Suchergebnisse

This note addresses the following questions: what the relative price levels are of SR (statutory rationing in the urban areas of Bangladesh) and MR (modified rationing in the rural areas) grain when compared to market grain, and how these have changed since the mid-1970s; how relative prices affect ration offtake, whether the relative price is the only determining factor etc. (DÜI-Sen)

This book examines Mongolia's recent economic development and outlines reforms that would help the country take advantage of its many opportunities. Mongolia is rich in natural resources and, although landlocked, is well-placed to boost trade with its two giant neighbors. The country needs to diversify its economy beyond mining, enhance economic stability, and increase employment. To maximize Mongolia's potential the government can improve macroeconomic management, enhance the skill base, and provide hard and soft infrastructure to promote trade and efficient logistics. Governance and institutional reforms are also crucial. The government will need to continue to drive reforms so that they are well implemented and deliver the intended change.

ABSTRACTEthiopia's development strategy rests on the promotion of a market economy, driven by 'new entrepreneurs', both urban and rural, while, to bring it to 'maturity' and to compensate for its present 'failures', the resolute intervention of a 'developmental state' is essential. Simultaneously, the ruling party aims to sustain its political hegemony by enrolling massively among those at the top of the social pyramid, to which most of these 'new entrepreneurs' belong, so as to build its new constituency on them. In the rural areas (83% of the population), the merger of these two objectives leads to the mobilisation of the upper group of smallholder farmers, recruited both as 'model farmers' to become the engine for the growth, notably with the support of a massive public Agricultural Extension Programme, and also as members of the ruling party. However, the subordination of the regime's economic objectives to its political agenda undermines the implementation of its development strategy at the field level. This raises questions about the efficiency of the programme and the room left for entrepreneurship, even though this is a mainstay of the market economy that the regime sees as 'vital' for Ethiopia's 'survival' (Meles 2006).

Social protection is increasingly seen as an important and, to a large extent, a missing aspect of globalization. To date, there have been few cross-country assessments of social protection in developing countries. This book is the result of a research financed by Asian Development Bank's Cooperation Fund in Support of the Formulation and Implementation of National Poverty Reduction Strategies (funded by the Government of the Netherlands) and the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund (funded by the Department for International Development of the Government of the United Kingdom). The research has developed a social protection index methodology that systematically and consistently presents quantitative and qualitative information at the country level. It has also been condensed into an index of the overall level of social protection. The index is calculated for six very different Asian countries, namely, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Viet Nam.

Social protection is increasingly seen as an important and, to a large extent, a missing aspect of globalization. To date, there have been few cross-country assessments of social protection in developing countries. This book is the result of a research financed by Asian Development Bank's Cooperation Fund in Support of the Formulation and Implementation of National Poverty Reduction Strategies (funded by the Government of the Netherlands) and the Poverty Reduction Cooperation Fund (funded by the Department for International Development of the Government of the United Kingdom). The research has developed a social protection index methodology that systematically and consistently presents quantitative and qualitative information at the country level. It has also been condensed into an index of the overall level of social protection. The index is calculated for six very different Asian countries, namely, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, and Viet Nam.

With borders closed for the foreseeable future New Zealand tourism is facing a loss of substantial revenue from the lack of foreign visitors, who would usually maintain demand for tourism businesses after the end of the peak summer holidays for domestic tourists. But after the COVID-19 set-back, what will recovery look like in a world attempting to curb its emissions of greenhouse gases and global warming? New Zealand legislation now aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050, government declared a climate change emergency last year, and the Climate Change Commission (CCC) set up to design a road map for getting there has just issued its first draft report for consultation. While tourism operators may hope to get back to how things were before COVID-19 appeared, is that feasible in the current climate?

This research aims to explore the potential of domestic tourism as a means to revitalise the tourism industry from the perspectives of local residents and tourism players. A quantitative online survey focused on domestic travel behaviour, motivation, places of interest, travel preferences, and willingness to travel within Malaysia; it was answered by 219 Malaysians. Interview data were collected using structured, open-ended interview questions through emails to eight respondents from tourism associations, five from the hotel sector, and two from the travel and tour sector. Data collection was carried out from 10 January to 15 February 2021. The findings reveal that domestic tourism has the potential to revive the tourism industry. A high percentage of respondents indicated the desire to travel domestically and being motivated by attractive tour packages at discounted prices. COVID-19 has impacted tourist behaviour and attitudes towards travelling, and people prefer to travel domestically rather than overseas. Furthermore, tourism players acknowledged the potential to revive the tourism industry and business via domestic tourism. Despite this, declarations of health, safety issues, flight availability, travel restrictions, and quarantine durations are key barriers to stimulating domestic tourism and rebuilding the tourism industry.

ERIA annual report from 2019 - 2020. Discussing the research projects by ERIA in East Asia

The headwinds from the trade war between China and US is dampening export demand from Asian economies. Particularly affected is the ASEAN region. But why is Vietnam thriving when its larger and more developed neighbours are suffering from the trade war?

El desarrollo rural es quizás uno de los campos más amplios de la agroecología, que en Colombia hace referencia a la conflictividad social y armada emanada de la lucha por la tierra. Este tema ha tomado importancia al interior de la Agenda de Negociación de los diálogos de paz entre el Gobierno Nacional y las FARC-EP. Sin embargo, hace ya décadas que se vienen desarrollando y documentando experiencias alrededor del tema, algunos, de gran importancia y común a escenarios académicos y políticos, son aquellos que tienen que ver con la colonización campesina, particularmente con las Zonas de Reserva Campesina (ZRC), las cuales, consagradas en Ley 160 de 1994 son una propuesta de las comunidades campesinas como una figura de ordenamiento territorial, nacido en un contexto histórico de luchas agrarias desde mediados del siglo XIX en zonas de colonización. Hoy en día estas son el centro de debate no solo por su naturaleza, sino por los alcances que poseen en la búsqueda de la paz. ; The rural development is maybe one of the largest issues of agroecology, in Colombia it involves the social and armed conkflict emanated by the war for lands. This topic has taken importance at the interior of the negotiation agenda of the peace dialogues between the national government and the "FARC-EP". However, for decades it has been developing and documenting experiences around this topic, some of them of great importance and common to academic and politic stages, like those that deal with the peasant colonization, particularly with the peasant reserve zones "Zonas de Reserva Campesina (ZRC)", that are consigned in the law 160 of 1994 and are a proposal of the peasant communities like a figure of zoning, started in a historic context of agrarian struggles since middle of XIX century at colonization zones. Nowadays this is the center of the debate, not only by its nature but by the scope that has on the search for peace. ; Eje A6: Desarrollo Rural, Movimientos Sociales, Estado y Agroecología ; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales

Traditionally, agricultural economists employ farm level modeling for a variety of purposes. Central to these modeling techniques is the behavioral assumption of farm profit maximization, or, when risk preferences are put into play (risk aversion), utility maximization. However, there is abundant literature, from different (sub)disciplines such as farming systems research, rural sociology, rural development and rural economic geography that views farm household activities in the wider economic context (e.g. Gasson et al., 1988, Dries et al., 2011, Bessant, 2006). In such view, farm households are considered pluriactive and may distribute assets between agricultural and non-agricultural purposes to accomplish their goals. Hence, according to this view, a more realistic behavioral assumption than profit maximization at the farm level would be the optimization of farm household risk (i.e. the chance of falling below a certain threshold level of household cash flow). Focusing on farm household level risk is a natural transition from farm-level risk analysis since the largest proportion of farms in the EU are family farms and many farmers already implement risk management strategies at the household level. Although the income maximization assumption is being contested in literature (e.g. Freshwater and Jette-Nantel, 2011) and more concern is being given about the welfare and well-being of households instead of focusing on the level of income (e.g. Boisvert, 2002), to the best of our knowledge, it is very uncommon in the agricultural economics literature on risk analysis to include a measure of household risk or consider the household as the entity of interest. This paper develops a farm household simulation model that describes the potential implications of considering the optimizing of farm household level risk as a behavioral response. It starts from conceptual descriptions of operational -, financial -, farm - and farm household risk. It then models the behavior of a typical dairy farm household as one optimizing farm household risk and derives the implications of alternative risk management strategies. ; IWT

The 1970s & 1980s fertility decline in the People's Republic of China is explored to forecast a scenario for the 1990s. In 1970, most projections for 1990 forecast a population of 1.3 billion. However, this figure proved too high due to China's successful population control measures. A broad view of the sustained fertility decline is needed that can encompass more than the conventional theories of birth planning, modernization, & community change. Here, the larger socioeconomic & sociopolitical realities of fertility policies are analyzed in relation to China's transition to socialism in the 1950s. Both explicit fertility policies ("later-longer-fewer" & "one-child") & implicit policies (economic & political) which altered the economics of childbearing & the politics of fertility decision making, interacted to create the fertility decline. It is predicted that fertility in the 1990s will be shaped by policy developments regarding birth planning & the rural economy. 1 Figure. C. Grindle

The Pacific is a region of great diversity but it is also a region of common problems and issues. Each country has unique characteristics, so country partnership strategies are prepared for each DMC. However, despite their diff erences, similarities in culture, traditions, history, and geography mean that they face many common development challenges as well as opportunities for cooperation and coordination. An ADB study of the case for further regionalism supported the formulation of the Pacifi c Plan.1 A signifi cant common feature is that most Pacifi c DMCs exhibit fragile situations.2 ADB's approach to assisting the Pacifi c (Th e Pacifi c Approach) addresses these common challenges and opportunities, and seeks to identify where and how regional approaches and common guidelines can be used to improve the eff ectiveness of development assistance. Th e Pacifi c Approach addresses broad, strategic concerns.