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Varied categorisations of residential distance to bluespace in population health studies make comparisons difficult. Using survey data from eighteen countries, we modelled relationships between residential distance to blue spaces (coasts, lakes, and rivers), and self-reported recreational visits to these environments at least weekly, with penalised regression splines. We observed exponential declines in visit probability with increasing distance to all three environments and demonstrated the utility of derived categorisations. These categories may be broadly applicable in future research where the assumed underlying mechanism between residential distance to a blue space and a health outcome is direct recreational contact. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 666773.

AbstractThis article brings together two Geographical Information Systems (GIS) datasets – building-level land-use data from the 1852–54 Perris Fire Insurance Atlas, and geocoded home addresses from the 1854 city directory – to explore how desirable and undesirable conditions of the built environment accounted for new dynamics of residential separation in mid-nineteenth-century New York. Using spatial analysis, it shows how early forms of residential separation were driven by the desire of elites to create secluded residential neighbourhoods. Further, although stark contrasts delineated the extremes of wealth and poverty, the city's dominant landscape was defined by in-between conditions and subtle variations in built environment and residential distance.

"Arrangements mit intensiven Kontakten zwischen Kindern und beiden Elternteilen nach einer Trennung sind deutlich häufiger geworden. Bekannt ist: Räumliche Nähe zwischen den elterlichen Wohnstandorten begünstigt eine multilokale Lebensführung, aber determiniert sie nicht. Über diesen Opportunitätsstruktureffekt hinausgehende Analysen fehlen bislang. An dieser Forschungslücke ansetzend prüft dieser Artikel einerseits die Faktoren, die eine multilokale Lebensführung fördern sowie den negativen Zusammenhang zwischen der Wohnentfernung und einer multilokalen Lebensführung schwächen. Andererseits wird gefragt, wie die Wohnentfernung die Beziehung zwischen Multilokalität und diesen Merkmalen moderiert. Bezugnehmend auf familienökonomische, ressourcentheoretische sowie zeit-geografische Überlegungen zeigen Regressionsanalysen auf Basis des DJISurvey AID:A, dass die Opportunitätsstrukturthese einen hohen Erklärungsgehalt besitzt, aber zu kurz greift. Gemeinsames Sorgerecht, eine höhere Bildung der Mutter, ein höheres Alter der Kinder bei der Trennung sowie ein junges aktuelles Alter stehen in einem stark positiven Zusammenhang mit einer multilokalen Lebensführung, geringe ökonomische Ressourcen in einem negativen. Eine Mediation ist nicht identifizierbar. Die Wohnentfernung moderiert jedoch teilweise die Bedeutung der Merkmale für Multilokalität" (Autorenreferat)

Long-distance relationships have become a popular area of study, although limited work has been published. In response to this state of scholarship, Laura Stafford summarizes literature across the social sciences on various types of long-distance relationships and extracts themes and patterns across the relational types, relating them to theory

The increasing diversity of immigrant-receiving countries calls for measures of residential segregation that extend beyond the conventional two-group approach. The authors represent simultaneously the relative social distance occupied by a wide array of ethnic groups. They use census tract tabulations for the Toronto Consolidated Metropolitan Area in 1996 and the technique of multidimensional scaling to summarize the residential neighborhood pattern of the city's largest 50 ethnic groups. From the two-dimensional multidimensional scaling configuration, the authors find that African/Caribbean groups and blacks were highly clustered and shared common patterns of segregation with other groups. This study highlights the value of looking beyond broad racial or panethnic classifications in understanding ethnic congregation and residential segregation patterns. The results also demonstrate the merits of this method in providing a more conceptually meaningful way to understand social distance among groups.

The social relationship between an individual and their residential environment is shaped by a range of housing market rules and regulations, by residential choice and by constraints. This paper elaborates on that relationship by focusing on the distance between an individual's (and his/her household) social position and the social position of the neighbourhood of residence. Through the analysis of large-scale longitudinal register data for each resident in the four largest cities of the Netherlands, we studied the relations mentioned, as well as the residential moves triggered by such relations, as well as the outcome effects on individual-neighbourhood relations in the destination neighbourhoods. We found that the larger the social distance (positive or negative) between an individual and the median social position of their residential neighbourhood, the higher the odds that the individual would move from that neighbourhood. Those individuals that moved tended to select destination neighbourhoods that reduced their social distance. Our findings offer new input for debates and policies relating to de-segregation and social mixing.

Commuting is a boundary-spanning demand that can limit employees' availability to fulfill family-related roles and routines, leading to work-to-family conflict (WFC). We argue that in cities with challenging housing markets, implications of commuting for WFC may vary by residential attributes, and that the moderating effects of residential attributes may vary by gender due to differences in the work-family interface. Analyses of survey data from individuals in the Greater Toronto Area suggest that (1) the positive association between commuting and WFC is stronger among those who are dissatisfied with their place of residence and live in more disordered neighborhoods, irrespective of gender; (2) homeownership protects against the negative impact of commuting distance on WFC—but only among men; and (3) alternatively, the positive association between commuting and WFC becomes stronger as neighborhood quality increases—but only among women. Our study underscores the importance of "compensation" by positive residential qualities in the relationship between commuting and WFC.

PurposeThis study addresses the COVID-19 infection and its relationship with the city's constructive intensity, commuting time to work and labor market dynamics during the lockdown period.Design/methodology/approachMicrodata from formal workers in Recife was used to adjust a probability model for disease contraction.FindingsThe authors' results indicate that greater distance to employment increases the probability of infection. The same applies to constructive intensity, suggesting that residences in denser areas, such as apartments in buildings, condominiums and informal settlements, elevate the chances of contracting the disease. It is also observed that formal workers with completed higher education have lower infection risks, while healthcare professionals on the frontlines of combating the disease face higher risks than others. The lockdown effectively reduced contagion by limiting people's mobility during the specified period.Research limitations/implicationsThe research shows important causal relationships, making it possible to think about public policies for the health of individuals both when commuting to work and in living conditions, aiming to control contagion by COVID-19.Practical implicationsThe lockdown effectively reduced contagion by limiting people's mobility during the specified period.Social implicationsIt is also observed that formal workers with completed higher education have lower infection risks, while healthcare professionals on the frontlines of combating the disease face higher risks than others.Originality/valueThe authors identified positive and significant relationships between these urban characteristics and increased contagion, controlling for neighborhood, individual characteristics, comorbidities, occupations and economic activities.