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In the article basing on major L. Karsavin works the development of philosophical, religious, historical attitudes of this famous scientist beginning with early period of his creation and finishing with works of the 4th decade of the 20th century are covered. Although recently the research of this very worthy culture historian and philosopher who was born in Russia, worked in European and Lithuanian universities has become more numerous, there is still shortage of systemic research of his attitudes. Meanwhile his works are topical for nowadays, as in them both significant historical events are evaluated and the future landmarks are drawn. The interest of L. Karsavin in Medieval Western Europe spiritual culture, at the same time Solovyov unity philosophy impact has determined the pecularity of his attitudes. In his early works he still remains in the frame of positivism, although he has already formulated for the sciencee of history new concepts and creates new methodology which he successfully applies in works on the culture of medieval Italy and France, later he dissociates from positivist paradigm and is justly considered the originator of anthropologic direction in history science. There are interesting insights about ambivalent meaning rendered by L. Karsavin to religious foundation are. In the narrow sense of meaning it is the collection of written sources reflecting the life of epoch of interestmiddle estate, but in the broad sense it covers all aspect of historical existence – both religious and social-economic and political; and what is more, the very its hypothetic researcher appears in this religious foundation. In other words he must wind up in the epoch he investigates, penetrate into its spirit. On the basis of little known L. Karsavin article texts his attitude to Russian revolution which the scientist experienced hardly and which essentially changed his own life is discussed.[.].

The German EU presidency is confronted with a number of challenges in the first half of 2007: first, there is the quest for a solution to the constitutional crisis; second, there is the need to make strategic decisions in a number of important EU-policy fields; & third, Europe must find the ways & means to cope with international crises in Africa & the Near & Middle East. Also, there are still unresolved problems in Europe's backyard, the Western Balkans, where the most challenging task will be conducting a civilian ESDP mission in Kosovo as the successor to the UNMIK. One of the difficulties is that a number of important EU member states have become weak players on the European stage because of domestic problems, upcoming general elections or difficulties in forming a government. It is against this backdrop that many hopes rest on Germany, which is seen at present as the central actor in shaping European politics. The German presidency will have to explore the lines of consensus on the constitutional issue & deal with the question of a common European energy policy, which has moved to a top priority on the EU's agenda due to the most recent Russia-Belarus gas & oil dispute. One approach for securing European energy demands would be making the energy issue a part of the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP), the reorientation of which is already on the European agenda as it is. Should the German government also be able to beef up the European economic & social policy & strengthen cooperation among member states in justice & home affairs on issues such as terrorism, trans-national crime & migration -- issues where European citizens have deep concerns & high expectations towards the EU -- the presidency could achieve a real success in advancing European integration. Adapted from the source document.

This graduation work emphasis competitiveness issues and perspectives of Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises. Research object - Lithuanian furniture industry companies competitiveness. Research aim is to analyze Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises competitiveness, discover main forces at which are based competitive factors, find possibilities to sustain and develop new competitive factors and possibilities. Work is divided in three main parts. In the first part is given analysis of development theoretical conception of competitiveness from the Smith theories of absolute competitive advantages of countries till the later theories. Analyzed macroeconomics factors influence for industry competitiveness. Section ends with M.Porter model of five competitive forces and his further development. In the second part is analyzed Lithuanian furniture industry current situation and statistics, it's main development trends, studied strengths and weaknesses (SWOT analysis). Also is given analysis of European Union and world furniture situation. In the third part is presented methodology and results of performed survey, the main obstacles influencing development and sustaining of competitive forces, which are best known by furniture industry enterprises representatives. Main result of this research is established main factors on which Lithuanian furniture industry competitiveness is based. As for today main competitive factor is low production costs, however this factor is changing because of rising wages, shortage of working people, rising prices of local raw materials and energetic resources. Only fraction of enterprises are producing original design or other way differentiated furniture. As research shows, main possibilities for sustaining present competitive advantages is coherent with ability to increase work efficiency, acquiring of new, high productivity technologies and equipment. Rising furniture industry in China and Russia forces to perform such changes as fast as possible. Because Lithuanian furniture industry is oriented to export it is very important to reduce such competitive force as buyers influence by finding new markets in developed countries and reducing sales concentration.

This graduation work emphasis competitiveness issues and perspectives of Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises. Research object - Lithuanian furniture industry companies competitiveness. Research aim is to analyze Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises competitiveness, discover main forces at which are based competitive factors, find possibilities to sustain and develop new competitive factors and possibilities. Work is divided in three main parts. In the first part is given analysis of development theoretical conception of competitiveness from the Smith theories of absolute competitive advantages of countries till the later theories. Analyzed macroeconomics factors influence for industry competitiveness. Section ends with M.Porter model of five competitive forces and his further development. In the second part is analyzed Lithuanian furniture industry current situation and statistics, it's main development trends, studied strengths and weaknesses (SWOT analysis). Also is given analysis of European Union and world furniture situation. In the third part is presented methodology and results of performed survey, the main obstacles influencing development and sustaining of competitive forces, which are best known by furniture industry enterprises representatives. Main result of this research is established main factors on which Lithuanian furniture industry competitiveness is based. As for today main competitive factor is low production costs, however this factor is changing because of rising wages, shortage of working people, rising prices of local raw materials and energetic resources. Only fraction of enterprises are producing original design or other way differentiated furniture. As research shows, main possibilities for sustaining present competitive advantages is coherent with ability to increase work efficiency, acquiring of new, high productivity technologies and equipment. Rising furniture industry in China and Russia forces to perform such changes as fast as possible. Because Lithuanian furniture industry is oriented to export it is very important to reduce such competitive force as buyers influence by finding new markets in developed countries and reducing sales concentration.

This graduation work emphasis competitiveness issues and perspectives of Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises. Research object - Lithuanian furniture industry companies competitiveness. Research aim is to analyze Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises competitiveness, discover main forces at which are based competitive factors, find possibilities to sustain and develop new competitive factors and possibilities. Work is divided in three main parts. In the first part is given analysis of development theoretical conception of competitiveness from the Smith theories of absolute competitive advantages of countries till the later theories. Analyzed macroeconomics factors influence for industry competitiveness. Section ends with M.Porter model of five competitive forces and his further development. In the second part is analyzed Lithuanian furniture industry current situation and statistics, it's main development trends, studied strengths and weaknesses (SWOT analysis). Also is given analysis of European Union and world furniture situation. In the third part is presented methodology and results of performed survey, the main obstacles influencing development and sustaining of competitive forces, which are best known by furniture industry enterprises representatives. Main result of this research is established main factors on which Lithuanian furniture industry competitiveness is based. As for today main competitive factor is low production costs, however this factor is changing because of rising wages, shortage of working people, rising prices of local raw materials and energetic resources. Only fraction of enterprises are producing original design or other way differentiated furniture. As research shows, main possibilities for sustaining present competitive advantages is coherent with ability to increase work efficiency, acquiring of new, high productivity technologies and equipment. Rising furniture industry in China and Russia forces to perform such changes as fast as possible. Because Lithuanian furniture industry is oriented to export it is very important to reduce such competitive force as buyers influence by finding new markets in developed countries and reducing sales concentration.

This graduation work emphasis competitiveness issues and perspectives of Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises. Research object - Lithuanian furniture industry companies competitiveness. Research aim is to analyze Lithuanian furniture industry enterprises competitiveness, discover main forces at which are based competitive factors, find possibilities to sustain and develop new competitive factors and possibilities. Work is divided in three main parts. In the first part is given analysis of development theoretical conception of competitiveness from the Smith theories of absolute competitive advantages of countries till the later theories. Analyzed macroeconomics factors influence for industry competitiveness. Section ends with M.Porter model of five competitive forces and his further development. In the second part is analyzed Lithuanian furniture industry current situation and statistics, it's main development trends, studied strengths and weaknesses (SWOT analysis). Also is given analysis of European Union and world furniture situation. In the third part is presented methodology and results of performed survey, the main obstacles influencing development and sustaining of competitive forces, which are best known by furniture industry enterprises representatives. Main result of this research is established main factors on which Lithuanian furniture industry competitiveness is based. As for today main competitive factor is low production costs, however this factor is changing because of rising wages, shortage of working people, rising prices of local raw materials and energetic resources. Only fraction of enterprises are producing original design or other way differentiated furniture. As research shows, main possibilities for sustaining present competitive advantages is coherent with ability to increase work efficiency, acquiring of new, high productivity technologies and equipment. Rising furniture industry in China and Russia forces to perform such changes as fast as possible. Because Lithuanian furniture industry is oriented to export it is very important to reduce such competitive force as buyers influence by finding new markets in developed countries and reducing sales concentration.

Little research has been carried out in the sphere of the relations between a pharmaceutical career and family in the historiography of pharmacy history. A peculiar influence of family on the choice of the pharmaceutical way of life came into existence in the period of Lithuanian national revival at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. This article aims to reveal the relations between a Lithuanian family and pharmaceutical career, to analyze the influence of political, social, economic factors on these relations. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th the resistance of Lithuanian peasants against Russification, Polonification manifested in their objective to form Lithuanian intelligentsia. Priestly seminaries became the major centre for preparing new Lithuanian intelligentsia. It was prestigious to become a priest. Moreover, this profession guaranteed material wealth. Young people often left the seminary and started their work in pharmacies where they got a shelter and small 5 rubles earning of a pharmacy apprentice. Such runaways from parents settled in the university cities of czarist Russia and had a purpose to become self-dependent (i.e. to get education) without parents' support. The choice of a woman-pharmacist career, however, was greatly influenced by the profession of her husband. Some educated Lithuanian pharmacists encouraged their wives to choose the same specialty as theirs but such occasions were rare. Sometimes it happened so that pharmacists married, but there were only few Lithuanian women-pharmacists or assistants of pharmacists, and in the period of Lithuanian national revival the point of view on ethnically mixed families was negative. This article discusses about the career of women-pharmacists and the influence of family on the choice of a profession, as well as Lithuanian point of view on ethnically mixed families of pharmacists.

Little research has been carried out in the sphere of the relations between a pharmaceutical career and family in the historiography of pharmacy history. A peculiar influence of family on the choice of the pharmaceutical way of life came into existence in the period of Lithuanian national revival at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. This article aims to reveal the relations between a Lithuanian family and pharmaceutical career, to analyze the influence of political, social, economic factors on these relations. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th the resistance of Lithuanian peasants against Russification, Polonification manifested in their objective to form Lithuanian intelligentsia. Priestly seminaries became the major centre for preparing new Lithuanian intelligentsia. It was prestigious to become a priest. Moreover, this profession guaranteed material wealth. Young people often left the seminary and started their work in pharmacies where they got a shelter and small 5 rubles earning of a pharmacy apprentice. Such runaways from parents settled in the university cities of czarist Russia and had a purpose to become self-dependent (i.e. to get education) without parents' support. The choice of a woman-pharmacist career, however, was greatly influenced by the profession of her husband. Some educated Lithuanian pharmacists encouraged their wives to choose the same specialty as theirs but such occasions were rare. Sometimes it happened so that pharmacists married, but there were only few Lithuanian women-pharmacists or assistants of pharmacists, and in the period of Lithuanian national revival the point of view on ethnically mixed families was negative. This article discusses about the career of women-pharmacists and the influence of family on the choice of a profession, as well as Lithuanian point of view on ethnically mixed families of pharmacists.

Wirkung der weltweiten Wirtschaftsflaute in den MOEL begrenzt Die Abschwächung der Weltkonjunktur, die sich im IV. Quartal 2001 verschärfte, hinterließ auch in den MOEL deutliche Spuren. Die Wachstumsdämpfung blieb allerdings mäßig, die Region erscheint gegenüber dem externen Konjunkturschock relativ widerstandsfähig. In den einzelnen Ländern hatten neben äußeren Einflüssen spezifische interne Entwicklungen großen Einfluß auf das Wirtschaftswachstum. Die Inflation ist weiterhin höher als in den westlichen Industrieländern, hat aber in den meisten Ländern der Region sinkende Tendenz. Die Arbeitslosenquote hat sich auf relative hohem Niveau stabilisiert. Der Außenhandel ist, sieht man von wichtigen Ausnahmen ab, strukturell defizitär. In allen Ländern der Region erscheint das marktwirtschaftliche System fest etabliert. Gleichzeitig besteht, wenn auch in sehr unterschiedlichem Maße, bezüglich der technologischen und institutionellen Ausstattung ein Entwicklungsrückstand. ; Reprint from: WIFO-Monatsberichte, Vol. 75, No. 5, May 2002 ; In all European transition economies discussed in this article, the GDP grew in both 2000 and 2001. The only exception was Macedonia in 2001, due to a serious political crisis. In those countries that in the past decade experienced an extremely severe economic setback - Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine and Yugoslavia - the growth rate jumped to between 5 and 10 per cent at least in one of these two years. In 2002, almost all countries will be unable to achieve a growth rate similar tot that reported in 2000-01. The world-wide slowdown of economic growth, and especially the growth deceleration in Germany and other EU countries, has shown a direct impact on the export performance of transition countries exports grew only insignificantly in the last months of 2001, and the same was true for industrial output. GDP growth was low in the first quarter of 2002, however is likely to intensify in the course of the year as well as in 2003. The inflation rate has become one-digit in most of the countries; a trend towards nominal appreciation emerged in some of the leading countries. A more rapid introduction of the euro is likely to become a hot topic in the course of EU accession. Austria is making a comfortable surplus in its trade with the Central European transition countries, and especially with Hungary, Croatia, and Slovenia. Hungary is also Austria's major business partner in the region.

This dissertation is concerned with the European security politics since the end of World War II. It concentrates on the security situation and the changes being pursued within a European political context. In particular, it analyses the evolution of the present security environment and evaluates the changing security architecture. The formation of a political structure for security within the EU is also given special attention. For a better understanding of the security challenges, the work commences with a review of the European security situation post - 1945, which is closely connected with the efforts to achieve European unity. In addition the military alliances of east and west are shortly presented and evaluated as are the various security agreements ranging from the Pact of Dunkirk and the Warsaw Treaty to the establishment of the OSCE. The assertion that continuity of political power is only possible on the basis of an efficient economic system is affirmed by a review of economic organizations during the Cold War. A presentation and evaluation of the security-political environment, that is still shaped by political instability and ethnic conflict in some part of Europe, is followed by an extensive discussion about the newly emerging terrorist threat and its impact on European security. The development of the European Political Cooperation (EPC) and its appearance in the Maastricht Treaty in form of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) indicates the intention of the EU-members to increase cooperation. With its entry into the European Security and Defense Policy (ESDP) agreement, the EU actively influences security arrangements that were so far governed by NATO and OSCE. The establishment of the "Rapid Reaction Force" and the provision of non-military forces until 2003 take the current security situation into account. The role of the reactivated West European Union and its subsequent integration of her functions into the EU are then discussed in detail. The position of the USA and Russia within ...

Die amerikanisch-russische Rüstungskontrollarchitektur durchlebt eine schwere Krise. Allerdings hat die Erosion rüstungskontrollpolitischer Instrumente schon vor dem Ende des INF-Vertrags am 2. August 2019 eingesetzt. New START, das letzte russisch-amerikanische Vertragswerk zur Redu­zierung strategischer Kernwaffen, droht am 5. Februar 2021 auszulaufen, wenn sich die Vertragspartner bis dahin nicht auf eine Verlängerung einigen. Fiele New START weg, stände einer neuen Welle nuklearer Auf­rüstung rechtlich nichts mehr im Wege. Die russische Führung ist bestrebt, den New-START-Vertrag zu verlängern. Damit will sie eine strategische Balance zwischen den USA und Russland aufrechterhalten. Vor allem geht es ihr darum, den Fortbestand der russi­schen Zweitschlagkapazität zu sichern. Zugleich dienen Rüstungskontroll­gespräche als implizite Anerkennung eines russischen "Großmachtstatus". Die russische Selbstdarstellung als Bewahrer bestehender Rüstungs­kontrollverträge wird durch neue nichtstrategische Waffensysteme verkompliziert. Mit ihnen will Russland demonstrieren, dass es nach wie vor eine mögliche erweiterte US-Raketenabwehr überwinden kann. Die Entfremdung zwischen Russland und westlichen Staaten hat sich seit 2014 beschleunigt und beeinträchtigt auch die Rüstungskontrolle. Eine Folge sind Ansätze rüstungstechnologischer Kooperation Russlands mit China. Deutschland sollte sich weiterhin für die Verlängerung von New START und die Wiederaufnahme strategischer Gespräche mit Russland enga­gieren. Sie sind Voraussetzung für ein Folgeabkommen, das den Begriff "strategische Stabilität" erweitern und dabei sowohl nukleare Drittstaaten als auch neue technologische Möglichkeiten einbeziehen müsste. (Autorenreferat)

25 Jahre Mauerfall und zehn Jahre EU-Osterweiterung - diese politisch bedeutsamen Ereignisse haben auch die historische Osteuropaforschung grundlegend verändert. Wie sehr die Beiträger_innen des Bandes infolgedessen durch die Etablierung der Historischen Kulturwissenschaften, die Öffnung vorher verschlossener Archive und nicht zuletzt vorher ungekannter Reisefreiheiten profitiert haben, zeigen ihre Stadtgeschichten: Auf der Basis kulturhistorischer Fragestellungen etwa zur Musealisierung und Monumentalisierung, zur Repräsentativität oder zur Multikulturalität im osteuropäischen urbanen Raum geben sie Einblicke in die Geschichte von Metropolen wie Prag, Baku, Moskau oder St. Petersburg und regionalen Zentren wie Lemberg oder Irkutsk.

'Der Gasstreit vom Januar 2009 löste die bisher größte Gasversorgungskrise in Europa aus und bedeutet eine echte Zäsur im trilateralen Verhältnis Russlands, der Ukraine und der EU. Es ist offenkundig geworden, dass die regelmäßige Konfrontation zwischen Russland und der Ukraine tiefere, strukturelle Ursachen hat, die die Sicherheit auf Europas wichtigster Transitroute gefährden. Auch wenn sich beide Staaten im Januar 2009 auf ein neues Gasabkommen geeinigt haben, sind damit die Konflikte alles andere als gelöst. Die fortwährende politische und wirtschaftliche Krise in der Ukraine ist eng mit den Problemen im Energiesektor verwoben. Das europäisch-russische Verhältnis wiederum ist geprägt von latenter Konkurrenz. Russland wie die EU haben ein strategisches Interesse am ukrainischen Energiemarkt und seiner künftigen Ausrichtung. Die schwelenden Konflikte stellen Deutschland und die EU vor energie-, aber vor allem auch vor außenpolitische Herausforderungen, deren Dringlichkeit mit geographischen und infrastrukturellen Gegebenheiten verbunden ist: Die EU ist der weltgrößte Nettoimporteur von Gas, Russland der größte Gasproduzent und -exporteur sowie das Land mit den größten Reserven. Die Ukraine ist mit Abstand das wichtigste Transitland für Europa. Daran wird sich in absehbarer Zeit auch nichts ändern. Die Gasimporte aus dem Osten sind steter Testfall und Menetekel für die gemeinsame europäische Energiepolitik. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt sich die Frage, welche Lehren und Konsequenzen die deutsche und die europäische Politik aus dem Geschehen ziehen können.' (Autorenreferat)

'Mit seiner 'strategischen' Entscheidung für eine Westorientierung hat Putin einen großen Schritt vorwärts unternommen. Moskau hat den Vorstellungen Washingtons entsprochen, ein 'neues strategisches Verhältnis' vertraglich zu regeln. Seine Beziehungen zur Nato haben sich normalisiert und sind im neuen Nato-Russland-Rat institutionell verankert worden. Moskau hat der Ausdehnung des Partnerschafts- und Kooperationsabkommens zwischen EU und Russland auf die neuen EU-Beitrittsländer zugestimmt und das Kyoto-Protokoll ratifiziert. Und es arbeitet mit Washington bei der Bekämpfung internationaler terroristischer Netzwerke und bei der Verhinderung einer Weiterverbreitung von Nuklearwaffen und ihren Trägersystemen zusammen. Wie aber die Gipfelkonferenz von Bush und Putin in Bratislava im Februar 2005 und die Entwicklung der Beziehungen zur EU unterstrichen haben, ist das Verhältnis zwischen Russland und dem Westen heute wieder von wechselseitigen Irritationen und Frustrationen gekennzeichnet. Auf Pressekonferenzen nach Gesprächen westlicher Regierungschefs mit Präsident Putin, wie beispielsweise auf dem Vierergipfel in Paris im März 2005, werden zwar weiterhin Bekenntnisse zu persönlicher Freundschaft abgegeben und Fortschritte bei der Festigung 'strategischer Partnerschaften' festgestellt. Derartige Bekenntnisse werden aber in zunehmendem Maße von Besorgnis über die innenpolitische Entwicklung in Russland und ihren möglichen oder bereits sichtbaren Auswirkungen auf die russische Außenpolitik überschattet. Die vorliegende Analyse zeigt, dass Putin zwar im Verhältnis zum Westen einen großen Schritt vorwärts, in der Innenpolitik und im postsowjetischen Raum aber mehrere Schritte zurückgegangen ist, was neue Hindernisse in Russlands Verhältnis zum Westen gestellt hat.' (Autorenreferat)