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Various theories of ethnic nationalism are distinguished, including biosocial, modernization, Marxist/Leninist, internal colonial, ethnic pluralism, microsocial (eg, rational-choice), systems theories, & multivariate models. Ethnic nationalism is complex & does not lend itself to simplistic explanation. Rational calculation may be abandoned when highly valued goals or sacred symbols are threatened. Theories must take into account levels of technological & economic development, relative power relations, the role of elites, boundary maintenance, the effects of internal & external war, & strategies of containment by dominant strata. There has been a resurgence in ethnic nationalism because of the declining power of existing states relative to the superpowers, military alliances, the global economy, multinational companies, & supranational agencies, eg, judicial bodies & human rights tribunals. 3 Illustrations, 45 References. Modified AA

Ethnic divisions have existed for generations. Discusses various types in pre-industrial society and in Europe in the Nineteenth century through the theories of social scientists. Argues that ethnic minorities can assert their claims with greater impunity today because of the world economy and polity. Ethnic nationalism in its extreme manifestation of a 'liberation movement' is capable of becoming the catalyst for international conflict and even world war. (AM)

The text of an analysis on Burundi presented by Mr. René Lemarchand on September 22, 1988 before the Africa Subcommittee of the United States House of Representatives was published in the 1989 winter number of ISSUE. As noted, more precise research has been published since this date on the Ntega and Marangara events by people who actually went to "revisit" the country, which is not the case of Mr. Lemarchand, since his last visit to Bujumbura was in autumn 1973.

Graphical representation of the dynamic interactions among the elements of a system has found wide application in business, government, & the "system sciences." Although system representation is now ad hoc, it may be possible to develop a standard theoretical presentation in terms of the interaction & feedback of biological, biosocial, cultural, & situational determinants of behavior. The resulting framework must, of course, be modified for each problem addressed, yet the framework forces the analysis to be dynamic as well as static, to avoid overemphasis on factors of interest to a particular investigator, & to show more precisely the effect of adopting alternative social theories. Examining the applicability of this proposed framework to a variety of problems suggests that this approach will assist in the transfer of information between applied & theoretical studies & in the cumulation of social science knowledge. 1 Table, 8 Figures. AA.

'Social-science research has been transformed over the last generation by the advent and expansion of the general social surveys (GSS). The GSS model of research has created a infrastructure for the social sciences designed to address the interests and research agenda of scholars and their students; cover a wide range of topics; utilize reliable, valid, and generalizable measurement; and provide data both across nations and across time. This design in turn has generated widespread analysis and notably contributed to our understanding of social processes and societal change.' (author's abstract)|