The purpose of this paper is to examine the issue of illegal logging and how it is defined. The focus is on Russia and the driving forces behind illegal logging in the region. The paper covers the impacts of illegal operations, the different methods of illegal logging, as well as the current actions undertaken by the Russian government to address the issue. ; Forestry, Faculty of ; Unreviewed ; Undergraduate
The article considered and analyzed the practice of the European court of human rights against Russia. Was revealed problems of realization of citizen's rights and juridical person, causes of emergence and ways to improve a legislation and law enforcement practice of the Russian Federation.
Some aspects оf criminal policy related to the number of detainees and persons convicted to imprisonment have been disclosed in the paper. The repressiveness's increase of the Russian Federation Criminal code, which was adopted in 1996 has been discussed. The author has concluded that there is a necessity in reducing of the number of detainees and persons convicted to imprisonment in the Russia Federation. The negative consequences of detention and serving a sentence in jail have been emphasized. Courts' work on the application of a preventive measures in the form of detention have been analyzed. The shortcomings of the Russian Federation of criminal-procedural legislation have been pointed out. The author pays attention on the extension of detention periods. It is concluded that there is necessity in strengthening of the court power. It is proposed to develop specialization of judges. The suggestion about introducing of the position of penitentiary judge has been supported. The decisions of European Court of Human Rights are provided. The suggestions for improvement of some federal laws are made. It is proposed to adopt a law about probation.
Defence date: 20 September 2018 ; Examining Board: Hanspeter Kriesi, European University Institute (Supervisor); Vladimir Gelman, European University at Saint Petersburg; Anton Hemerijck, European University Institute; John Ora Reuter, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee ; Why do incumbents in electoral authoritarian regimes retain power? This study seeks to answer this fundamental question by linking electoral fraud and sincere voting for the incumbent with incumbent's distributive politics and, accordingly, by looking at the puzzle of authoritarian survival from two perspectives. An elite-oriented incumbent's strategy suggests that, unlike democracies, where distributive politics is primarily targeted at voters, authoritarian incumbents inevitably have to deliver benefits to political elites in order to secure their loyalty, which is eventually converted into electoral fraud, repression of the opposition forces, persecution of the media, refraining from challenging the incumbent, and other authoritarian policy outcomes. A mass-oriented incumbent's strategy implies that, if electoral competition is not meaningless, authoritarian incumbents also have to deliver benefits to the general public in order to secure genuine mass support, which eventually results in sincere voting for the incumbent. This argument is tested on cross-regional data from Russia as a prominent case of persistent electoral authoritarianism. The analysis begins with a poorly studied but an immanent element of any kind of authoritarianism – electoral fraud perpetrated by political elites and their local agents. Having developed a novel measure of electoral fraud forensics based on quintile regression, I demonstrate that electoral fraud in the Russian 2000–2012 presidential elections played a typical role for electoral authoritarianism: it was neither outcome-changing as it occurs in closed authoritarian regimes nor intrinsically sporadic as in electoral democracies, but it was widespread and hardly avoidable by the incumbent. The study then dwells on examination of the federal transfers to regional budgets as a type of public and formally legal yet politically motivated distribution. Not only were the central transfers allocated to the regions according to the principle of electoral allegiance to the federal incumbent presidents, but it also appears that, as authoritarian regime was consolidating over time, the larger amount of transfer funds was allocated to the bureaucracy (as part of the regime's elite clientele) in order to secure its loyalty. The loyalty of regional elites, in its turn, was eventually converted into distinct authoritarian policy outcomes, including electoral fraud and persecution of the media. This resulted in a general bias of the electoral playing field and, thereby, contributed to sustaining the authoritarian equilibrium. By contrast, the analysis finds no evidence that the politicized transfers influenced sincere voting for the incumbent. These mixed findings indicate that popular support under electoral authoritarianism is still puzzling and calls for further examination, whereas securing loyalty of political elites via delivering them clientelist benefits is crucial for regime survival in personalist electoral dictatorships.
"July 11, 2002." ; Shipping list no.: 2002-0258-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations." ; At head of title: 107th Congress, 2d session. Senate. ; Mode of access: Internet.
"February 25, 1999." ; Shipping list no.: 99-0174-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Referred to the Committee on Resources." ; Mode of access: Internet.
Purpose: The aim of this article is to examine changes in consumer behavior and marketing decision making for brands during the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic in Russia. Another goal was on identifying the response strategy of brands in the Russian market and analyzing the set of communication decisions taken by the state before the introduction of the restrictions and the closure of several infrastructure facilities. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research design includes various methods, content analysis of secondary sources, online survey, conducting in-depth interviews, case study, observation. Findings: Companies that actively demonstrate and implement the fundamental principles of CSR are able to integrate more smoothly into the emerging market type. An essential task for the state during the period of active virus spread is to provide reliable information to citizens using specialized services, mobile applications and hotlines that provide access to new and verified by regulatory authorities information. Practical implications: The results can be used by brands in the aspect of forming a marketing strategy in the short and long term, as well as by government bodies to create a set of measures for communication interaction with citizens in an emergency. Originality/Value: Covid-19 and the establishment of quarantine steps on the daily lifestyle of people and their consumer behaviour in the context of several product categories were considered. The behaviour of companies and brands adapting to new strategies of communication with consumers has been analyzed. Research hypotheses have been formulated, questionnaires and interviews were conducted with representatives of different age categories. Based on their responses, a statistical summary was provided, and conclusions were drawn. ; peer-reviewed
The article deals with the legal aspects of obtaining medical care by employees of internal Affairs, shows the problems of medical care for patients in this category, both in medical organizations of the Ministry of internal Affairs, and in third-party medical institutions.The possibilities of a compromise approach in providing medical care to the Ministry of internal Affairs on a contractual basis between medical organizations of the Ministry of internal Affairs and third-party medical organizations are presented. ; В статье рассматриваются правовые аспекты получения медицинской помощи сотрудниками внутренних дел, показаны проблемы медицинского обеспечения пациентов данной категории, как в медицинских организациях системы МВД, так и в сторонних медицинских учреждениях. Представлены возможности компромиссного подхода в обеспечении медицинской помощью сотрудников МВД на договорной основе между медицинскими организациями системы МВД и сторонними медицинскими организациями.
"June 20, 2002 . referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations." ; At head of title: 107th Congress, 2d session. Senate. ; Cover title. ; Mode of access: Internet.
"June 20, 2002." ; Shipping list no.: 2002-0252-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Star print." ; "Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations." ; At head of title: 107th Congress, 2d session. Senate. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Maize is one of the principal crops, which supplies food safety of the Russian Federation. The strategic goal to substitute import of maize seeds in the country has been put. The further increase of maize production is planned due to the increase of its productivity, which is going to be achieved by using highly productive maize hybrids and by cultivating them with the economically feasible adaptive to landscape technologies. The domestic maize hybrids developed by the researchers do not concede to foreign analogues in productivity and they are better adapted to the various soil-climatic conditions of the country and can be sown in the North-Caucasus, Southern, Central and Pre-Volzhie Federal Areas and in other regions of the European part of Russia. At present 86 000 ton of maize seeds (56% of which are of domestic selection) are sown annually in Russia. To increase the production of the crop up to 25 mln ton till 2020 it's necessary to increase domestic production more than twice. In the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria we produce maize hybrid seeds of all types of maturity due to its weather-climatic conditions. Annually we produce 15-18 000 ton of maize hybrids that is 20% of the total demand of seed market. They are supplied to 31 regions of the country and to the Republic of Belarus. Kabardino-Balkaria possesses a potential to increase maize seed production. The maize seed production in the republic is going to be increased up to 32 000 ton till 2020, that will supply about 30% of cultivated areas of the Russian Federation with the seeds. The further increase of grain production is an important governmental goal and its fulfillment depends on the assurance of food safety in the North-Caucasus region and in the Russian Federation on the whole. ; Одной из основных зерновых культур, обеспечивающих продовольственную безопасность Российской Федерации, является кукуруза. Поставлена стратегическая задача по импортозамещению семенного материала кукурузы в стране. Дальнейшее увеличение производства кукурузы планируется за счёт повышения ее урожайности, что будет достигнуто при условии внедрения в производство высокопродуктивных гибридов кукурузы и возделывания их по экономически оправданным, адаптивно-ландшафтным технологиям. Созданные учёными-селекционерами гибриды кукурузы отечественной селекции не уступают зарубежным аналогам по урожайности и лучше приспособленный к различным почвенно-климатическим условиям нашей страны, что и позволяет значительно расширить посевы кукурузы в Северо-Кавказском, Южном, Центральном и Приволжском Федеральных округах, а также и других районах европейской части России. В настоящее время в России в год высевается 86 тыс. тонн семян, из которых 56% отечественной селекции. Для обеспечения прироста производства данной культуры до намеченных к 2020 году 25 млн. тонн необходимо увеличение собственного производства семян более чем два раза. В Кабардино-Балкарской республике, в силу ее природно-климатических условий, производятся семена гибридов кукурузы всех групп спелости. Ежегодно мы производим 15-18 тыс. тонн семян гибридов кукурузы, что составляет 20% от общей потребности рынка семян. Они поставляются в 31 субъект нашей страны, что также республику Беларусь. Кабардино-Балкария обладает резервом увеличения производства семян кукурузы. Производство семян кукурузы в республике планируется увеличить на перспективу до 32 тыс. тонн к 2020, что обеспечит потребности в семенах до 30 % посевных площадей Российской Федерации. Дальнейшее повышение производства зерна является важной государственной задачей, от реализации которой зависит обеспечение продовольственной безопасности Северо-Кавказского региона и Российской Федерации в целом.
"February 10, 2000." ; Shipping list no.: 2000-0170-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations." ; At head of title: 106th Congress, 2d session. Senate. ; Mode of access: Internet.
Text of treaty: p. 263-265. ; Shipping list no.: 2003-0055-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; "Printed for the use of the Committee on Foreign Relations." ; Mode of access: Internet.
The Russia Federation is global actor in applying strict policies against the Ukraine. In pursuing the state's political goals from Moscow, the escalation of military operations in 2014 defined the way the state behaves. Through a combination of military and non-military operations, Russia is now slowly regaining its power through the annexation of the Crimea. The effectiveness of this method is used to determine Russia's contemporary warfare strategy. It thus explains how Russia's foreign policy and defense policy from 2000 to 2013 has dependence on Ukraine's strategic environment on Russia, and Russia's national interest in Ukraine. The main focus of this paper is on the achievement of Russia's political objectives in its military operation in Ukraine and analysis on Russia's national security components that significantly influence the interaction of this asymmetric conflict. BAHASA INDONESIA ABSTRAK: Federasi Rusia merupakan aktor global yang menerapkan kebijakan tegas terhadap Ukraina. Guna mencapai tujuan politik nasional Rusia yang dikendalikan dari Moskwa, melalui operasi militer di tahun 2014, didefinisikan bagaimana negara tersebut berperilaku. Melalui kombinasi operasi militer dan non-militer, Rusia secara perlahan memperoleh kekuasaan melalui aneksasi Krimea. Efektivitas metoda ini dipergunakan untuk menentukan strategi perang Rusia saat ini. Dengan demikian menjelaskan bagaimana kebijakan luar negeri dan kebijakan pertahanan Rusia dari tahun 2000 hingga 2013 yang memiliki ketergantungan pada lingkungan strategis Ukraina terhadap Rusia, dan kepentingan nasional Rusia pada Ukraina. Fokus utama penelitian ini adalah pencapaian tujuan politik Rusia dalam operasi militer yang dilaksanakan di Ukraina dan menganalisa komponen keamanan nasional Rusia yang signifikan mempengaruhi interaksi konflik asimetrik.
The Russian political system remains subject to sudden radical change--this has been the basic logic of its political history since 1985. Only by understanding the processes and logics of that recent history of change can one understand the present and the (possibly radically different) future. In December 1991 Boris Yeltsin, president of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (the USSR's largest republic, known as RSFSR), joined Stanislav Shushkevich of Belarus and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine in dissolving the Soviet Union and replacing it with the ill-defined Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The RSFSR was transformed into the Russian Federation, and the process of political transformation and state building was under way, and it continues apace.
