Suchergebnisse

Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy rozdźwięku pomiędzy liberalną retoryką a społeczno- polityczną rzeczywistością współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych. Autor twierdzi, że jakkolwiek liberalizm nadal zapewnia wiodącą perspektywę eksplanacyjną współczesne stosunki międzynarodowe są zbyt dynamiczne i skomplikowane aby można było zanalizować je wyłącznie w ramach liberalizmu, który zresztą popada w dogmatyzm. Z tego powodu, adekwatna analiza współczesnej demokracji oraz politycznych i gospodarczych aspektów współczesnych stosunków międzynarodowych jest niepełna, jeśli nie uwzględnia pewnych wniosków ze sfery realizmu, konstruktywizmu, a nawet postmodernizmu. Przykład transformacji demokratycznej w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej doskonale obrazuje tę tezę. Liberalne reformy w regionie wciąż zderzają się z rygorystycznymi poglądami wywodzącymi się z socjalistycznej przeszłości. Liberalne wartości sąpoza tym zniekształcane i błędnie pojmowane. Wyjaśnianie tych procesów wykracza daleko poza liberalizm i analiza nawet samego wschodniego poszerzenia Unii Europejskiej byłaby bardziej wyczerpująca gdyby uwzględniła pewne odniesienia do realizmu, krytyki teoretycznej czy postmodernizmu. ; This paper refers to the gap between the liberal rhetoric and the reality of contemporary international relations. It maintains that liberalism remains a leading explanatory perspective, yet contemporary international affairs are too dynamic and too complicated to analyse them within liberal perspectives alone. In addition, liberalism tends to fall into dogmatism. Thus, the adequate analysis of today's democracy, as well as the political and economic aspects of contemporary international relations becomes incomplete without a reference to some realist, constructivist and even postmodernist conclusions. The example of the East-Central European democratic transformation clearly illustrates this thesis. The liberal reforms in the region still clash with the illiberal attitudes inherited from the communist past. Additionally, liberal values are misconceived and misunderstood. The explanation of those processes reaches far beyond liberal confines, and even the analysis of the Eastern enlargement of the European Union would be more complete with some realist, critical theoretical or postmodernist remarks added to it.

Assuming the ontological understanding of rhetoric, as proposed by Ernesto Laclau, the paper explores the language of educational theories in their dimensions significant in terms of the discursive construction of societies. The tropes and rhetorical strategies identified in J.J.Rousseau's works are assumed as the point of departure for the crystallization of the modern discourse of education, here understood as an ontologically indispensable element of the political.

At present, Russian Federation shows symptoms of departure from democratization processes and civil society models. Over the last decade, Vladimir Putin's coming to power, changes in the strategy and rhetoric of internal affairs in demonstrated tendencies for increased social control, restrictions imposed on NGOs and deliberate restructuring of the third sector in line with the designs of the central authority. ; At present, Russian Federation shows symptoms of departure from democratization processes and civil society models. Over the last decade, Vladimir Putin's coming to power, changes in the strategy and rhetoric of internal affairs in demonstrated tendencies for increased social control, restrictions imposed on NGOs and deliberate restructuring of the third sector in line with the designs of the central authority.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established in 1996 as a joint response from China, Russia and the three Central Asian republics to growing threats to international security in the Central Asia region. Over the next two decades, the SCO has not only become an important guarantor of security and inter-state dialogue in the region but has also created a number of internal institutions specializing in, i.a. economic and energy cooperation. From the very beginning of its existence, China was its main patron and a strong supporter of tightening cooperation and expanding the organization to include more member states. China was also the author of the SCO rhetoric regarding the New Silk Road, which since 2013 has also become the leitmotif of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) established by China to develop economic cooperation with Asian and European countries. The main research issue of this paper is an answer to the question of how SCO has changed under the influence of the BRI. This problem will be analysed through two lenses: how has the Belt and Path Initiative influenced the direction of SCO development? And what effect does the rhetoric of the Silk Road have on international assessment of the SCO activities?

The aim of the article was to analyze the ideology of the People's Party–Our Slovakia (Ľudová strana naše Slovensko, ĽSNS), established in 2009. The first part of the text discusses the definitions of political extremism and then presents this phenomenon in Slovakia in a historical perspective. The most important categories of topics discussed by ĽSNS in election programs and party rhetoric, as well as party activity to date were analyzed in detail: the nation, anti-Roma and anti-immigration attitudes, and distance towards the West.

The ludology-narratology dispute has been dismissed and neglected by many researchers. Theorists on both sides of the conflict created theories assimilating the concepts of their opponents. However, in my opinion, Ian Bogost — a scientist not involved in the dispute — has the most interesting solution to the problem. Bogost's basic concepts — unit operations comparative criticism and procedural rhetoric theory – combine interpretations of game rules with those of narratives. The achievements of Bogost seem less known and appreciated in the Polish game studies. In this article, I will present the basic theories from Bogost's main books: Unit Operations: An Approach to Videogame Criticism and Persuasive Games: The Expressive Power of Videogames in the context of ludology versus narratology debate.

Despite the polarization of Polish politics after 2005, there are appearing offers addressed to a moderate political centre. During the parliamentary campaign 2019, elements of such an offer resonansed in the election message of the "Law and Justice" (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość) election committee as well. However, the essence of its campaign seems to be mobilizing various groups of voters by displaying the axis of political and social sharp divisions, and its moderate tones can be considered mainly as political rhetoric. The perspective of creating a moderate political centre is brought by the possible independence of "Agreement Jarosław Gowin's" (Porozumienie Jarosława Gowina). The redefinition of existing political polarization axes seems to be the way to build a political centre in Poland.

The article analyzes the functioning of pro-Russian propaganda Internet media in the Republic of Belarus, which testifies to their purposeful activities designed to promote integration narratives in the country's information space. It is concluded that the rhetoric used by Russian and pro-Russian Belarusian Internet media is essentially the same and does not differ significantly depending on the considered source of propaganda. It has been determined that the information impact is carried out using a set of identical theses, techniques and formulations that justify the commonality of history, culture and the need for the unity of the Belarusian and Russian peoples. It is noted that the actual identification of Belarusian national interests with Russian interests is used to justify the necessity and inevitability of Belarus' civilizational choice in favor of Russia.

In the study entitled "Nation as a constitutional concept" there are presented the ways of adapting the term "nation" for the legal positioning of people as a collective in the Polish constitutional acts, beginning with the first Polish Constitution of 1791, to the Republic of Poland's amended Constitution of 1997. There are analyzed the reasons of substituting the term "nation" in favour of other expressions in the constitutional act of 1935 and the reasons of the excessive use of the national rhetoric in the legal standards in the 1952 Constitution of People's Republic of Poland. Including the traditional meaning of the term "nation" for Poles and transformations of United Europe's countries character, in the article there are analyzed the relations between the term "nation", understood as citizens overall, and the definition of "society" and "civil society" including the citizens, residents of the state, independently of the citizen status. ; Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim

The purpose of this article is to analyze the "madman theory", a name coined by U.S. President Richard Nixon, in the rhetoric of russian war, especially after the events of 24th February 2022. According to the given theory, the leader cultivates the image of madness in order to lend credibility to his threats to use nuclear weapons and make his enemies think twice before they adopt any decision. With the russian invasion of Ukraine, the theory of the madman has been rediscovered and is again being used to explain the increasingly unpredictable behavior of russian President Vladimir Putin, who on February 27, 2022, ordered his defense minister and chief of general staff to initiate special combat tasks by nuclear deterrence units. This behavior by Putin is reminiscent of what has been described as the madman theory of foreign policy – giving the sense that someone is capable of anything if they cannot bring the war to an end the way they want.

Nowadays is growing importance of interdisciplinary research and in the field of cultural diversity, multiculturalism and intercultural cooperation. It is important also to take into account the global processes of changes associated with the dissemination of digital information and communication technologies. One of the theories which are essential in this area of research is the concept by E. Sapir and B.L. Whorf. The purpose of the article is to introduce into a current condition of scientific dispute concerning the views of these authors on the relationship between language and cognition. Paper is based on a critical analysis of the literature. In conclusion, the main findings and recommendations for further research were identified.

Owing to the Internet the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' is thriving. Although even today it is difficult to decide unanimously whether the Miltonian principle of the self-righting process is a theory reflected in real life, or rather a 'rhetoric myth', it is beyond any doubt that the conviction that under the conditions of free exchange of information and opinion truth is able to triumph over falsehood still intrigues people, who feel compelled to verify this conviction over and over again. How much the ideas referred to at the beginning of this text, namely the free marketplace of ideas and self-righting process, have taken possession of the imagination of a contemporary information recipient is demonstrated by the fact that they are echoed both in the academic studies devoted to the issue of freedom of speech and in introductory, journalistic or educational publications. It seems that in the future it will be the Internet that remains one of the main instruments to verify the rightness of the self-righting process. One should not doubt that it will be a never-ending process, as predicted by Milton. One can assume though that the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' will continue to exert a significant impact on the development of international standards of free speech both in Western culture and elsewhere. ; Owing to the Internet the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' is thriving. Although even today it is difficult to decide unanimously whether the Miltonian principle of the self-righting process is a theory reflected in real life, or rather a 'rhetoric myth', it is beyond any doubt that the conviction that under the conditions of free exchange of information and opinion truth is able to triumph over falsehood still intrigues people, who feel compelled to verify this conviction over and over again. How much the ideas referred to at the beginning of this text, namely the free marketplace of ideas and self-righting process, have taken possession of the imagination of a contemporary information recipient is demonstrated by the fact that they are echoed both in the academic studies devoted to the issue of freedom of speech and in introductory, journalistic or educational publications. It seems that in the future it will be the Internet that remains one of the main instruments to verify the rightness of the self-righting process. One should not doubt that it will be a never-ending process, as predicted by Milton. One can assume though that the concept of a 'free marketplace of ideas' will continue to exert a significant impact on the development of international standards of free speech both in Western culture and elsewhere.

Valentina Bagozzi: Gulag Argot as a Site of Memory in Julija Voznesenskaja's The Women's Decameron, s. 7-15 Marta Belia: An Original Perspective on Czech Translation Studies: A Comparison between the Theory of Otokar Fischer and that of Jiří Levý, s. 17-23 Sabrina Canestrella: Locus Amoenus: A Lexicon of Contrasts in Adam und Evelyn, s. 25-34 Alicja Cimała: Visual Rhetoric and Architecture, s. 35-42 Aneta Daniel: Wroclaw as the Leading Neurolinguistics Centerat the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries, s. 43-64 Maciej Dymczyk: Possible impact of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality on Media Societ, s. 65-72 Maria Diletta Giordano: Severin the Walker and his Dark Path:Declinations of the Act of Walking in Paul Leppin's Severins Gang in die Finsternis, s. 73-82 Jakub Kubś: Historical Narratives in Different Language Versions of Wikipedia, s. 83-94 Natalia Lazreg: Monomodal and Multimodal Humour as a Challenge in Audiovisual Translation: On the Example of the Polish Translation of the French Film Le Petit Nicolas (Little Nicolas), s. 95-106 Marlena Oleksiuk: North and South Korean Issues in 20th-Century Literature, s. 107-114 Ciro Porcaro: Messermänner and Parasiten: An Analysis of the Role of Metonymic and Metaphoric Patterns in Shaping "Immigrants" Stereotypes in German Political Discourse, s. 115-124 Agata Rębkowska: Négation et le non-dit. Vers le sens social de la Russie dans la presse écrite française, s. 125-135 Nataliia Romanyshyn: Artistic Conceptualization of Native Land in William Wordsworth's Poetry, s. 137-146 Anna Skibińska: The Image of Ukrainians in Press Headlines: A Case Study of Polska Times Website, s. 147-166 Kamila Sroślak: Obrazy 'Nowych Wojen' i terroru z perspektywy reportera wojennego w literaturze niemieckiej, s. 167-178 Marta Strukowska: On the Irony-Affect Interface in Political Discourse, s. 179-194 Maria Stryszewska: Przymiotniki odrzeczownikowe z podstawowymi formantami sufiksalnymi w języku macedońskim, s. 195-205 Dorota Ucherek: Piśmienne przejawy Strajku Kobiet w świetle koncepcji ...

The COVID-19 pandemic that has affected the world in 2020 and 2021 has had, is having and will have an impact on most areas of human life. This is a direct impact – such as health or economic consequences, as well as indirect – reevaluation of social relations, systems of values and culture norms. Since the fight against pandemic is in most regularly functioning countries a matter of public policy, this pandemic has a very serious impact also on the sphere of politics in general. This article aims to analyze what impact this pandemic had on the political situation in the United States in 2020. The year 2020 was a presidential election year in the United States, an election for which a significant part of the international community was waiting for mostly because of the clarity and diversity of the candidates. The aim of this paper is to answer the question to what extent the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic influenced the course of the campaign and especially the rhetoric and behavior of the candidates. It will also consider the impact going in the other direction, i.e. how and if at all, the fact that in 2020 we were dealing with the election period influenced the actions taken by the authorities at different levels in the fight against the pandemic. One of the main conclusions of the analysis is that the pandemic, given both the context of this particular election, the specific polarization of American society, and the opinions of individual electorates on important values, put Donald Trump in a particularly uncomfortable position and knocked out of his hands many of the advantages that had contributed to his victory four years earlier. The specific constellation of analyzed factors meant that, in the opinion of the author of the article, Donald Trump could not emerge victorious from this situation unlike many other leaders of countries whose ratings and evaluation in the reality of the fight against the pandemic were growing and improving. ; Pandemia COVID-19, która dotknęła świat w 2020 i 2021 r., miała, ...