Almost everyone recognizes the salience of cyberspace as a fact of daily life. Given its ubiquity, scale, and scope, cyberspace has become a fundamental feature of the world we live in and has created a new reality for almost everyone in the developed world and increasingly for people in the developing world. This paper seeks to provide an initial baseline, for representing and tracking institutional responses to a rapidly changing international landscape, real as well as virtual. We shall argue that the current institutional landscape managing security issues in the cyber domain has developed in major ways, but that it is still "under construction." We also expect institutions for cyber security to support and reinforce the contributions of information technology to the development process. We begin with (a) highlights of international institutional theory and an empirical "census" of the institutions-in-place for cyber security, and then turn to (b) key imperatives of information technology-development linkages and the various cyber processes that enhance developmental processes, (c) major institutional responses to cyber threats and cyber crime as well as select international and national policy postures so critical for industrial countries and increasingly for developing states as well, and (d) the salience of new mechanisms designed specifically in response to cyber threats. ; This material is based on work supported by the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Grant No. N00014-09-1-0597. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations therein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.
In terms of energy security the Black Sea region is important to Europe. Inevitably and for very good reasons, a lot of attention has been given to the existing and planned pipeline routes going around or across the Black Sea. Much less attention has been given to the development of the Black Sea energy market in its own right and to the potential advantages of coping with some current and future energy issues in a multilateral regional format rather than through individual action at national level. The present book addresses, in a comprehensive manner, the current problematic of energy security and goes beyond pipeline politics, without playing down their continued significance; it addresses some topical questions related to the sustainability and resilience of energy systems as applicable to the Black Sea region. [From Amazon.com] ; https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/emse_books/1006/thumbnail.jpg
The article analyzes the main trends of cyberspace development and identifies related cyber security issues at the global and national levels, in particular in the context of security of critical infrastructure, the emergence of the Internet of Things, and more. The results of the study identified possible ways to solve the problems and increase the effectiveness of cybersecurity. Emphasis is placed on the relevance of Ukraine to the issues of cyber defense of civilian nuclear facilities and other critical infrastructure. The lack of competitive domestic solutions in the market forces the use of imported analogues of hardware and software. A system of cyber threats, indicating their sources and the content of the destructive action, has been developed. It is substantiated that rapid information, the scale of the potential consequences of cybercrime, the lack of cyber security of critical infrastructure and the risks associated with the development of psychological Internet addiction require national governments and the international community to pay serious attention to the development of cybersecurity systems . The first steps in this direction should include the development of the necessary legal framework and the improvement of the efficiency of the work of the respective institutional structures, taking into account foreign experience in this field. At the global level, given that not all cyber-attacks are subject to existing international cybercrime mechanisms, it is important for cybersecurity to ensure that states are not obliged to act in cyberspace to damage other information systems, processes and resources. the state, critical infrastructure, etc., for the sake of undermining the political, economic and social systems, massive psychological treatment of the population, which are capable of destabilizing the life of society and the state and you. ; У статті проаналізовано основні тенденції розвитку кіберпросто-ру, а також визначено пов'язані із цим актуальні проблеми забезпечення кібербезпеки на глобальному та національному рівнях, зокрема у контексті забезпечення безпеки об'єктів критичної інфраструктури, становлення Інтернету речей тощо. За результатами дослідження визначено можливі шляхи вирішення відповідних проблем та підвищення ефективності забезпечення кібербезпеки. Акцентовано увагу на актуальності для України питань кіберза-хисту цивільних ядерних об'єктів та інших об'єктів критичної інфраструктури. Відсутність конкурентоспроможних вітчизняних рішень на ринку змушує використовувати імпортні аналоги обладнання та програмного забезпечення. Розроблено систему кібернетичних загроз із зазначенням їх джерел та змісту руйнівної дії. Обґрунтовано, що швидка інформатизація, масштаби потенційних наслідків злочинів у кіберпросто-рі, недостатня кіберзахищеність об'єктів критичної інфраструктури та ризики, пов'язані з розвитком психологічної Інтернет-залеж-ності, вимагають від національних урядів та міжнародної спільноти серйозної уваги до розвитку систем кібербезпеки на національному та глобальному р івнях. Першочергові кроки у цьому напрямі повинні передбачати розроблення необхідної нормативно-правової бази і підвищення ефективності роботи відповідних інституційних структур з урахуванням зарубіжного досвіду у цій сфері. На глобальному рівні, зважаючи на те, що не всі кіберата-ки підпадають під дію існуючих міжнародних механізмів протидії кіберзлочинам, для забезпечення кібербезпеки важливим є передбачити зобов'язання держав не вдаватисяу кіберпросторі до дій, метою яких є завдання збитків інформаційним системам, процесам і ресурсам іншої держави, критичній інфраструктурі тощо заради здійснення підриву політичної, економічної й соціальної систем, масованої психологічної обробки населення, що здатні дестабілізувати життєдіяльність суспільства й держави.
Review-essay of: DILLON, Michael, Deconstructing International Politics, Routledge, Nueva York, 2012, ps. 213. NEOCLEOUS, Mark, Critique of security, Edinburgh University Press, Edimburgo, 2008, ps. 256 NEOCLEOUS, Mark & RIGAKOS, Georg (ed.), Anti-Security. Red Quill Books, Otawa, 2011, ps. 270 ; Review-essay de: DILLON, Michael, Deconstructing International Politics, Routledge, Nueva York, 2012, ps. 213. NEOCLEOUS, Mark, Critique of security, Edinburgh University Press, Edimburgo, 2008, ps. 256 NEOCLEOUS, Mark & RIGAKOS, Georg (ed.), Anti-Security. Red Quill Books, Otawa, 2011, ps. 270
The subject of mercenaries and military and security companies is one of the topics that have seen much attention on the international level, such as what occurred in the mercenary groups and these companies a clear evolution. As the observer of the international scene , finds that there is a growing evident in the role of power and non-official, including security companies, military, international, and especially in areas involving military conflicts and political instability, where he has played a prominent role and the president in a lot of international disputes in openly and under the legal cover internal issue for the protection of its activities and gives it legal immunity and international legitimize feature away from the control of UN supervision , including the Security Council as the primary 0rgan responsible for supporting international peace and security. And the spread of the security and military international companies led to political and legal differences, and the international community was split between supporters and opponents of the activities and existence of these companies, since the opponents sees that the members of these international companies and their activities are acts of mercenaries, and the activities constitute a clear violation of many of the principles of international law in Article (2) of the Charter of the United Nations, which necessitating the intervention of the international community to prevent the activities of these companies, the fact that members of these companies are involved in military conflicts according to personal interests and material regardless of ethical considerations, and therefore these companies are the only form of new and evolving a mercenary. While the supporters sees that the activity of these companies are not considered as mercenaries in the legal sense contained in the first Additional Protocol and other international conventions . As These companies operate under self legal system that makes it committed to the international legal rules, including international humanitarian law, as the existence of these companies comes as a respond to international variables as a result of the large number of international and internal conflict, Which force the need to study this phenomenon and its legality under the rules ofinternational law.
Ekonomia polityczna w literaturze jest obecna co najmniej od czasów Adama Smitha, jednakże pierwsza definicja międzynarodowej ekonomii politycznej została przedstawiona przez amerykańskiego naukowca Roberta Gilpina w 1975 r. Od momentu zdefiniowania zakresu zainteresowań międzynarodowej ekonomii politycznej stosunków międzynarodowych nastąpił rozwój literatury przedmiotu, który jednak w różny sposób ujmował zasadnicze kwestie wpływu państw narodowych na ład międzynarodowy. Współcześnie międzynarodowa ekonomia polityczna stosunków międzynarodowych obejmuje również studia nad bezpieczeństwem. Subdyscyplina wywodząca się ze stosunków międzynarodowych oprócz zagadnień stricte militarnych obejmuje kwestie wiązane z politycznym, społecznym, ekonomicznym i ekologicznym bezpieczeństwem państw. Organizacje międzynarodowe takie jak Międzynarodowy Fundusz Walutowy, Bank Światowy, czy G–8 poprzez swoją statutową działalność mogą oddziaływać na problemy bezpieczeństwa regionów i poszczególnych państw ; The term international political economy in the literature exists at least since 17th century and is connected to Adam Smith. In the 20th century the first academic definition of political economy was probably formulated by Robert Gilpinin in 1975. Since that studies on international political economy flourished and presented different view of the phenomenon. Today the international political economy cover several areas including international security. International organisations such as the International Monetary Fund, World Bank or G–8 base on its statutory activity can influence regional and state security.
Originally, international security was conceived of in a restrictive sense as national, state, or military security. Different circumstances, events, and the theorizing about them, however, have led us to broaden and to deepen the conception of it. ; Die Problematik der Sicherheit wurde ursprünglich als die politische und militärische Sicherheit von nationalen Staaten aufgefasst. Unterschiedliche Ereignisse und Entwicklungen sowie die Reflexion darüber haben wesentlich zu einer Erweiterung des Begriffs der Sicherheit beigetragen und die ökonomische, soziale und humane Dimension der Sicherheitsfragen erscheinen lassen.
The experience of the XX – the beginning of XXI century demonstrates the crucial importance of security for human existence. Safety study is a scientific field which is not developed enough, although its results are already de facto different from what has been studied by other sciences. Innovations in scientific knowledge, taking into account the new problems, risks and security threats identified, confirm this fact. After the end of the Cold War, a new international legal order was formed, as a result of that, studies in the field of security required its rethinking as a social phenomenon from a broader methodological points of view, not reducing security only to neutralizing military threats. Identification of subtypes of security (political, military, economic, environmental, food, energy, etc.) by field feature, depending on the presence of threats to a particular group of values does not lead to the loss of the international system of its integrity, but only groups similar variables within the system which contributes to their studies and interpretations. Attempts to build a hierarchy of security subtypes within international security are not rational enough, given their interdependence, as well as (interest, knowledge, worldview, etc.), which guide certain authors in building such a hierarchy. As a result of the variety of approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «environmental security», researches which are conducted in the XXI century are losing elements of simplicity inherent in the developments of the XX century. The use of an interdisciplinary approach complicates the coordination of environmental security research, but at the same time meets modern needs. The paper proves the inadequacy of the traditional understanding of security and shows that global changes in the environment create new conflicts, threats and challenges, and thus demonstrate the urgent need to look for new forms of cooperation based on international law for humanity survival and ensuring of sustainable development. The ...
Resumen: La seguridad internacional es algo más que la ausencia de inseguridad e inestabilidad en las relaciones entre agentes sociales tanto nacionales como internacionales. Como "bien relacional" presupone una serie de condiciones para poder darse.Palabras clave: Seguridad, concepciones de la seguridad, seguridad nacional, seguridad militar, seguridad económica, desarrollo humano.Abstract: Originally, international security was conceived in a restrictive sense as national, state, or military security. Different circumstances, events, and the theorizing about them, however, have led to broaden and to deepen the conception of it.Keywords: Security, security conception, national security, militar security, economic security, human development.
In international relations, international security combines that set of international relations that ensures global stability. In other words, international security is a state in which states are not threatened by war or by any breach of their sovereignty or independent development by other states. In accordance with the UN Charter, the Security Council currently has the main task of ensuring world peace, also having the sole right to impose sanctions against aggressors. The idea of international security, its realization in practice is determined by historical, economic, political, social conditions, as well as other factors. The problem of international security arose with the formation of the state institution, being always close to the problem of war and peace. Over time, there has been a change in the ability to analyze and report security issues. Along with these, both the policies and the security strategies of contemporary societies have undergone a process of metamorphosis.
Security law, or more comprehensively conflict and security law, on the international level represents the intersection of three distinct but interrelated fields: international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict, jus in bello), the law of collective security (most identified with the United Nations (UN) system, jus ad bellum) and arms control law (including non-proliferation). Security in this sense is multifaceted - interest security, military security and, as is often referred to in the context of the EU, human security. As such, the law covers a wide range of specific topics with respect to conflict, encompassing the use of force, including choice of weapons and fighting techniques, extending to the rules applicable in peacekeeping and peace enforcement, and yet also dictating obligations outside the context of conflict, such as safeguarding and securing dual-use materials (those with both peaceful and military applications) to prevent malicious use.
Security law, or more comprehensively conflict and security law, on the international level represents the intersection of three distinct but interrelated fields: international humanitarian law (the law of armed conflict, jus in bello), the law of collective security (most identified with the United Nations (UN) system, jus ad bellum) and arms control law (including non-proliferation). Security in this sense is multifaceted - interest security, military security and, as is often referred to in the context of the EU, human security. As such, the law covers a wide range of specific topics with respect to conflict, encompassing the use of force, including choice of weapons and fighting techniques, extending to the rules applicable in peacekeeping and peace enforcement, and yet also dictating obligations outside the context of conflict, such as safeguarding and securing dual-use materials (those with both peaceful and military applications) to prevent malicious use.
Hedley Bull made a significant contribution to international security studies, but his role as a security theorist remains largely unexplored. This paper argues that Bull's ideas went beyond the traditional international security agenda and helped establish the foundation for critical security theory. Although Bull did not describe himself as a critical security theorist, his work indirectly provided a basis on which the assumptions underpinning the traditional international security assumptions could be challenged. Bull was a trans-paradigm theorist who utilised realism, pluralism, classical solidarism and cosmopolitan solidarism not only to shed significant light on the traditional international security perspective, but also to lay the foundation for critical security theory. In his early work, Bull used realism and pluralism to address the traditional international security agenda, with its emphasis on threats to the states, power politics, and the use of military force. Classical solidarism provided a framework through which he explored ideas about collective security and the ability of the United Nations to deal with common threats to international order and security. Through cosmopolitan solidarism, Bull explained the need for international society and world society to deal with poverty and injustice in the world. It is through cosmopolitan solidarist ideas that Bull can be portrayed as a critical security theorist.
