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In "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen firmly criticizes "transcendental" theories of justice, the archetype of which is to be found in Rawls' works and he suggests substituting for them a more pragmatic "comparative" approach. In "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm defends his conception of an "endogenous social choice", which induces him to keep at a distance Rawlsian concepts, such as "original position" and "veil of ignorance", he considers as too abstract. Concerning Rawls himself, he has offered a philosophical formulation of the second principle of justice ("fair equality of opportunity" and "principle of difference") but that sole formulation remains too vague to contain precise proposals in the field of economic and social policy. In spite of real differences at a epistemological level about the meaning of their own normative ideas, Sen, Kolm and Rawls can be considered as "liberal egalitarians", but economics of this school of thought is still to be specified (1): The Rawlsian hierarchy between the principles de justice would give our essay its general framework (2), whereas Sen's "capability approach" would legitimize a more ambitious conception of "fair equality of opportunity" (3) and Kolm's distributive "ELIE transfers" would be a suitable application of the "principle of difference" (4). As a conclusion, the scope and limits of our essay are subject to a first examination (5). ; Dans "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen formule une critique systématique des théories « transcendantales » de la justice, dont l'archétype se trouve dans l'œuvre de Rawls et propose de leur substituer une approche « comparative », plus pragmatique. Dans "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm défend une conception du « choix social endogène » qui le conduit, lui aussi, à se démarquer des notions rawlsiennes trop abstraites de « position originelle » et de « voile d'ignorance ». Quant à Rawls lui-même, la formulation philosophique qu'il a pu donner de son second principe de justice (« juste égalité des chances » et « principe de différence ») ...

Legal Effectiveness of Social rights is an old issue of legal sociology. The Authors propose to develop a ACapability Approach of rights, inspired by Amartya Sen but complted by legal sociology. The example of parental leave in the European Union is examined as an empirical application of this approach. This Working Paper is the translation of a paper in French, published in 2008 in Jean De Munck and Bénédicte Zimmermann (eds.), La liberté au prisme des capacités. Amartya Sen au-delà du libéralisme, Paris : ed. de l'EHESS.

In "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen firmly criticizes "transcendental" theories of justice, the archetype of which is to be found in Rawls' works and he suggests substituting for them a more pragmatic "comparative" approach. In "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm defends his conception of an "endogenous social choice", which induces him to keep at a distance Rawlsian concepts, such as "original position" and "veil of ignorance", he considers as too abstract. Concerning Rawls himself, he has offered a philosophical formulation of the second principle of justice ("fair equality of opportunity" and "principle of difference") but that sole formulation remains too vague to contain precise proposals in the field of economic and social policy. In spite of real differences at a epistemological level about the meaning of their own normative ideas, Sen, Kolm and Rawls can be considered as "liberal egalitarians", but economics of this school of thought is still to be specified (1): The Rawlsian hierarchy between the principles de justice would give our essay its general framework (2), whereas Sen's "capability approach" would legitimize a more ambitious conception of "fair equality of opportunity" (3) and Kolm's distributive "ELIE transfers" would be a suitable application of the "principle of difference" (4). As a conclusion, the scope and limits of our essay are subject to a first examination (5). ; Dans "The Idea of Justice" (2009), Sen formule une critique systématique des théories « transcendantales » de la justice, dont l'archétype se trouve dans l'œuvre de Rawls et propose de leur substituer une approche « comparative », plus pragmatique. Dans "Macrojustice" (2005), Kolm défend une conception du « choix social endogène » qui le conduit, lui aussi, à se démarquer des notions rawlsiennes trop abstraites de « position originelle » et de « voile d'ignorance ». Quant à Rawls lui-même, la formulation philosophique qu'il a pu donner de son second principe de justice (« juste égalité des chances » et « principe de différence ») semble trop floue pour contenir à elle seule des propositions précises de politique économique et sociale. En dépit des profondes différences d'ordre épistémologique sur le sens qu'ils donnent à leur réflexion normative respective, Sen, Kolm et Rawls sont pourtant tous des représentants d'un « égalitarisme libéral », dont l'économie générale reste toutefois à préciser (1) : si la hiérarchie rawlsienne des principes de justice fournit à notre essai son armature générale (2), l'approche des capacités de Sen légitime une conception plus ambitieuse de l'égalité des chances (3) et les transferts redistributifs « ELIE » de Kolm constitue une traduction possible du principe de différence (4). Portée et limites de notre essai font l'objet en conclusion d'un premier examen (5).

Texte à paraître dans le recueil: A. Fagot-Largeault (dir.), La philosophie et l'état du monde, Paris, Vrin, 2011. ; International audience ; In the « Europa » workshop of Société Française de Philosophie, we have had an opportunity to discuss the principles of social policy evaluation, in connection with current evolutions of the Welfare-State model. It is possible to use Amartya Sen's capability approach, given that we are to consider positive achievements concerning (1) personal welfare and (2) choice capacities. We'll stress that A. Sen's approach is rooted in philosophical elaborations about the connections between ethics and information. Some political limits of the theory will be discussed, starting from the links with the United Nations's Human Development Index. ; Dans l'atelier « Europe » de la Société Française de Philosophie, nous avons été conduits à réfléchir sur les principes du jugement concernant les politiques sociales et ce que l'on peut appeler les évolutions du modèle (ou de l'ancien modèle) de l'État social dans l'Union Européenne. L'approche par les capacités au sens d'A. Sen peut être mobilisée à partir de la conviction qu'il faut tout à la fois tenir compte (1) des réalisations positives concernant le bien-être des personnes et (2) des capacités de choix des personnes. Nous soulignerons l'enracinement de l'approche d'A. Sen dans une réflexion philosophique sur les rapports entre éthique et information. Certaines limites politiques de cette approche seront discutées à partir d'une discussion du lien avec l'indicateur de développement humain des Nations-Unies.

Texte à paraître dans le recueil: A. Fagot-Largeault (dir.), La philosophie et l'état du monde, Paris, Vrin, 2011. ; International audience ; In the « Europa » workshop of Société Française de Philosophie, we have had an opportunity to discuss the principles of social policy evaluation, in connection with current evolutions of the Welfare-State model. It is possible to use Amartya Sen's capability approach, given that we are to consider positive achievements concerning (1) personal welfare and (2) choice capacities. We'll stress that A. Sen's approach is rooted in philosophical elaborations about the connections between ethics and information. Some political limits of the theory will be discussed, starting from the links with the United Nations's Human Development Index. ; Dans l'atelier « Europe » de la Société Française de Philosophie, nous avons été conduits à réfléchir sur les principes du jugement concernant les politiques sociales et ce que l'on peut appeler les évolutions du modèle (ou de l'ancien modèle) de l'État social dans l'Union Européenne. L'approche par les capacités au sens d'A. Sen peut être mobilisée à partir de la conviction qu'il faut tout à la fois tenir compte (1) des réalisations positives concernant le bien-être des personnes et (2) des capacités de choix des personnes. Nous soulignerons l'enracinement de l'approche d'A. Sen dans une réflexion philosophique sur les rapports entre éthique et information. Certaines limites politiques de cette approche seront discutées à partir d'une discussion du lien avec l'indicateur de développement humain des Nations-Unies.

Les enfants ne sont plus de simples bénéficiaires de mesures de protection, mais plutôt des sujets de droits et des participants aux actions les affectant. Cela implique un changement dans l'approche envers les enfants vulnérables dans la recherche et les politiques. Cet article explore la pauvreté des enfants de la rue à Kampala (Ouganda), à travers la combinaison de l'approche innovante des capabilités proposée par Amartya Sen et les méthodes participatives.

As the concept of "territorial development" is still relatively ambiguous, this thesis proposes both a more rigorous and widerapproach than merely identifying it with the "economic development on a local area". Our analysis goes through four distinct phases, each ofthem being dealt with in a different chapter.First, a brief historical analysis of relations between economic and political thoughts, in the sense of community affairsmanagement, emphasizes the reasons which allowed the economic sphere to progressively become more and more influential to the point toestablish itself as the finality of development and go over its status of a "tool". Indeed, upon certain conditions, this shift can be justified,namely in presence of some scarcity of means in order to satisfy one's own needs.Because making the concept of territorial development rely only on the economic aspect leads to implicitly consider the condition ofscarcity as permanent, we wished to verify if the current approaches to the economic theory were capable of taking into account the affluenceof developed countries. To this purpose, we relaxed the non-satiety hypothesis, which is implicit both in the convexity of the indifferencecurves in microeconomics and in the "psychological law" of Keynes' General Theory.The extension of the economic theory to the condition of satiety, which was deeply looked into theoretically and checked against thereality all through the thesis, makes us gain a very unusual insight into economic phenomena. And, once the analysis was opened to therelations between different territories, we were able to demonstrate, from a purely economic point of view, the contradictory nature of theeconomic goals of development.Finally, taking territories as "social constructs", the thesis suggests an alternative proposition, based on the freedoms to be and tomake, and their progressive enlargement, in a way close to Sen's capability approach, yet not being a reduction of it. The proposed approachcouples coherently the economic and the ...

As the concept of "territorial development" is still relatively ambiguous, this thesis proposes both a more rigorous and widerapproach than merely identifying it with the "economic development on a local area". Our analysis goes through four distinct phases, each ofthem being dealt with in a different chapter.First, a brief historical analysis of relations between economic and political thoughts, in the sense of community affairsmanagement, emphasizes the reasons which allowed the economic sphere to progressively become more and more influential to the point toestablish itself as the finality of development and go over its status of a "tool". Indeed, upon certain conditions, this shift can be justified,namely in presence of some scarcity of means in order to satisfy one's own needs.Because making the concept of territorial development rely only on the economic aspect leads to implicitly consider the condition ofscarcity as permanent, we wished to verify if the current approaches to the economic theory were capable of taking into account the affluenceof developed countries. To this purpose, we relaxed the non-satiety hypothesis, which is implicit both in the convexity of the indifferencecurves in microeconomics and in the "psychological law" of Keynes' General Theory.The extension of the economic theory to the condition of satiety, which was deeply looked into theoretically and checked against thereality all through the thesis, makes us gain a very unusual insight into economic phenomena. And, once the analysis was opened to therelations between different territories, we were able to demonstrate, from a purely economic point of view, the contradictory nature of theeconomic goals of development.Finally, taking territories as "social constructs", the thesis suggests an alternative proposition, based on the freedoms to be and tomake, and their progressive enlargement, in a way close to Sen's capability approach, yet not being a reduction of it. The proposed approachcouples coherently the economic and the ...

As the concept of "territorial development" is still relatively ambiguous, this thesis proposes both a more rigorous and widerapproach than merely identifying it with the "economic development on a local area". Our analysis goes through four distinct phases, each ofthem being dealt with in a different chapter.First, a brief historical analysis of relations between economic and political thoughts, in the sense of community affairsmanagement, emphasizes the reasons which allowed the economic sphere to progressively become more and more influential to the point toestablish itself as the finality of development and go over its status of a "tool". Indeed, upon certain conditions, this shift can be justified,namely in presence of some scarcity of means in order to satisfy one's own needs.Because making the concept of territorial development rely only on the economic aspect leads to implicitly consider the condition ofscarcity as permanent, we wished to verify if the current approaches to the economic theory were capable of taking into account the affluenceof developed countries. To this purpose, we relaxed the non-satiety hypothesis, which is implicit both in the convexity of the indifferencecurves in microeconomics and in the "psychological law" of Keynes' General Theory.The extension of the economic theory to the condition of satiety, which was deeply looked into theoretically and checked against thereality all through the thesis, makes us gain a very unusual insight into economic phenomena. And, once the analysis was opened to therelations between different territories, we were able to demonstrate, from a purely economic point of view, the contradictory nature of theeconomic goals of development.Finally, taking territories as "social constructs", the thesis suggests an alternative proposition, based on the freedoms to be and tomake, and their progressive enlargement, in a way close to Sen's capability approach, yet not being a reduction of it. The proposed approachcouples coherently the economic and the ...

International audience ; This article studies the operationalization of theories of social justice in a public policy evaluation procedure. It seeks to show that questioning the principles of social justice underlying public action presupposes developing appropriate methodologies. From a theoretical point of view, the procedure implemented depends on relating concepts of public policy analysis and Amartya Sen's capability approach. This procedure led to the implementation of an innovative methodological protocol mixing quantitative and qualitative approaches. The principal results obtained highlight an unfinished territo­rialization process which does not take the intensity of the social problems and specifi­cities of the local actors' configurations into account. They underline the weak sharing of cognitive foundations in the regional policy and the limited margin of autonomy among field operators. Lastly, they highlight the weight of behavioural expectations with respect to users of guidance policies and the existence of phenomena of failures to avail themselves of public offers. ; Cet article interroge l'opérationnalisation des théories de la justice sociale dans une démarche d'évaluation de politiques publiques. Il vise à montrer que l'interrogation des principes de justice sociale qui sous-tendent l'action publique suppose de développer des méthodologies adaptées. D'un point de vue théorique, la démarche mise en œuvre s'adosse à l'articulation de concepts d'analyse des politiques publiques et de l'approche par les capabilités d' Amartya Sen. Cette démarche a conduit à la mise en œuvre d'un protocole méthodologique innovant mixant approches quantitative et qualitative. Les principaux résultats obtenus mettent en évidence un processus de territorialisation inabouti qui ne prend pas en compte l'intensité des problèmes sociaux et les spécificités des configurations locales d'acteurs. Ils soulignent un faible partage des fondements cognitifs de la politique régionale et une marge d'autonomie limitée des ...

The advent of MOOCs and the buzz it generates defines e-learning as a main topic in the development strategy of universities. However, very few economic studies have been done about it, even if this type of training has been present in French universities for more than ten years. What are the business models of this form of curriculum, how to mesure its efficiency and impacts?Lifting the constraints of time and space, e-learning reexamines the economic approach to education from the points of view of supply, demand or public policies. This work offers a perspective on the main economic issues for universitary graduating e-learning, from these points of view and through an assessment process. The theoretical corpus in economics of education and Amartya Sen's "capability approach" are used as a reading tool which allows us to highlight one of the major economic issues of e-learning: regional economic development. This educational form allows the reaching of new audiences constrained by geography or employment status. The comparison of two implementations in two different educational policies settings -that of China and France- allows us to report on concrete results and demonstrate the relevance of e-learning in terms of regional development. ; L'avènement des MOOC et le buzz qu'il génère font du e-learning un sujet d'actualité et un enjeu stratégique de développement pour les universités. Cependant, force est de constater le peu d'études économiques traitant de ce sujet alors que cette modalité de formation existe depuis plus de dix ans dans les universités françaises. Quels sont les modèles économiques de ces formations, quelles sont leurs efficacités, quels impacts peuvent-elles avoir et à quelles conditions ?En levant les contraintes liées au temps et les contraintes liées à l'espace, le e-learning réinterroge l'approche économique de l'éducation que ce soit du point de vue de l'offre, de la demande ou des politiques éducatives. Nous proposons la mise en perspective des principaux enjeux économiques du ...