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In recent years, a number of political thinkers in philosophy, political theory and law have defended political theories which are deeply indebted to classical republicanism. Like classical republicans, these thinkers have claimed that a flourishing polity depends upon citizens' exercise of the civic virtues. Unlike classical republicans, some of these thinkers have defended what might be called "political republicanisms"—republicanisms which are also indebted to the methodological restraint of Rawls's political liberalism. The article argues that political republicanism suffers from a viability problem. Its list of civic virtues is too short. More worrisome, the public justifications that would be available to a political republican regime are not sufficient to motivate the development of the civic virtues. Therefore, if we are to be republicans, we should be "perfectionist republicans" instead.

Introduction : what is republicanism? -- Republican ideas in the ancient world -- Renaissance republicanism -- Early modern republicanism -- English republicanism -- Post-revolutionary English republicanism -- Republicanism during the Enlightenment -- The American Revolution -- The French Revolution -- Republicanism in the nineteenth century -- Republicanism today.

AbstractThis article criticizes radical labor republicanism on republican grounds. I show that its demand for universal workplace democracy via workers' cooperatives conflicts with republican freedom along three different dimensions: first, freedom to choose an occupation . . . and not to choose one; second, freedom within the very cooperatives that workers are to democratically govern; and, third, freedom within the newly proletarian state. In the conclusion, I ask whether these criticisms apply, at least in part, to the more modest, incrementalist strand of labor republicanism. To the extent that they do, delaboring republicanism might be the best response.

Socialist republicans advocate public ownership and control of the means of production in order to achieve the republican goal of a society without endemic domination. While civic republicanism is often attacked for its conservatism, the relatively neglected radical history of the tradition shows how a republican form of socialism provides powerful conceptual resources to critique capitalism for leaving workers and citizens dominated. This analysis supports a programme of public ownership and economic democracy intended to reduce domination in the workplace and wider society. I defend this socialist republicanism from both the Marxist objection that it overlooks the impersonal nature of domination under capitalism and the left-liberal objections that property-owning democracy or worker codetermination are sufficient to suppress dominating relationships. The resulting position identifies the need for more ambitious institutional grounds for republican liberty than is often supposed, while offering us a distinctive emancipatory justification for socialism.

A Rawlsian interpretation of citizenship that combines both liberal & republican themes is argued to provide an account of citizenship more appropriate for modern democracies than alternative interpretations, eg, that offered by communitarian critics of political liberalism. Liberal republicanism gives a convincing interpretation of the nature & value of citizenship & provides the basis for a radical political agenda. 35 References. Adapted from the source document.

In this article I defend a broadly Rawlsian interpretation of citizenship which combines both liberal and republican themes to provide an account of citizenship which is more appropriate for modern democracies than alternative interpretations, such as that offered by communitarian critics of political liberalism. Liberal republicanism, I argue, gives a convincing interpretation of the nature and value of citizenship and provides the basis for a radical political agenda.

A review essay on books by Philip Pettit, (1) The Common Mind: An Essay on Psychology, Society and Politics (Oxford: Oxford U Press, 1993); & (2) Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (Oxford: Clarendon, 1997). These volumes represent a recapitulation of the many articles & co-authored works produced by Pettit over the last 20 years. They cover the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of social science, & political philosophy, without any serious attempt to link them under one theoretical umbrella. Instead, they illustrate how philosophy is related to practical arenas of political & social life. The Common Mind presents a fairly traditional metaphysical & epistemological view of a physical world whose underlying processes realize higher-level systems with both emergent & distinct properties. Knowledge relies on the right causal relation between the knower & the world. Republicanism supports a special sense of freedom for political theory that is a prerequisite for other social values, including justice. A second theme focuses on the contrast between consequential & deontological approaches in relation to how freedom should be articulated in social institutions. Pettit's transition from social metaphysics to his social, political conceptions is examined. J. Lindroth

Introduces a collection of critical responses to Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri's Empire (2000), a text about globalization & multitude that contributes to academic interest in the global revolution against capital & on behalf of labor. Hardt & Negri's approach to politics, centered on economic production, is compared to Hannah Arendt's thought, which separates politics from economics. Hardt & Negri's postmodern republicanism, which sees the demise of boundaries, is then contrasted with Arendt's position, wherein the preservation of politics & freedom relies on such distinctions. The emancipatory potential of this breakdown in boundaries is evident in Hardt & Negri's thought on geographic changes, organizational changes in economic production, & changes in labor. While Hardt & Negri share with Arendt an idea of Foucauldian biopolitics, the former's normative conclusions for political life derived from this diverge sharply from the latter's. Three reasons are provided for why Hardt & Negri assess labor differently from Arendt: (1) Labor's value is beyond measure. (2) Labor provides the ontological basis for global democracy, for the emergence of multitude. (3) That labor is productive of life indicates its excessive value. Hardt & Negri's celebration of deterritorialization as the condition of possibility for absolute democracy, ie, the formation of the multitude, is illustrated via French Foreign Minister Dominique de Villepin's 14 Feb 2003 UN speech against the impending US invasion of Iraq. Analysis of the notion of the place (ie, the UN) from whence the political action (the speech) emanates suggests that Arendt's republicanism, which relies on the preservation of constituted forms of power, may mask authoritarianism. It is argued that Hardt & Negri wish to challenge all forms of constituted power. Some attention is then given to relating the thought of Niccolo Machiavelli & Antonio Gramsci to Hardt & Negri's work. J. Zendejas

Republicanism has recently been defended by a variety of authors as a desirable alternative to liberalism. John W. Maynor is one of these. In his recent book, he has argued that republicanism is superior to liberalism, both in that its objectives are normatively preferable and because it is not beset with the same constitutive deficiencies as liberalism. However, his argument fails because the deficiencies he identifies in liberalism only apply to one class of liberals, and many of the normative aspects of his republicanism can be found in other forms of liberalism.

Dutch republicanism represents a crucially important context within which to discuss Spinoza's political theory and his conception of politics. Spinoza and Republicanism provides an important account of his key political concepts, as well as a fresh and stimulating perspective on the links between Spinoza's two political works and contemporaneous debate and traditions. By identifying the distinctiveness of Dutch republicanism and Spinoza's contribution to it, Raia Prokhovnik also throws new light on recent discussions of republicanism and its history.