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Cover -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the authors -- Preface -- Abbreviations and symbols -- Atomic weight and number of elements -- Conversion factors for SI units -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Perspectives of the Regenerative Phenomena -- 1.2.1 Regenerative science and medicine -- 1.2.2 Regenerative development and design -- 1.2.3 Regenerative agriculture -- 1.2.4 Regenerative economy and capitalism -- 1.3 Regenerative Sanitation Worldview -- 1.4 Paradigms of Sanitation -- 1.4.1 Conventional sanitation paradigm (sanitation 1.0) -- 1.4.2 Ecological sanitation paradigm (sanitation 2.0) -- 1.4.3 Sustainable sanitation paradigm (sanitation 3.0) -- 1.4.4 The paradigm shift -- 1.4.5 Regenerative sanitation paradigm (sanitation 4.0) -- 1.5 Sanitation Conceptual Frameworks -- 1.6 Change is Imperative -- 1.7 Exercises -- 1.8 Recommendations for Future Research -- References -- Chapter 2: Regenerative sanitation foundations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Regenerative Sanitation Assumptions -- 2.3 Regenerative Sanitation Theoretical Foundations -- 2.3.1 Functionalism and system theory (FaST) -- 2.3.2 Regenerative development and design theory (RDDT) -- 2.3.3 Centralization theory -- 2.3.4 Decentralization theory -- 2.4 Principles of Regenerative Sanitation -- 2.4.1 Appropriate technology (ApT) -- 2.4.2 Biomimic and biophilic (BaB) -- 2.4.3 Fit-for-purpose governance (FPG) -- 2.4.4 Hybridized solutions (HS) -- 2.4.5 No-Transfer-of-burden (NToB) -- 2.4.6 Systemic holistic integration (SHI) -- 2.4.7 Place and scale (PaS) -- 2.4.8 Participation and partnership (PaP) -- 2.4.9 Recycling and safe reuse (RaSR) -- 2.4.10 Rehabilitation of dysfunctional facilities (RoDF) -- 2.4.11 Systemic functioning of all parts -- 2.5 Regenerative Sanitation Practices -- 2.6 Regenerative Sanitation Potential Benefits -- 2.7 Rethinking Sanitation.

Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Tables and Figures -- Table 1 Participating City Data Availability per Population Range -- Table 2 Surface Water Quality of Respondent Cities -- Table 3 Health Statistics of Respondent Cities -- Table 4 Central Sewerage System Coverage and Wastewater Treatment Capacity -- Table 2.1 Demographic Indicators -- Table 2.2 City Area -- Table 2.3 Population Density -- Table 2.4 Environmental Statistics -- Table 2.5a: Health Statistics -- Table 2.5b: Health Statistics -- Table 2.6 Sanitation Coverage and Water Coverage -- Table 2.7 Coverage by Sanitation System -- Table 2.8a: Coverage by Toilet System -- Table 2.8b: Coverage by Toilet System -- Table 2.9 Wastewater and Septage Treatment Facility -- Table 2.10a: Water Supply Facility -- Table 2.10b: Water Supply Facility -- Table 2.11 Capital Investment -- Table 2.12 Operations and Maintenance Expenditures -- Table 2.13 Revenues and Fees for Services -- Table 2.14a: Environmental Situation -- Table 2.14b: Environmental Situation -- Table 2.14c: Environmental Situation -- Table 2.15a: Sanitation Planning -- Table 2.15b: Sanitation Planning -- Table 2.16 Organizational Arrangement -- Table 2.17 Personnel Complement -- Table 2.18 Legal Framework -- Figure 1 Location of Participating Cities -- Figure 2 Indicators of Health and Environmental Outcomes -- List of Participating Cities and/or Municipalities -- Abbreviations -- PART I: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS -- Introduction -- Outcomes on the Key Indicators -- PART II: SANITATION COMPARISON -- PART III: CITY SANITATION PROFILE -- Dhaka, Bangladesh -- Bhopal, India -- Gwalior, India -- Indore, India -- Jabalpur, India -- Banda Aceh, Indonesia -- Phine District, Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Sayabouly District, Lao People's Democratic Republic -- Xieng Ngeun District, Lao People's Democratic Republic.

The provision of appropriate sanitation services for all citizens is one of the biggest challenges for a sustainable development in Namibia. Considering the arid climate, the water scarcity and the high percentage of people without access to sanitation, especially in rural areas, dry sanitation systems seem to be an appropriate solution to reach the Millennium Development Goals which implicate the improvement of the access to basic sanitation. The report provides detailed information on a project study which was conducted to identify factors contributing to the success and/or failure of dry sanitation systems in Namibia on a long term. During the project study several implemented dry sanitation systems around Namibia were evaluated. The evaluation was conducted by observing already implemented dry toilets (mainly Otji-Toilets), carrying out standardized interviews with users of dry sanitation systems as well as expert interviews with stakeholders related to the sanitation sector in Namibia. The accomplished survey in this context was structured regarding participation, financial, technical and maintenance aspects, cultural background as well as natural conditions. Implemented on individual household level, dry toilets work quite well in Namibia. Besides the sensitization and the involvement of potential users of dry sanitation it is essential to empty the dry toilets on a regular basis and to allocate precise responsibilities for the entire maintenance process. For an increasing provision of dry sanitation on a larger scale in Namibia, new instruments for financing and subsidization have to be developed and a higher political support is needed. ; Die Versorgung aller Bewohner Namibias mit sauberen, grundlegenden Sanitäreinrichtungen eine der größten Herausforderungen für die nachhaltige Entwicklung Namibias. Unter Berücksichtigung des ariden Klimas, der Wasserknappheit und dem hohen Bevölkerungsanteil ohne Zugang zu grundlegender Sanitärinfrastruktur besonders in ländlichen Gebieten scheinen Trockentoilettensysteme die geeignete Lösung zu sein, um die Millennium-Entwicklungsziele zu erreichen, was wiederum die Verbesserung des Zugangs zu grundlegender Sanitärinfrastruktur impliziert. Der vorliegende Bericht bietet detaillierte Informationen über eine Projektstudie von der Universität Freiburg, die mit dem Ziel durchgeführt wurde, Faktoren zu identifizieren, die langfristig zum Erfolg oder Scheitern von Trockentoilettensystemen in Namibia beitragen. Während der Projektstudie wurden daher verschiedene implementierte Systeme in Namibia evaluiert. Die Evaluation wurde neben der detaillierten Untersuchung bereits installierter Trockentoiletten (hauptsächlich Otji-Toiletten) vor allem anhand von standardisierten Interviews mit den Nutzern von Trockentoiletten durchgeführt, sowie mittels Experteninterviews mit Vertretern des namibischen Sanitärsektors. Die Untersuchung wurde in diesem Zusammenhang nach partizipativen, finanziellen, technischen Aspekten sowie der Instandhaltung, kulturellem Hintergrund sowie natürlichen Bedingungen strukturiert. Als Ergebnis lässt sich festhalten, dass die Versorgung auf Haushaltsebene mit je einer Trockentoilette pro Haushalt sehr gut in Namibia funktioniert. Neben der Sensibilisierung für das Thema und der vorherigen Beteiligung der späteren Nutzer, ist vor allem die reguläre Leerung der Auffangbehälter genauso essentiell wie die klare Zuordnung von Verantwortungen für die Instandhaltung der Systeme. Für eine steigende Bereitstellung von Trockentoiletten in großem Umfang für Namibia, bedarf es neuer Finanzierungs- und Subventionsinstrumente sowie einer stärkeren politischen Unterstützung von höchsten Stellen.

The first data book on sanitation for the Asia and Pacific region, this book features raw data and analyses on the sanitation situation in 27 cities. The initiative was realized in response to the needs of Asian cities and local governments, which gathered at the International Seminar on Sanitation 2007 - Delivering Our Vision: Sanitation for All, organized by CITYNET, ADB, and the city government of Makati, at the ADB headquarters in Metro Manila, Philippines, in November 2007. Sanitation has long been an issue that has received little attention due to its complexity. The absence of relevant data has hindered cities and local governments from adopting appropriate policies and strategies to meet the provision of "sanitation for all." Moreover, technologies that reflect the needs of communities, as well as the communities' ability and willingness to pay for better sanitation, are limited. This publication, the first joint effort of CITYNET, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), and Veolia Environnement, highlights the need for more work to be done on sanitation in Asia and the Pacific. Focus and action must be directed at accurate data collection and management to support decision making, appropriate and low-cost technologies, and the allocation of resources for the provision of sanitation. These are but a few issues that need immediate attention and action.

The first data book on sanitation for the Asia and Pacific region, this book features raw data and analyses on the sanitation situation in 27 cities. The initiative was realized in response to the needs of Asian cities and local governments, which gathered at the International Seminar on Sanitation 2007 - Delivering Our Vision: Sanitation for All, organized by CITYNET, ADB, and the city government of Makati, at the ADB headquarters in Metro Manila, Philippines, in November 2007. Sanitation has long been an issue that has received little attention due to its complexity. The absence of relevant data has hindered cities and local governments from adopting appropriate policies and strategies to meet the provision of "sanitation for all." Moreover, technologies that reflect the needs of communities, as well as the communities' ability and willingness to pay for better sanitation, are limited. This publication, the first joint effort of CITYNET, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), and Veolia Environnement, highlights the need for more work to be done on sanitation in Asia and the Pacific. Focus and action must be directed at accurate data collection and management to support decision making, appropriate and low-cost technologies, and the allocation of resources for the provision of sanitation. These are but a few issues that need immediate attention and action.

This entry has been realised in the framework of the H2020-MSCA-RISE-2018 project "LoGov - Local Government and the Changing Urban-Rural Interplay". LoGov aims to provide solutions for local governments that address the fundamental challenges resulting from urbanisation. To address this complex issue, 18 partners from 17 countries and six continents share their expertise and knowledge in the realms of public law, political science, and public administration. LoGov identifies, evaluates, compares, and shares innovative practices that cope with the impact of changing urban-rural relations in five major local government areas: (1) local responsibilities and public services, (2) local financial arrangements, (3) structure of local government, (4) intergovernmental relations of local governments, and (5) people's participation in local decision-making. The present entry addresses people's participation in local decision-making in India. The entry forms part of the LoGov Report on India. To access the full version of the report on India, other practices regarding people's participation in local decision-making and to receive more information about the project, please visit: https://www.logov-rise.eu/. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 823961.

The modern bakery has deserted the cellar and the back street and does its work in modern buildings and even in the broad light with the consumer for a spectator. Industry is frequently in opposition to legislation, but here the bakers have demanded laws for bettered conditions of construction, maintenance and health of employees.

Papers presented at the National Conference on "Sociology of Sanitation": Environmental Sanitation, Public Health, and Social Deprivation, organised by Sulabh International Centre for Action Sociology in close collaboration with Sulabh International Social Service Organisation at New Delhi during 28-29 January 2013

This report synthesizes the technical assistance (TA) "Cambodia Sanitation Marketing" carried out by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) from July 2011 to February 2015 in support of developing the rural sanitation market in Cambodia. It documents the results and lessons learned and makes recommendations to government on how - with support of development partners – the effectiveness and scale of the sanitation market can be increased to achieve sustainable sanitation outcomes for rural Cambodians. This TA is part of a larger support program to assist the Government of Cambodia, notably the Ministry of Rural Development, to increase access and use of improved sanitation in rural areas of Cambodia. Technical Assistance P132212 is a complementary effort that focusses on strengthening the policy and enabling environment for rural sanitation service delivery at national and sub-national level. The following lessons were learned from the TA: (1) the local private sector has catered more than 50,000 latrines to rural households, (2) the provinces where the TA was taking place experienced an average 10 percentage point increase in overall sanitation access, more than three times the national average increase within the same time period, (3) the increase in sanitation access among the poor was eight percentage point indicating the challenges that the private sector has in reaching the poorer segment of the population, (4) the private sector's revenue was estimated to amount to nearly USD 2.6 million from the sales of the underground latrine core, and (5) more than USD 600,000 was disbursed by two microfinance institutions (MFIs) to nearly 10,000 cash constrained households, enabling them to gain access to improved sanitation.