven, Belgium, and Faculty Fellow at the Center for Cultural Sociology, Yale University, USA. Stef Aupers is Senior Professor of Media Culture at the Institute for Media Studies at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Rudi Laermans is Senior Professor of Social Theory at the Center for Sociological Research at the University of Leuven, Belgium.
The analysis of African occult belief systems provides a unique example for demonstrating that seemingly outdated and exotic African modes of thought, such as the belief in magic and witchcraft, are modern and have significant impact on social, economic and political structures. Official approaches, designed to cope with the problems of witchcraft violence in Africa, have since the advent of colonial rule, been based on eurocentric views and colonial jurisdiction, legitimised by Western social science. These answers are inadequate; in fact, they constitute part of the problem itself. African religions could provide a framework for valuable indigenous solutions to actual problems of contemporary life, including the problem of witchcraft violence. Besides this, they might, under certain conditions, provide the outside world with an inspiring new dimension of philosophic thought and emancipative action for example, within the realm of conflict resolution and reconciliation. However, even in the case of the 'domestication' of witchcraft violence, this holds only in so far as appropriate African answers can be shielded against the negative impact of globalised liberal capitalism.
"Faith occupies an important place in human lives. It can be directed towards God, friends, political systems and sports teams, and is said to help people through crises and to motivate people to achieve life goals. But what is faith? Philosophers and theologians have, for centuries, been concerned with questions about the rationality of faith, but more recently, have focused on what kind of psychological attitude faith is. The authors of this book bring together, for the first time, the different elements of this recent debate, staking out the different positions and arguments, and defending a novel 'true grit' theory of faith, from which the rationality and language of faith are addressed from a fresh perspective. The book engages with a range of questions about the nature of faith, including: Does faith require belief? Is faith motivational? What is the relationship between faith, trust and hope? Do expressions of faith aim at the truth? And, in what sense is faith resilient? The authors defend a distinctive conception of faith involving resistance to psychological, practical and epistemic challenges, from which a novel account of the psychology and epistemology of faith is developed. The treatment of the topic draws extensively on the philosophy of mind, language, and religion, and provides a map for newcomers to the philosophy of faith to this exciting field of study. A Philosophy of Faith will appeal to researchers and advanced students in philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, philosophy of language and epistemology who are interested in the topic of faith"--
Le laboratoire, le temple et le marché présente de manière cohérente une discussion sur les problèmes et les processus de développement articulée selon quatre différents systèmes de croyance religieuse : l'hindouisme, le christianisme, l'islam et la religion bahaï. Les auteurs, qui sont tous à la fois des chercheurs et des croyants, montrent comment la croyance religieuse et la foi individuelle peuvent constituer une motivation profonde et se révéler remarquablement utiles dans la poursuite d'objectifs scientifiques. Ils soulignent même la manière dont leur foi leur a apporté une profonde comp.
Antenatal care (ANC) is an activity allowing the medical care of pregnant women so as to prevent possible complications with pregnancy and birth, which may cause diseases to the extent of the death of the mother. However, that activity is irregularly carried out by pregnant women in the Ivorian urban environment, while they are subject to important stimulus affecting attitude. In view of that situation, the present study is to analyze the influence that has the level of knowledgeof antenatal care components on compliance with said components in pregnant women (analyzes of 1st trimester, prenatal visits and ultrasounds). Therefore, an indirectly administrated questionnaire was administered to a sample of one thousand three hundred and fifty two (1,352) women from seven (7) to nine (9) months of pregnancy selected on the basis of antenatal consultations statistics in seven (7) governmental general hospitals. Data were analyzed using the chi square of Pearson. It results that the discontinuity in antenatal care, perceptible through the realization of tests prescribed during the first antenatal visit, regular antenatal visits and ultrasounds checks is related to collective beliefs elaborated based upon the level of knowledge about prenatal care components.