Suchergebnisse

In nowadays we frequently meet with the question about emigration.The causes of the emigration have been examined and the possible ways of solution these problems.There are a lot of such investigations done. On the ground of them there are created some theories that try to ascertain the essence of the social phenomenon, causes and other aspects. There must be significant reasons for person to leave his country, to break their connections with family, kinsfolk, friends, to lose the social status they have. The social connections play a really important role in the person's life. The purpose of the investigation is to analyse the interpersonal and institutionalised relations of emigrants'. The tasks of the work: 1. To disclose the theoretical assumptions of the migration in modern society; 2. To analyse the emigration in Lithuania and its situation, separating the challenges of emigration to Lithuania; 3. To analyse the theoretical assumptions of the social connections (the social capital). 4. To perform the sociological investigation that would let to examine to social connections of the emigrants' in the interpersonal and institutionalised discourses. The hypotheses of the investigation: 1. The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing). 2. The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back. 3. Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable. Methods of the work: 1. The study of nonfiction. 2. The questionnaire interview: quantitative opinion's investigation (the VPU students') of the persons', living in Lithuania (the VPU students'). 3. An interview with emigrants. Findings of the work: 1. There was done the investigation and it emerged that emigrants are tended to reckon emigration as the natural phenomenon typical to all the countries. The informants of the investigation stated that they have emigrated because of insufficient attention of the government to the job direction, the bad economical situation in the country, seeking after their better material condition. Actually, students that took part in the quantitative investigation evaluate the situation of emigration similarly. So we can state that the first hypothesis - The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing) – was proved. Informants indicate the economical factors as the main cause of their emigration – the possibility to earn in the other country, seeking for the material wellbeing. They had no luck with jobs in Lithuania, so they were compelled to perfect their material life in the overseas. 2. After the statistic data analysis it was emerged that the second hypothesis – The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back – was proved. It is possible to state that on the one part it is important to emigrants to keep terms with family left in the homeland, on the other part in heir recent life exists a very important factor that influences their decision to come or not to come back to Lithuania - It is their economical status, which in often cases is ameliorated in the foreign country. Talking about the interpersonal relations in the foreign country we must say that according to their statement their relationships with local citizenry are usually supported it the context of their work. The closest relations in the foreign country they support with their countrymen. 3. The investigation's data analysis showed that institutionalised relations in emigrants' life don't take the most place. There are only work, trade and academic dealings administered in the foreign institutions. There is no communication with Lithuanian institutions currently. It is possible to state that the third hypothesis - Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable – was proved.

In nowadays we frequently meet with the question about emigration.The causes of the emigration have been examined and the possible ways of solution these problems.There are a lot of such investigations done. On the ground of them there are created some theories that try to ascertain the essence of the social phenomenon, causes and other aspects. There must be significant reasons for person to leave his country, to break their connections with family, kinsfolk, friends, to lose the social status they have. The social connections play a really important role in the person's life. The purpose of the investigation is to analyse the interpersonal and institutionalised relations of emigrants'. The tasks of the work: 1. To disclose the theoretical assumptions of the migration in modern society; 2. To analyse the emigration in Lithuania and its situation, separating the challenges of emigration to Lithuania; 3. To analyse the theoretical assumptions of the social connections (the social capital). 4. To perform the sociological investigation that would let to examine to social connections of the emigrants' in the interpersonal and institutionalised discourses. The hypotheses of the investigation: 1. The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing). 2. The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back. 3. Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable. Methods of the work: 1. The study of nonfiction. 2. The questionnaire interview: quantitative opinion's investigation (the VPU students') of the persons', living in Lithuania (the VPU students'). 3. An interview with emigrants. Findings of the work: 1. There was done the investigation and it emerged that emigrants are tended to reckon emigration as the natural phenomenon typical to all the countries. The informants of the investigation stated that they have emigrated because of insufficient attention of the government to the job direction, the bad economical situation in the country, seeking after their better material condition. Actually, students that took part in the quantitative investigation evaluate the situation of emigration similarly. So we can state that the first hypothesis - The main cause of the emigration from Lithuania in nowadays is indicated the insufficient government's attention to the person in social economical aspect (the most often there are emigrated reaching financial and material wellbeing) – was proved. Informants indicate the economical factors as the main cause of their emigration – the possibility to earn in the other country, seeking for the material wellbeing. They had no luck with jobs in Lithuania, so they were compelled to perfect their material life in the overseas. 2. After the statistic data analysis it was emerged that the second hypothesis – The network of the interpersonal contacts of emigrants' in the foreign country is not expanded. Emigrants name family as the most important connections in their homeland (both parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, partner, children) but the fellow-men left in Lithuania are not the cause to come back – was proved. It is possible to state that on the one part it is important to emigrants to keep terms with family left in the homeland, on the other part in heir recent life exists a very important factor that influences their decision to come or not to come back to Lithuania - It is their economical status, which in often cases is ameliorated in the foreign country. Talking about the interpersonal relations in the foreign country we must say that according to their statement their relationships with local citizenry are usually supported it the context of their work. The closest relations in the foreign country they support with their countrymen. 3. The investigation's data analysis showed that institutionalised relations in emigrants' life don't take the most place. There are only work, trade and academic dealings administered in the foreign institutions. There is no communication with Lithuanian institutions currently. It is possible to state that the third hypothesis - Institutionalised intercourses of the emigrants' in the foreign country are little developed, usually it is restricted to job's or academic institutions. Despite of it the view of various institutions to emigrants is not unfavourable – was proved.

The paper presents an overview of M. Weber's modelling paradigm assessing it against the opportunities of using the models in modern science of public policy and administration. Two types of research problems requiring modelling of different levels are identified. The paper defines the static and the dialectic methods of modelling, the limits and possibilities of their application are defined. The novelty and relevance of the paper lies in the substantiation of advantages and drawbacks of static modelling and in the proving of the importance of normative character of science, which contradicts the traditional Weber's methodology. In public administration one may not rely only upon formal procedures, forms and rules, because this will not reveal the functions of the State and the interests underlying them. A public administration model must be characterised by normative content. Models of social processes must not necessarily reflect the reality exactly, however, they may serve as a tool for simplifying the mechanisms of social reality and for attempting to understand its mechanisms. Modelling may be static or dialectic. Static modelling is simpler since the number of variables it takes account of is smaller. In certain cases static modelling may be presented or desirable due to value considerations raised by the idealistic world. Idealistic philosophy gives rise to relevant phenomena, which can be neither confirmed nor rejected. Such models may be desirable as the given required by a peculiar belief and as components of the given. As far as social science is a value and "humanitarian" science, to such extent metaphysics, the static given and static modelling may yield results. Philosophical idealism is often presented as a source of political and economic liberalism, or a sign of equality Is placed between them. This is not entirely correct since state and social policy studies in the liberal social sciences are based on formal concepts without any normative content. Liberal sociological definitions designed for a parliamentary-democratic constitutional state usually cover only procedures, forms, rules and state activity instruments, avoiding a definition of the State's functions completely or partially. Not only the functions of the State remain unsubstantiated; possible consequences of manifestation of these functions or the interests of those who defend them or any backstairs interests behind the declared interests arc not explained. The Weberian methodological concept of democracy turns liberal democracy and pluralist theory into a sheer arsenal of technical means, which is unpredictable and incapable of explaining the deep phenomena of public administration and the more so - of social policy. It is not only in the West, but also in Eastern Europe including Lithuania, individual politicians and public administration experts wish to reduce the principle of social welfare to the constitutional and legal level, absolutising the legal aspect. Dialectic modelling is a kind of opposite to static modelling, or modelling that may supplement the latter substantially. And this is not just because it is able to "see the context". Using the dialectic relationship one may examine such historical dichotomies as belief and science, nationality and globalism, central and local government, private and public interest etc. In the most general sense, dialectic modelling is focussed on the determination of the content, form, contradiction between content and form, and finding of the place of this relationship in the world's development process. The methodology of dialectic modelling asserts that the dialectic relationship is a universal means of modelling of qualitative processes and may be used for the modelling of the processes for which sufficient qualitative exceptionality may be determined as compared with the previous qualitative stage. Eastern Europe encounters difficulties in social modelling due to a distinct transformational nature of social systems of these countries as well as due to frequent changes in the laws governing social security and tax policy. The latter factor also poses problems for Eastern European social scientists in processing the material and in modelling socio-economic development on its basis.

The paper presents an overview of M. Weber's modelling paradigm assessing it against the opportunities of using the models in modern science of public policy and administration. Two types of research problems requiring modelling of different levels are identified. The paper defines the static and the dialectic methods of modelling, the limits and possibilities of their application are defined. The novelty and relevance of the paper lies in the substantiation of advantages and drawbacks of static modelling and in the proving of the importance of normative character of science, which contradicts the traditional Weber's methodology. In public administration one may not rely only upon formal procedures, forms and rules, because this will not reveal the functions of the State and the interests underlying them. A public administration model must be characterised by normative content. Models of social processes must not necessarily reflect the reality exactly, however, they may serve as a tool for simplifying the mechanisms of social reality and for attempting to understand its mechanisms. Modelling may be static or dialectic. Static modelling is simpler since the number of variables it takes account of is smaller. In certain cases static modelling may be presented or desirable due to value considerations raised by the idealistic world. Idealistic philosophy gives rise to relevant phenomena, which can be neither confirmed nor rejected. Such models may be desirable as the given required by a peculiar belief and as components of the given. As far as social science is a value and "humanitarian" science, to such extent metaphysics, the static given and static modelling may yield results. Philosophical idealism is often presented as a source of political and economic liberalism, or a sign of equality Is placed between them. This is not entirely correct since state and social policy studies in the liberal social sciences are based on formal concepts without any normative content. Liberal sociological definitions designed for a parliamentary-democratic constitutional state usually cover only procedures, forms, rules and state activity instruments, avoiding a definition of the State's functions completely or partially. Not only the functions of the State remain unsubstantiated; possible consequences of manifestation of these functions or the interests of those who defend them or any backstairs interests behind the declared interests arc not explained. The Weberian methodological concept of democracy turns liberal democracy and pluralist theory into a sheer arsenal of technical means, which is unpredictable and incapable of explaining the deep phenomena of public administration and the more so - of social policy. It is not only in the West, but also in Eastern Europe including Lithuania, individual politicians and public administration experts wish to reduce the principle of social welfare to the constitutional and legal level, absolutising the legal aspect. Dialectic modelling is a kind of opposite to static modelling, or modelling that may supplement the latter substantially. And this is not just because it is able to "see the context". Using the dialectic relationship one may examine such historical dichotomies as belief and science, nationality and globalism, central and local government, private and public interest etc. In the most general sense, dialectic modelling is focussed on the determination of the content, form, contradiction between content and form, and finding of the place of this relationship in the world's development process. The methodology of dialectic modelling asserts that the dialectic relationship is a universal means of modelling of qualitative processes and may be used for the modelling of the processes for which sufficient qualitative exceptionality may be determined as compared with the previous qualitative stage. Eastern Europe encounters difficulties in social modelling due to a distinct transformational nature of social systems of these countries as well as due to frequent changes in the laws governing social security and tax policy. The latter factor also poses problems for Eastern European social scientists in processing the material and in modelling socio-economic development on its basis.

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

Media impart information on political, social, economic, cultural events of social life. In this way media form the human conception of everyday world. In Lithuania there is analyzed the presentation of migration in press and internet portals. However in Lithuania there are no researches made on presentation of emigration on television. In this Master's thesis it is aimed to reveal the dynamics of presenting emigration in broadcasts of Lithuanian television (2006-2010) and the peculiarities of creation of broadcasts on emigration. In the Master's thesis J. Baudrillard's simulation conception is being followed, which denies the idea of "real" world. The analysis of the Italian, Swedish, Indian, Japanese, German television experience revealed the national migration representation features. In the Master's thesis TV broadcasts are analyzed as visual texts. There are applied procedures of U. Flick, Norman K. Denzin, H. Herman, W.Jahn and B.Hildenbran. For the analysis of emigration from the point of view of family stress R.Hill's model ABC-X has been chosen. For the research of activity of broadcast authors there was applied the Map method (Irene Levin). The research of dynamics of emigration presentation in broadcasts of Lithuanian television revealed that until 2009 there was dominating a multidimensional representation of emigration phenomenon, since 2009 fragmented phenomenon analysis. The authors of broadcasts try to create the illusion of "reality" and apply the procedure for creating "reality": talk to witnesses, experts. Since 2009 beside neutral sayings the rhetoric expressing evaluative position appears in speeches of broadcast participants, experts and presenters, conveyed experiences related not only with stress, despair, big joy but with uncertainty situation as well, broadcast is finished not only using generalizing sayings of the broadcast presenters in the beginning and end of broadcast but also giving rhetorical questions, appeared rhetoric justifying the emigration. The analysis of presenting emigration in TV broadcasts from the point of view of family stress revealed that the families of emigrants and families with parents abroad experience stress. In order to overcome inner stress evoked by the stressor the families of emigrants use psychological and social resources, families with parents abroad use resources in Lithuania and abroad. In purposive broadcasts families with parents abroad experience traumatic, mobilizing, concealed, dipolar stress. In specialized broadcasts represented families with parents abroad experience traumatic and mobilizing stress. During research of the activity of the authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" there have been distinguished five models of authors of broadcasts describing emigration: existential model (emigration as the choice of life values); instrumental-cyclic model (emigration as operacionalisation); emotional model (emigration as disappointment); critical model (review of the concept of emigration in the context of global migration); alerting model (emigration as the entirety of dangers). The peculiarity of broadcast creation is revealed by the motives of creation and the four activities of the authors: selection of team, participants and topic; coordination of representation of positive and negative experiences; coordination of verbal and non-verbal representation; pattern of TV broadcast and the possibility of corrective intrusion. It was found that in TV shows on emigration there was developed the concept of families with parents abroad. The authors of broadcasts pointed out that direct communication with families affected that families with parents abroad were listed as a separate group, characterized by family characteristics. The authors of broadcasts "Emigrants" and "How are you?" are ready to continue the programs and does not alter the structure of their programs, because they realized the concept of the phenomenon of emigration.

Master's thesis topic is relevant to the investigation of migration processes in the Lithuanian population. Compared to other demographic phenomena, emigration is becoming increasingly important in recent decades. Globalization allows people to promote the emigration of the world to seek better working conditions, higher wages, to realize their ideas and opportunities, but this is a positive aspect of the global labor market, unsuitable for individual countries. Emigration problem is particularly urgent in Lithuania. Large scale emigration has affected a number of Lithuanian population declines. Also indirectly it affected other demographic and social, economical processes. This emigration is regarded as one of Lithuania the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. In this Master's thesis was used in the scientific literature, statistical data, results of research conducted, official reports, publications and analytical articles, which describes the population of migratory processes in the form of their expression, the magnitude of emigration from Lithuania after regaining independence in 1990 and accession to the European Union. The factors that effect migration mobility and causes of migration from Lithuania were identified. The scientific literature suggests that the causes of emigration, is usually one of the most difficult problems to identify in migration. This is due to reasons that are often confused with the objective to be achieved in the new country. Causes of migration are really important because it helps to decide what actions should be taken to slow the growing migration from Lithuania. The research showed that the most significant factors for migration is that social and economical conditions in Lithuania are lower that in other western countries. The main reason for emigrating are the low wage rates and the opportunity to create ones social and economical well being more quickly. In summary, the main causes for migration from Lithuania are economical and financial.

Master's thesis topic is relevant to the investigation of migration processes in the Lithuanian population. Compared to other demographic phenomena, emigration is becoming increasingly important in recent decades. Globalization allows people to promote the emigration of the world to seek better working conditions, higher wages, to realize their ideas and opportunities, but this is a positive aspect of the global labor market, unsuitable for individual countries. Emigration problem is particularly urgent in Lithuania. Large scale emigration has affected a number of Lithuanian population declines. Also indirectly it affected other demographic and social, economical processes. This emigration is regarded as one of Lithuania the most serious threats to the country's demographic development, economic growth and the preservation of cultural identity. In this Master's thesis was used in the scientific literature, statistical data, results of research conducted, official reports, publications and analytical articles, which describes the population of migratory processes in the form of their expression, the magnitude of emigration from Lithuania after regaining independence in 1990 and accession to the European Union. The factors that effect migration mobility and causes of migration from Lithuania were identified. The scientific literature suggests that the causes of emigration, is usually one of the most difficult problems to identify in migration. This is due to reasons that are often confused with the objective to be achieved in the new country. Causes of migration are really important because it helps to decide what actions should be taken to slow the growing migration from Lithuania. The research showed that the most significant factors for migration is that social and economical conditions in Lithuania are lower that in other western countries. The main reason for emigrating are the low wage rates and the opportunity to create ones social and economical well being more quickly. In summary, the main causes for migration from Lithuania are economical and financial.

The article explores positivism-postpositivism debate in social sciences that has been lasting already for many years. The author does not suppose this debate will end soon since it raises fundamental questions concerning the aims, tasks and methods of social sciences. Though representatives of these sciences differ significantly in views on these questions, the most of them and, in particular, evident majority of representatives of political science virtually holds positivist views. Such questions, which may be called conceptual, are essentially disputable, so they can not be resolved by any empirical research. When examining positivism-postpositivism debate the author singles out, paying tribute to tradition, three aspects of debate: (1) ontological, (2) epistemological, and (3) methodological. Yet he presents the arguments to support his claim that because of its antimetaphysical character positivism can have no ontology at all. Therefore an ontological dispute between positivists and postpositivists is simply impossible. Postpositivists, in discussing epistemological questions, would be inclined to reject positivist viewpoint that our statements and theories about social life can be true (though according to modern positivists, we can never know it for sure). They also would reject the positivist distinction between facts and values, which likewise can be considered as epistemological. But the most serious dispute that is taking place in social sciences concerns methodological questions. The author, in analyzing it, pays most attention to two most influential forms of postpositivism, namely to critical theory and postmodernism. Having discussed genealogy and deconstruction which, though with serious reservations, may be considered as postpositivist methods, the author claims that postpositivism lacks the main part of methodology, i.e. rules of accepting scientific statements and theories. And that is why postpositivism can not win the methodological debate over positivism which has such rules.

The article explores positivism-postpositivism debate in social sciences that has been lasting already for many years. The author does not suppose this debate will end soon since it raises fundamental questions concerning the aims, tasks and methods of social sciences. Though representatives of these sciences differ significantly in views on these questions, the most of them and, in particular, evident majority of representatives of political science virtually holds positivist views. Such questions, which may be called conceptual, are essentially disputable, so they can not be resolved by any empirical research. When examining positivism-postpositivism debate the author singles out, paying tribute to tradition, three aspects of debate: (1) ontological, (2) epistemological, and (3) methodological. Yet he presents the arguments to support his claim that because of its antimetaphysical character positivism can have no ontology at all. Therefore an ontological dispute between positivists and postpositivists is simply impossible. Postpositivists, in discussing epistemological questions, would be inclined to reject positivist viewpoint that our statements and theories about social life can be true (though according to modern positivists, we can never know it for sure). They also would reject the positivist distinction between facts and values, which likewise can be considered as epistemological. But the most serious dispute that is taking place in social sciences concerns methodological questions. The author, in analyzing it, pays most attention to two most influential forms of postpositivism, namely to critical theory and postmodernism. Having discussed genealogy and deconstruction which, though with serious reservations, may be considered as postpositivist methods, the author claims that postpositivism lacks the main part of methodology, i.e. rules of accepting scientific statements and theories. And that is why postpositivism can not win the methodological debate over positivism which has such rules.

The article explores positivism-postpositivism debate in social sciences that has been lasting already for many years. The author does not suppose this debate will end soon since it raises fundamental questions concerning the aims, tasks and methods of social sciences. Though representatives of these sciences differ significantly in views on these questions, the most of them and, in particular, evident majority of representatives of political science virtually holds positivist views. Such questions, which may be called conceptual, are essentially disputable, so they can not be resolved by any empirical research. When examining positivism-postpositivism debate the author singles out, paying tribute to tradition, three aspects of debate: (1) ontological, (2) epistemological, and (3) methodological. Yet he presents the arguments to support his claim that because of its antimetaphysical character positivism can have no ontology at all. Therefore an ontological dispute between positivists and postpositivists is simply impossible. Postpositivists, in discussing epistemological questions, would be inclined to reject positivist viewpoint that our statements and theories about social life can be true (though according to modern positivists, we can never know it for sure). They also would reject the positivist distinction between facts and values, which likewise can be considered as epistemological. But the most serious dispute that is taking place in social sciences concerns methodological questions. The author, in analyzing it, pays most attention to two most influential forms of postpositivism, namely to critical theory and postmodernism. Having discussed genealogy and deconstruction which, though with serious reservations, may be considered as postpositivist methods, the author claims that postpositivism lacks the main part of methodology, i.e. rules of accepting scientific statements and theories. And that is why postpositivism can not win the methodological debate over positivism which has such rules.