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This book, the 20 Political Perspectives, allows readers to know and understanddifferent political views based on western philosophers and theorists, all of which have reflectedthoughts, beliefs, and political evolution that are in some ways similar and different. Theseelements, i.e., thoughts, beliefs, and political evolution, come from those well-known personsfrom very old times to this present period.Keywords : Thought, political perspective

This study used basic personal values to elucidate the motivational meanings of "left" and "right" political orientations in 20 representative national samples from the European Social Survey (2002–2003). It also compared the importance of personal values and sociodemographic variables as determinants of political orientation. Hypotheses drew on the different histories, prevailing culture, and socioeconomic level of three sets of countries—liberal, traditional, and postcommunist. As hypothesized, universalism and benevolence values explained a left orientation in both liberal and traditional countries and conformity and tradition values explained a right orientation; values had little explanatory power in postcommunist countries. Values predicted political orientation more strongly than sociodemographic variables in liberal countries, more weakly in postcommunist countries, and about equally in traditional countries.

It is an exciting time to consider changes in the field of comparative-historical sociology, as the discipline seeks to accommodate both old and new trends as well as the transforming spatial scales in which political power and social theory are increasingly embedded. Volume 20 of Political Power and Social Theory starts the ball rolling by showcasing articles that pursue similar themes