Suchergebnisse

Article about the role of Protestantism in shaping the conditions for successful social and economic development of the state. The author compares the Orthodoxy in Russia and European Protestantism as the ideological foundation of ensuring social stability and social progress of the state.

Reception of the general sight at a condition of religious extremism in Russia is
the purpose of the given work. Authors have shown the certain reasons of occurrence
of extremism and the basic methods of its overcoming. The special attention in article
is given to one of the major, in opinion of authors, directions of preventive maintenance of extremist moods - to an integral part of the general social policy of the state
and each separate region - to social work with the polyethnic population. The chromatic methodology and idea of development of innovative model of social work of
church social services with migrants appeared rather perspective ways of counteraction to extremism. Authors pay special attention to importance of social partnership
church, state and public organizations in work on preventive maintenance of religious
extremism. Reliability of the received results is provided with conformity of the
elected methodology to object and an object of research, deep development of the big
circle philosophical, religious and social - psychological sources.

This paper deals with the dynamics of changes in relations between followers of Christianity and Islam in Egypt since the 1970s. The relevance of our research consists in the fact that the aforementioned world religions play a significant role in the formation of Egyptians' mindset and the predestination of their behavior. The novelty of the topic is associated with the attempt to speak about the problem of interfaith relations in the light of main "players' view". The list of players includes the State, the Coptic Orthodox Church, the Muslim Brotherhood Movement and other Islamic institutions under presidential control. The research is aimed at analyzing the interfaith relations in Egypt over the last fifty years in order to determine their current status. To achieve this goal, we consistently solved a number of tasks. At first, we found out prerequisites of problem's emergence, then we described interests of each group, considered their activity and made general implications. Methods: For complex study of the role of the State and religious structures, we have applied an institutional research method. A historical and a system method allowed us to comprehend a genesis of the question and show how internal and external factors affect these institutions. Results: We've made the conclusion that the main impact on interfaith relations was made by authoritarian leader who specified their evolution in a favorable way for him. The official Islamic clerics get benefits from the President and therefore do not criticize his power. The Coptic Orthodox Church also collaborates with the State under the threat of terroristic attacks. The Muslim Brotherhood Movement shows independent views, so it can condemn or support President's decisions based on their vision of the role of religion in the country. Thus, in the 21st century, the choice between Secularization and Islamization will became principal for Egypt's development.

Возросшая значимость религиозного фактора, влияющего на различные стороны общественной жизни, на сегодняшний день сделала его актуальным для научных исследований. А взаимосвязь с политической историей России поставила его в один ряд с наиболее сложными и приоритетными направлениями в конфессиональной политике государства, в том числе подвела и к переосмыслению политики России в национальных регионах. Особый интерес в данной плоскости для нас представляют вопросы, связанные с взаимоотношением официальной власти и православных организаций в поликонфессиональных регионах с преобладанием мусульманского населения, в частности в Дагестане. Отсутствие исследовательских исторических интерпретаций об истории православных организаций в переходный и постсоветский периоды делает заявленную тему актуальной для выявления и введения в научный оборот конкретного материала, который может дать регионоведение. Исходя из вышесказанного, в предлагаемой статье впервые в региональной историографии делается попытка рассмотреть трансформационные процессы в общественно-политической обстановке страны в переходный период и первое постсоветское десятилетие (1985–1997 г.) и их влияние на развитие православной религии, христианских верующих и духовенство в Дагестане.

В результате проведенного исследования авторы приходят к выводу о подспудном процессе возрождения православия в республике на фоне общего духовного кризиса в стране в переходный период истории, обусловленный продолжающейся политикой «государственного атеизма». Атеистическое мировоззрение руководящих органов зачастую влияло на процесс выстраивания взаимоотношений с религиозными организациями и характеризовалось как «двусмысленное». Религиозный ренессанс в первой половине 1990-х гг. в Дагестане имел свои локальные особенности, обусловленные ухудшением общественно-политического фона республики, и сопровождался факторами, негативно влияющими на положение православия в республике.

Вклад авторов: О.Б. Халидова – идея, обзор литературы и источников, интерпретация данных, написание статьи и внесение принципиальных изменений в текст, одобрение окончательной версии; Г.Ф. Гебеков – анализ и интерпретация данных социологического опроса, внесение принципиальных изменений в результаты опроса.

Nowadays Islam takes the stage of recovery associated with the peculiar issues associated with the Muslim society. These characteristics are expressed in the spread of ideas of Islamic fundamentalism and its supporters' confrontation with the rest of the world. This process has affected the Russian Muslims as well, the trend developed after the collapse of the Soviet Union when the post soviet muslims began to realize themselves as part of one of the Muslim Ummah, coming into conflict with the secular law of the Russian Federation. After the Soviet Union's disintegration, the radical Islamic ideas have begun to appear in Russia, in the conditions of the growth of nationalism these thoughts found a fertile ground. One of these ideas was associated with the construction of Sharia state in the Muslim autonomous republics of the Russian Federation and their subsequent withdrawal from Russian's membership. The situation for the Russian state in the Muslim republics aggravated the war in Chechnya. Through Chechnya mercenaries from Arab countries started to penetrate to the Russian territory, they also brought the money for the destabilization of the internal situation in Russia. Nevertheless, separatism did not find the mass support in neighboring regions such as Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia and Ingushetia. It is evidently that international Jihad ideas were supported financially from abroad. The issue of funding is a key part of the development of Islamic fundamentalism in Russia, the international Islamic funds and organizations gave huge financial assistance to them. At the present moment Russian authorities lead a fruitful and a successful fight against terrorism. In the future, after the completion of the antiterrorist operation in the Middle East hundreds of terrorists may return to Russia with huge experience that can threaten the security of the Russian state.

The author considers Islamism not only as a socio-political movement, but he also examines historical and civilizational features of the Near and Middle East, which contributed to the fact that it was just the place where Islamism emerged and manifests itself as a perceptible phenomenon. Historical, ideological and socio-political reasons for its appearance and widespread use in most Islamic countries are mentioned in the article. The paper regards the historical development of Islamism, the reasons for its victories in the 1970 - 1980s, and the rise of the Islamic revival. Islamism is one of the most complex social phenomena of the present time. It is a many-sided, changing and heterogeneous movement, within the framework of which a very intense ideological and political struggle takes place. The author pays attention to the deep roots and broad social support of Islamism by the population, its numerous social functions. The definition of Islamism and its main trends (moderate and radical) are given in the article. The reasons for its plurality are explained. It is shown that moderate Islamism, unlike radical one, seeks to integrate into the legal political space, and therefore can be an ally in the struggle against radical Islamism, as well as strong secular political regimes.

The article studies the basic and complicated evolution of different approaches for investigating Russian post-Soviet Islamic transformation. The authors describe the logic and dynamic of scrutinizing such kind of problems as Islamic consciousness and Muslim institutes, relationships between Islam and ethnic political develoments, forms and manifestations of Islamic fundamentalism. In an effort to identify and assess the signs of post-Soviet Islamic revival, the Russian academic community has obviously been driven to despair. Especially since the tragedy of 9/11/2001 as a source of studying Islam as an evasive object. The main goal of this paper is the methodological innovation which consists in multilayered approach. The authors argue that changes of parameters and structure of post-Soviet policy is reflected in the change of format and unities of analysis. The paper examines the character of academic discussion about different understanding of such political phenomena as politization of Islam as well as bordering Islam in terms of multi-level methodology. This methodology could be able to clarify very complicated Islamic features: socio-territorial organization, communication, and the reproduction channels. It alone will help us explain changing Islam as a social and political enigma. In this paper the authors have correctly identified the phenomenon of Muslim regionalization as a situation under which the Islamic leaders concentrate on religious development at the local level. It is not the authors' aim to discuss the forms of Islamic existence and its religious-teaching component. The authors favor the wider approach typical of political science in which there is a component of Islamic studies. This analysis has demonstrated that the multi-layered approach to Islam, which identifies its viable segments, has a considerable heuristic potential. This approach helps to understand the inner dynamics of the Islamic development as a complex social and political phenomenon. This reconfirms the old truth that the deeper the analysis goes into the past the more integral an image of reality it acquires. (author's abstract)

The research is devoted to the analysis of the landownership system of palace in Kazan district in the second half of the 16th century. The author dwells upon the features of palace village such as the granary or the Orthodox church. The church was mandatory attribute for villages with the local population professing the Orthodox religion. The next passage covers the information on the legal status of the land of the palace in the legislation and the cadasters. Further we can learn the ways of forming land of the palace in the district. The composition of the lands of palace was not permanent. Firstly, the formation of the fund land of the palace administration occurred as a result of seizures of other forms of ownership with the change of their status. Secondly, the peasant land was transferred to the category of palace. Land of the palace administration was actively transferred into the possession of the temporal and monasteries landowners. The next part contains the data on documentation of land ownership in the cadasters. The author reconstructs the composition of palace settlements in the 1560s and reviews the domains at the end of the 16th - early 17th century. In the end, overview of this type of land tenure shows an important role in the integration of multinational region in Moscow State and the economic development of the region. (author's abstract)