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In the historiography describing the pan-Scandinavian movement that
started gaining ground in the late 1830s, Scandinavianism has been widely
employed as a historical category, usually without any discussion regarding
the actual emergence of the concept itself. This article discusses when
and why Scandinavianism entered into political language as a powerful
new concept capable of setting a future-oriented agenda. After analyzing
digitized newspaper material and other relevant publications in Norway,
Sweden, and Denmark and after using a combination of distant and close
reading, it concludes that Scandinavianism as a neologism only appeared
as late as 1843. This article aims to contribute to a conceptual transnational
history of Scandinavianism by examining its emergence, reception, and
discursive context in the early 1840s.

What makes the Nordic countries Nordic? The terms 'Nordic' and 'Scandinavian' are increasingly used in wide range of political and cultural contexts. Historically they have been associated with political projects and institutions, while also functioning as categories of analysis in academic research. Often associated with positive meanings, the term 'Nordic' has also become a resource for commercial and cultural branding.

At the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th a sense of solidarity shared by the people of the Northern Europe appeared: Pan-Scandinavianism. First it had a certain impact at cultural and spiritual levels. In a narrower sense the term was used when referring to the possibility of creating a political union between the Nordic kingdoms during the middle decades of the 19th century.
Although it seemed that the political side of Pan-Scandianvianism had a good chance of accomplishing itself, especially after the Three Years War (1848-1851), the international context from the period that followed did not favour that plan. The collapse of the political Pan-Scandinavianism was in 1864 – the Second Schleswig-Holstein War. Sweden-Norway failed in helping Denmark against Prussia and Austria, despite the fact that King Karl XV was an advocate of Pan-Scandinavianism. Leaving this aspect aside, there were other internal difficulties of the Nordic states that Pan-Scandinavianism had to face, including the emerging nationalism. On a broader view, Pan-Scandinavianism appeared as an opponent of Panslavism and Pangermanism. Thus the dream of a unified Scandinavia was abandoned in the 19th century and Pan-Scandinavianism focused on cultural, scientific and economic cooperation.

book is gold Open Access so final version of chapter is ok to use

1. Ruth Hemstad and Peter Stadius, Introduction: Scandinavianism and Nordism in a Europe of Pan-national Movements 2. Joep Leerssen, Quixotic? Not Quite: On the Failures and Legacy of Macronational MovementsPart I: Scandinavianism and Great Power Politics3. Morten Nordhagen Ottosen, Scandinavian Windows of Opportunity, 1848-1858 4. Rasmus Glenthøj, Highwater for Political Scandinavianism, 1863-1865 5. Evgenii Egorov, Russian Empire and Pan-Scandinavianism: Grasping a Moving Target, 1840-1870Part II: Pan-movements, International Influences and Networks6. Niri Ragnvald Johnsen, Pan-nationalism Across Borders: Scandinavianism and International Influences 7. Mikael Björk-Winberg and Evgenii Egorov, Émigré Communities and Networks of Pan-national Activists in the Nordic Region: Emil von Qvanten & Mikhail Bakunin, Part III Nation-building and Region-building: From Scandinavianism to Nordism8. Anna Bohlin, Literature and the Construction of Scandinavian Peoples in Relation to Scandinavianism 9. Ruth Hemstad, A Greater Scandinavia. Pan-Scandinavian Associations within and beyond the Region10. Peter Stadius, Nordism as a Remake of the Scandinavian-Nordic Pan-nationalism Part IV: European Pan-movements: Comparative Perspectives11. Tim van Gerven, Constructive Forgetting and Reconciliatory Memory in Nineteenth-Century Historical Fiction: A Comparative Perspective on Scandinavianism, Pan-Germanism, and Greater Netherlandism 12. Alvin Jackson, The 'Celtic nations', Britishness and the United Kingdom, 1800-1925 13. Ainur Elmgren, An Unforgettable Virtue: To Struggle for the Freedom of Turkic Nations in the Far North of Europe 14. Stefano Petrungaro, Pan-Slavism, its Ambiguities and Conflicting Interpretations

"Reprinted from Political Science Quarterly vol. XXXIV, no. 4, December, 1919." ; Mode of access: Internet.

This book seeks to reassess and shed new light on pan-nationalisms in general and on Scandinavianism/Nordism in particular, by seeing them as possible futures and as interconnected ideas and practices across and beyond Europe. An actor- and practice-oriented approach is applied at the expense of more essentialist categorisations of what pan-nationalism is, or is not, to underline both the synchronic and diachronic diversity of various pan-national movements. A range of expert international scholars discuss encounters, transfers, similarities and differences among pan-movements in Norden and Europe based on a broad empirical material, focusing on Scandinavianism/Nordism, pan-Slavism, pan-Turanism, pan-Germanism and Greater Netherlandism, and the position of Britishness in Great Britain. This book will be of key interest to scholars and students of nationalism, European history, European studies and Scandinavian studies, history, social science, political geography, civil society and literary studies.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- List of abbreviations -- 1 Introduction: The Nordic model of transnational cooperation? -- 2 European challenge to Nordic institutional cooperation: Past, present and future -- 3 Nordic cooperation in the voluntary sector -- 4 The Nordic model and the rise and fall of Nordic cooperation -- 5 Cooperation in the field of law -- 6 Dreams and realities: The Nordic Council Literature Prize as a symbol of the construction of Nordic cultural cooperation -- 7 The Nordic passport union and its discontents: Unintended consequences of free movement -- 8 Nordic institutionalized cooperation in a larger regional setting -- 9 Nordic security and defence cooperation: Northern policies in a European perspective -- 10 Nordic countries as laboratories for transnational learning -- Index.

In the period between 1968 and 1973, Finnish integration policy faced several crucial issues. With Nordek the alternative of Nordic cooperation once more came to a halt. The Finnish decision to retreat from the project has remained one of the great mysteries in recent Scandinavian history. As a result of Nordek's failure, Finland decided to secure her participation on the Western markets. At the same time, she had to compensate this move in Eastern direction, thereby paying tribute to Cold War times constant Soviet pressure. All these projects were closely linked to Finnish domestic politics. Yet its role for Nordek's failure has until today been greatly underestimated. The free-trade agreements signed with EEC and COMECON in 1973 for their part formed the nucleus for a political package which guaranteed Urho Kekkonen's irregular reelection as Finnish president by the parliament. Recently published biographical sources form the main basis for this article.

The American Civil War, 1861-1865, broke out during a time of intense debate over slavery and fear of foreign-born influence on American society. The war's outbreak, however, provided both freedmen and immigrants an opportunity to prove their loyalty to the United States. Scandinavian Americans, among other ethnic groups, seized the opportunity. This article argues that the Scandinavian elite implicitly constructed at least three different forms of ethnic identity – here termed exclusive, political, and national – to spur enlistment at the ground level, gain political influence, and demonstrate American allegiance. In the process the Scandinavian war effort strengthened these immigrant soldiers' ties to their adopted nation, while a political ethnic identity, initially constructed in opposition to other ethnic groups, was weakened by the Scandinavians' experience in the American multiethnic military crucible. The Civil War thereby hastened Scandinavian immigrants' path towards the American mainstream, where many veterans subsequently served as a bridge between their local communities and broader American society, and reinforced their belief in American civic nationalism.

Pan-slavism is one of the elusive idea-concepts which can be easily defined. But the historian can hardly say how far they correspond to a political reality which exercises a decisive impact on the course of history. A similar contemporary ideaconcept is Pan-Africanism, propagated and commended by most Africans. So far it has failed to create a political or economic union. The only example of that kind, and that on a very minor scale, the Mali Federation, dissolved after a short existence. The same holds true of another similar concept, Pan-Scandinavianism, which is approximately as old as Pan-Slavism but better based on a much closer cultural and religious affinity.