Security is strictly linked to the possibility of adopting exceptional measures within the framework of decision-making processes transcending normal political processes. However, an exploration of the evolution of the security concept challenges the premises of its exceptionality, and brings attention to its contextual elements. The Copenhagen school has greatly contributed to this exploration and it has focused on securitization, that is the process through which security threats are identified and exceptional measures in response are legitimized. After having highlighted the evolution of the security concept, the article presents the securitization proposal of the Copenhagen school and points out its limits and potentialities. ; Security is strictly linked to the possibility of adopting exceptional measures within the framework of decision-making processes transcending normal political processes. However, an exploration of the evolution of the security concept challenges the premises of its exceptionality, and brings attention to its contextual elements. The Copenhagen school has greatly contributed to this exploration and it has focused on securitization, that is the process through which security threats are identified and exceptional measures in response are legitimized. After having highlighted the evolution of the security concept, the article presents the securitization proposal of the Copenhagen school and points out its limits and potentialities.
During the last ten years, the presence of sensors in common life has become pervasive. Sensor nodes are used in many areas of interest: from military fields to environment monitoring, from medical applications then to domotic uses. One of the most common radio communication protocol designed for Personal Area Network (PAN) is described by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. Data communication among devices can be protected on a per frame basis, allowing to provide data authenticity and data con dentiality. With reference to the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC layer, the security sublayer was implemented, providing the main security features the standard describes. In particular, the TinyOS implementation for the TelosB mote was considered, as well as its CC2420 chipset features. The main goal of this work is exploit the IEEE 802.15.4 security mechanisms for both sending and receiving ciphered frames, as well as integrate IEEE 802.15.4 security suite with the security features provided by the CC2420 chipset. A two nodes network scenario was considered. Besides, ciphering mode only was used, while all security options and parameters were statically set up. Finally, a simple application was developed, in order to test and evaluate the network activity.
La ricerca esamina il ruolo delle imprese che svolgono attività di sicurezza privata in Italia (oggi definita anche "sussidiaria" o "complementare") in relazione allo sviluppo delle recenti politiche sociali che prevedono il coinvolgimento di privati nella gestione della sicurezza in una prospettiva di community safety. Nel 2008/2009 le politiche pubbliche di sicurezza legate al controllo del territorio hanno prodotto norme con nuovi poteri "di polizia" concessi agli amministratori locali e la previsione di associazione di cittadini per la segnalare eventi dannosi alla sicurezza urbana ("ronde"). Nello stesso periodo è iniziata un'importante riforma del settore della sicurezza privata, ancora in fase di attuazione, che definisce le attività svolte dalle imprese di security, individua le caratteristiche delle imprese e fissa i parametri per la formazione del personale. Il quadro teorico del lavoro esamina i concetti di sicurezza/insicurezza urbana e di società del rischio alla luce delle teorie criminologiche legate alla prevenzione situazionale e sociale e alla community policing. La ricerca sul campo si basa sull'analisi del contenuto di diverse interviste in profondità con esponenti del mondo della sicurezza privata (imprenditori, dirigenti, studiosi). Le interviste hanno fatto emergere che il ruolo della sicurezza privata in Italia risulta fortemente problematico; anche la riforma in corso sulla normativa del settore è considerata con scarso entusiasmo a causa delle difficoltà della congiuntura economica che rischia di compromettere seriamente la crescita. Il mercato della sicurezza in Italia è frastagliato e scarsamente controllato; manca un'azione di coordinamento fra le diverse anime della sicurezza (vigilanza privata, investigazione, facility/security management); persiste una condizione di subalternità e di assenza di collaborazione con il settore pubblico che rende la sicurezza privata relegata in un ruolo marginale, lontano dalle logiche di sussidiarietà. ; The research examines the role of private companies engaged in security in Italy (now also called subsidiary or complementary) in relation to the development of recent social policies that provide for the involvement of private sector in security management from a perspective of community safety. In 2008/2009 the public policy of safety-related control of the territory have produced standards with new "police" powers granted to local administrators and the prediction of association of citizens to report adverse events to urban safety ("rounds"). At the same time a major reform of the private security industry began, still in the implementation phase, which defines the activities of security companies, identifies their characteristics and sets standards for the training of personnel. The theoretical framework of the paper examines the concepts of security / insecurity and urban risk society in the light of criminological theories related to social and situational prevention and community policing. The fieldwork is based on the contents of several in-depth interviews with members of the private security (contractors, managers, researchers). The interviews revealed that the role of private security in Italy is highly problematic, even the ongoing reform of the regulatory environment is considered with little enthusiasm because of the difficulties of the economic situation that is likely to seriously affect the growth. The security market in Italy is jagged and poorly controlled; missing coordinate between the different souls of security (private security, investigation, facility / security management); a condition of subordination and lack of cooperation remains with the public sector which makes the private security relegated to a marginal role.
Cover -- quartino -- Table of Contents -- Introduction. The Renewed Attention for the Protection of the Cultural Expressions in Crisis Areas -- Countering the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property. Implementation Experience in Argentina -- SESSION 1 Protecting Cultural Heritage to Maintain International Peace and Security: Key Points -- Antiquities Trafficking and Conflict Financing: The Fight Against Looting and Smuggling of Cultural Property Goods in a Global Perspective of Peace -- Assistance by Peacekeeping Forces to Protection of Cultural Heritage and International Criminal Responsibility -- SESSION 2 Protecting Diversity of Cultural Expression and Cultural Heritage to Maintain International Peace and Security: Contemporary Issues -- Cultural Protection Policy in the Syrian Arab Republic An International Law Perspective -- Contrasto del terrorismo e protezione dei beni e delle espressioni culturali: l'esperienza della Tunisia -- Cultural Heritage in Oman Forts, Castles and Fortifications as Models -- SESSION 3 Peacekeeping and Protection of Diversity of Cultural Expression and Cultural Heritage -- UN Security Council Approaches to the Global Safeguarding of Cultural Heritage: An Evolving Role in Preventing the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Objects -- Closing Remarks -- The Protection of Cultural Heritagein the Context of the Maintenance of Peaceand Security: The Way Ahead -- After the Workshop Steps Forwards -- Exploitation of Natural Resources in Timesof Armed Conflict: The Contributionof the United Nations and Peace Operationsin Addressing Resource-Related Conflicts -- The Relationship Between the Protection of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage under International Law -- Reflecting on the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage as a War Crime in Light of the ICC Judgement in the Al Mahdi Case -- Cultural Genocide
Now in its fifth year, the civil war in Syria has created one of the world's largest humanitarian and security crises. The crisis in itself contains the historical background to the situation of Syrian refugees. While the issue is subject to another discussion, it is important to refer to the Muslim refugee problem for a better understanding of today's situation. Approaches to the Muslim refugee crisis differ considerably throughout the world. Probably the most striking point is that while the West has sheltered Muslims, providing them with homes and jobs, the neighbouring countries sharing the same religion have ignored the Muslim population and done nothing. This is an important criticism directed at fellow Arabs who have always blamed the West for the refugee crisis and will be addressed in the article in detail. The number of Syrians seeking refuge in Turkey is currently close to 2 million. Turkey, implementing an "open door" policy to every Syrian crossing the border and issuing "temporary protection" status, has spent 5 billion dollars on the refugee crisis up to November 2014. For the Syrians in Turkey, the possibility of returning to their own country has been gradually decreasing due to the escalation of the civil war. The situation revealing the severity of the situation of Syrian asylum seekers points out that the issue has evolved into a complex problem that requires a multi-dimensional analysis in all its humanitarian, legal, political, social and financial aspects. This article is written mainly based on online research and a deep assessment of reports prepared by GOs, NGOs, the UN and other international agencies and various news pieces and articles. The policy of the Turkish Government has also been closely analysed by including the discourse of President of the Republic of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, in relation to the civil war that has evolved into a global refugee and human security crisis demanding urgent and coordinated humanitarian actions, apart from the military and political response.This article tries to explain Syrian asylum seekers' position in Turkey and Turkey's position from the perspective of human security and the rest of the world's perception. ; Nel suo quinto anno, la guerra civile in Siria ha creato una delle crisi umanitarie e di sicurezza più grande nel mondo. La crisi in sé contiene uno storico background alla situazione dei rifugiati siriani. Mentre la questione è soggetta a un'altra discussione, è importante riferirsi al problema del rifugiato musulmano per meglio capire la situazione attuale. Gli approcci alla crisi del rifugiato musulmano differiscono considerevolmente per tutto il mondo. Probabilmente il punto che colpisce di più è che, mentre l'Occidente ha protetto i musulmani fornendo ad essi casa e lavoro, i paesi vicini che condividono la stessa religione hanno ignorato la popolazione musulmana e non hanno fatto niente. Questa è un'importante critica diretta ai compagni arabi che hanno sempre incolpato l'Occidente della crisi dei rifugiati, e ciò è approfondito in dettaglio nell'articolo. Il numero dei siriani che hanno cercato rifugio in Turchia è attualmente vicino ai 2 milioni. La Turchia, mettendo in pratica la politica della "porta aperta" a ogni siriano che attraversa il confine e al quale attribuisce lo status di "temporanea protezione", ha speso 5 miliardi di dollari per la crisi dei rifugiati fino al novembre 2014. Per i siriani in Turchia, la possibilità di ritornare nel proprio paese è stata progressivamente in diminuzione a causa dell'intensificazione della guerra civile. La situazione che rivela la gravità della situazione dei siriani che ricercano asilo indica che la questione è evoluta in un problema complesso che richiede un'analisi multidimensionale in tutti i suoi aspetti umanitari, legali, politici, sociali e finanziari. Questo articolo è scritto principalmente basandosi su una ricerca online e un'approfondita valutazione dei reports preparati dalle organizzazioni governative (GOs), dalle organizzazioni non governative (NGOs), dalle agenzie dell'ONU e di altre agenzie internazionali e varie notizie e articoli. La politica del governo turco è stata analizzata includendovi il discorso del presidente della Repubblica di Turchia, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, relativamente alla guerra civile che è sviluppata in una crisi globale del rifugiato e della sicurezza, richiedente azioni umanitarie urgenti e coordinate, oltreché risposte militari e politiche. L'articolo spiega la posizione dei siriani che cercano asilo in Turchia e la posizione della Turchia dalla prospettive della sicurezza umana e della percezione del mondo.