Reductions in defense expenditure require holistic and coordinated planning of two critical and interconnected defense capabilities, namely a fleet of assets and the workforce required. In this paper, we model and solve a joint problem of strategic workforce planning and fleet renewal in a military context. The joint problem studied involves addressing a trade-off among several costs (e.g., workforce, maintenance, operating, etc.) and operational readiness (availability) of the fleet. To make such trade-offs, the decisions associated with workforce planning (i.e., the recruitment and the career progression of the workforce) and fleet renewal (i.e., the timing of asset replacements) strategies have to be simultaneously considered and optimized. We develop a simulation-optimization approach by coupling a system dynamics (SD) simulation model and a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the joint problem. In the developed approach, the GA generates candidate workforce planning and fleet renewal strategies to find the best joint strategy. Then, the candidate workforce planning and renewal strategies are passed to the SD model which simulates both the career progression of the workforce and the life-cycle of assets to evaluate the total cost. We illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the joint model on a realistic case study motivated by the recent modernization efforts of the Royal Australian Navy. The results obtained indicate that this approach leads to a considerable cost reduction and identifies the causes of inferior performance. We also test the robustness of the optimized strategies under uncertainty by sensitivity and scenario discovery analyses to infer further insights.
Letter from the King prohibiting the bearing of firearms. Large coat-of-arms on last page. Signed by the King on 28 January, 1563. ; Electronic reproduction; [8] p. ; 17 cm. (4to)
[110] p. ; Imprint from STC. ; With an index. ; Cambridge University Library also has a fragment (Sayle 244) in the same types as and corresponding to leaves G2,3,6 and 7 in this edition but in a different setting with "villayne" while this edition has "vyllayne" on leaf G2r line 1--STC. ; Imperfect; lacks leaf D7. ; Signatures: A-G (-G8). ; Reproduction of the original in the Cambridge University Library.
Unidad de excelencia María de Maeztu CEX2019-000940-M ; Food self-sufficiency is a relevant political issue in many countries, developed and developing, particularly to satisfy the internal nutritional needs of the population and face situations in which the prices of basic products are unstable or when a country faces an external shock. Improving resilience involves strengthening local rural communities to meet demand with domestic production. The member countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LCN) produce enough food to sustain their population and to be one of the world's largest food exporters. From the theoretical discussion and using data from FAO, the research shows that there is a potential to improve food sovereignty and to define food and agricultural policies through agricultural complementarity among the LCN countries. Diverting part of the current trade with third parties to intraregional trade, for products in which the region has a comparative advantage, would mean that LCN countries could save up to 2.7 billion dollars per year, that is, 6.8%of total imports of food in 2018, avoiding the outflow of foreign currency and promoting greater economic integration between countries.
[6], 21 leaves, 22-238, [1], 242-359, [8] p. ; Sometimes attributed to John Ponet and to Sir Richard Morison. ; Edited by Matthew Parker, and sometimes attributed to him. ; A reply to "A traictise declaryng and plainly provyng, that the pretensed marriage of priestes, and professed persones, is no mariage, but altogether unlawful, and in all ages, and al countreies of Christendome, bothe forbidden, and also punyshed", which was ostensibly by Thomas Martin but is now attributed to Stephen Gardiner. ; Jugge's name from colophon; publication date conjectured by STC. ; Includes index. ; 2G1 is a cancel. The top part of 2K3 is cancelled, and the lower part may be pasted onto 2K2v. ; A reissue of STC 17518 (printed by Jugge with Kingston), with quires 2O and 2P reprinted and 2Q-2Z, 2[et], 2[rum] added. The additions are by Matthew Parker, printed by Jugge. ; Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.
Regulations governing various aspects of the judicial system: Dismission of suits, defense of plaintiffs, payment of fines, substitution of ""procureurs,"" etc. ; Electronic reproduction ; [2], 8, 7-8 p. ; 16 cm.
The domestic and international transmission mechanism of fiscal policy shocks are analysed in the United States and in Germany. Using a Bayesian VAR approach, we find that in both of these countries a fiscal expansion is associated with increases in output as well as in private consumption and investment. The terms of trade, which affect the international transmission of fiscal policy shocks, depreciate in response to a fiscal expansion, thus transferring some of the increased domestic purchasing power abroad. A US government spending shock is expansionary for all non-US G7 members. A German government spending shock is expansionary for most, but not all European economies, both within and outside the euro area. The dynamics of the BVAR can be rationalised using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model where heterogeneous households and firms face borrowing constraints.
Abstract In Colombia, political decisions related to the countryside preserve an unjust social order, maintaining inequities and obstacles to the well-being and life quality of farmers. In this scenario the Territorial Arrangement Planning of the San Nicolas Valley, in the East of the department of Antioquia, has generated a series of rural conflicts that accentuate the vulnerabilities of rural residents, threatening the agricultural tradition in this subregion. Thus, this study inquired about the perceptions of legality in the peasant population of the area. A descriptive-correlational study with non-probabilistic sampling was carried out, including 380 peasants, members of civic-rural associations of the San Nicolas Valley, evaluating in four scales: beliefs, values, knowledge of the law and perceived legality in the context. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS v.22 software. The findings indicated significant relationships between the study variables. Despite the state abandonment of the proletariat to market forces in an area with socioeconomic imbalances, no determining link was found between low income and violation of the law.
APPROVED ; The work which follows examines the process by which private actors in the digital market are redefining fundamental rights through their contractual terms and practical operation. The argument is allied to works which consider ?digital constitutionalism,? the idea that private actors in the digital market are increasingly displaying constitutional features through their contractual terms and documents. Unlike a majority of work in the area of digital constitutionalism the work does not argue that private actors setting rights based standards represents a positive development. Rather, the work argues that private actors, through their re-definition of public, normative standards are generating a body of rules and practices which have displaced democratically decided rights standards with negative consequences for individual autonomy and the Rule of Law. The work argues that this process has been enabled by three features of EU law and policy. The first is an approach of functional equivalence to laws governing the digital market. In accordance with this approach the digital market has been treated as equivalent to traditional markets and its participants are viewed as requiring no additional or supplementary protections or regulations. Of particular significance in functionally equivalent attitudes to the digital market is the Union?s deference to freedom of contract as part of an ordoliberal attitude to market regulation. While this attitude is now beginning to erode (to some extent) in the context of data protection it remains the dominant regulatory approach of the European Union in the digital market. The second feature, not unrelated to the first, is the Union?s preference for economic rather than socially orientated standards and protections in it policies as well as its secondary laws. As part of this preference, when fundamental rights cross the Rubicon from vertically enforced constitutional protections to horizontally enforceable legislative ones their content is transmuted in a manner which favours their economic over socially oriented aspects. The third feature, is what is referred to within the work as the Union?s brittle constitutionalism ? that is the Union?s hesitant and incomplete articulation of and commitment to rights enforcement. This feature is the result in part of the Union?s ambiguous and at times hostile attitude to the development of fundamental rights policy. The work examines the impact of these trends and the rise of private policy they have generated on the rights to privacy and property under the Charter of Fundamental Rights.
What factors might explain the cross-country variations in COVID-19 public performances and what lessons can be drawn to be better-prepared for future pandemics? This study focuses on the effects of policy stringency on COVID-19 public health outcomes to gain insights into national-level state responses to COVID-19 and the conditions for their effectiveness. Using data from 136 countries comprising 91.4% of the global population, we find that more stringent policies lead to lower infection and death rates. More importantly, the negative effects of restrictive policies on infection and death rates are moderated by political trust and democracy levels, possibly through the mechanism of popular compliance with government policies. Under conditions of higher political trust and lower democracy levels, the policy effects on infection and death rates are greater. However, while the results suggest the importance of policy stringency and political trust, we should not draw the conclusion that authoritarian political systems are more conducive to policy effectiveness. When comparing the moderating effects of political trust and democracy, political trust is more important as a facilitating factor. Therefore, in addition to making scientifically-supported policies, fostering political trust should be an important goal for governments to be better prepared for future pandemics.
Competency-based learning in elementary education requires the integrated instruction of multiple competencies. Because of its inherent complexity, the assessment of such instruction poses significant challenges. This study presents the results of instructional and assessment experiences implemented in elementary schools of Costa Rica and Japan during the 2019 school year. These activities aimed at developing ATC21s competencies related to local and global citizenship, critical thinking, and ICT literacy. In each country, an experimental group (26 students in Costa Rica and 27 in Japan) participated in two learning units that incorporated animated shorts, graphic organizers, and comics to address community issues. The results from both units are assessed through the analysis of comics and questionnaires. Control groups (25 students in Costa Rica and 27 in Japan) participated only in the questionnaires, which focused on concepts related to community and citizen participation. The comics' analysis focused on the participants' citizens self-awareness and critical thinking skills. The questionnaires' analysis dealt with attitudes related to community and citizen participation. In Costa Rica, the analysis of the comics showed significant increases in critical thinking (PPC) and citizen self-awareness (PCC) scores in the second unit. In both units, Japanese students showed better performance in PPC and PCC than their Costa Rican peers. In both countries, correlations were found between PPC and PCC. The analysis of the questionnaires did not show conclusive results in either country. These results suggest that narrative is more suitable than description and exposition for students to express active and critical attitudes related to citizenship and democracy. ; El aprendizaje basado en competencias en educación primaria requiere la formación integrada de múltiples competencias. Debido a su complejidad inherente, su evaluación supone retos importantes. Este artículo presenta los resultados de experiencias de formación y evaluación realizadas en escuelas de Costa Rica y de Japón durante el año escolar del 2019, dirigidas a desarrollar competencias ATC21s (Evaluación y Enseñanza de las Competencias del Siglo XXI) relacionadas con conciencia ciudadana, pensamiento crítico y literacidad en TIC. En cada país, un grupo experimental (26 estudiantes en Costa Rica y 27 en Japón) participó en dos unidades de aprendizaje, que incorporaron cortos animados, organizadores gráficos e historietas para abordar problemas comunitarios. Los resultados de ambas unidades fueron evaluados mediante el análisis de historietas y cuestionarios. Los grupos de control (25 estudiantes en Costa Rica y 27 en Japón) participaron solo en los cuestionarios, los cuales se centran en los conceptos de comunidad y participación ciudadana. El análisis de historietas se enfocó en la conciencia ciudadana y en las habilidades de pensamiento crítico de las personas participantes, y el análisis de cuestionarios se centró en nociones vinculadas con comunidad y participación ciudadana. En Costa Rica, el análisis de las historietas mostró incrementos significativos en los puntajes de pensamiento crítico (PPC) y conciencia ciudadana (PCC) entre las dos unidades. En las dos unidades, el estudiantado japonés mostró un mejor desempeño en PPC y PCC que sus pares costarricenses. En ambos países se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre PPC y PCC. En los grupos experimentales y de control de ambos países, el análisis de los cuestionarios no mostró resultados concluyentes. Estos resultados muestran que la narrativa es más adecuada que la descripción y la exposición para que las personas estudiantes expresen actitudes activas y críticas relacionadas con ciudadanía y democracia ; El aprendizaje basado en competencias en educación primaria requiere la formación integrada de múltiples competencias. Debido a su complejidad inherente, su evaluación supone retos importantes. Este artículo presenta los resultados de experiencias de formación y evaluación realizadas en escuelas de Costa Rica y de Japón durante el año escolar del 2019, dirigidas a desarrollar competencias ATC21s (Evaluación y Enseñanza de las Competencias del Siglo XXI) relacionadas con conciencia ciudadana, pensamiento crítico y literacidad en TIC. En cada país, un grupo experimental (26 estudiantes en Costa Rica y 27 en Japón) participó en dos unidades de aprendizaje, que incorporaron cortos animados, organizadores gráficos e historietas para abordar problemas comunitarios. Los resultados de ambas unidades fueron evaluados mediante el análisis de historietas y cuestionarios. Los grupos de control (25 estudiantes en Costa Rica y 27 en Japón) participaron solo en los cuestionarios, los cuales se centran en los conceptos de comunidad y participación ciudadana. El análisis de historietas se enfocó en la conciencia ciudadana y en las habilidades de pensamiento crítico de las personas participantes, y el análisis de cuestionarios se centró en nociones vinculadas con comunidad y participación ciudadana. En Costa Rica, el análisis de las historietas mostró incrementos significativos en los puntajes de pensamiento crítico (PPC) y conciencia ciudadana (PCC) entre las dos unidades. En las dos unidades, el estudiantado japonés mostró un mejor desempeño en PPC y PCC que sus pares costarricenses. En ambos países se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre PPC y PCC. En los grupos experimentales y de control de ambos países, el análisis de los cuestionarios no mostró resultados concluyentes. Estos resultados muestran que la narrativa es más adecuada que la descripción y la exposición para que las personas estudiantes expresen actitudes activas y críticas relacionadas con ciudadanía y democracia
[1], 132, [3] leaves ; Translation of: De laudibus legum Angliae. ; Latin and English in parallel columns. ; Imprint from colophon. ; With three final contents leaves. ; Running title reads: Fortescu, in commendacion of the lawes of England. ; Reproduction of the original in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery.
