The text points out the need for significant changes in the disability policies, which result from the paradigm shift from medicine to social issues. Three theoretical approaches are presented and briefly discussed, which might be helpful when analyzing the public policy towards disability and eventually be used when reformulating it. First, the biographical approach and the trajectory of everyday life are presented. Then, the problem is discussed in the context of the social exclusion followed by the analysis of the public policies from the perspective of the expected failure. Finally the text presents the differences between social and public disability policies and points out the advantages of the approach typical for public policy-related sciences.
In: Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej; The Impact of the Russian Federation upon the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, Band 18, Heft 3, S. 143-171
Most of the previous revolutions in the post-Soviet sphere were concentrated around two dimensions: reluctance to challenge abuses of power and the will to redirect the external trajectory. The Armenian Velvet Revolution marked the change of the axiology of revolution. Civil disobedience was only focused on the corrupt political system based on clientelism and patronage. It was not addressing any issues related to the international situation. In statements, activists avoided references to foreign policy and change of geopolitical direction. The purpose of the paper is to identify convergent and separate features characterizing the Velvet Revolution in comparison with breakthroughs classified as revolutions in the post-Soviet space after 1989. The research question is how the Armenian Velvet Revolution's features stand out from previous revolutionary changes of power in the post-Soviet space, and to what extent they are convergent. The theoretical framework is based on multi-dimensional academic reflection on the factors characterizing particular revolutionary waves in post-Soviet space. Using comparatively the rich achievements of study on the Autumn of Nations, Color Revolutions, and Ukrainian Revolution of Dignity, this essay aims to inscribe the unique and modular factors characterizing the Armenian Velvet Revolution into a broader spectrum of theoretical and practical considerations on political breakthroughs in post-Soviet space.
The aim of this article is to present an overview of theoretical approaches to public policy. The author focuses on its two phases - design and implementation, not including evaluation. The article is an attempt to answer the following research questions: How do researchers define public policy? What are its phases? What are the characteristics of these phases? How is its implementation defined? And what do top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid approaches mean? What is considered to be an implementation success and what factors influence it? Which direction should future research on public policy processes take? In order to answer the above-mentioned questions, the author has reviewed the subject literature, mainly in English, dealing with the issues of designing and implementing public policies. The article is a synthesis of public policy theories.
This paper aims to present different approaches to the analysis of public policies on ageing. The study contains short descriptions of selected theories on formulating and implementing responses to challenges related to the issues and problems relevant to older people and ageing people. The paper discusses selected concepts such as politicization of ageing, public policy on ageing and the politics of ageing. In the further part of the work, an attempt was made to discuss the framework of the stages of the public policy design cycle and codesign as well as selected public policy theories associated with the population ageing that were divided into deductive and inductive approaches and broken down into levels of social system analysis (micro, meso and macro). The summary presents proposals for further research directions.
Potęga państw współczesnych nie straciła na aktualności. Można to zaobserwować w ujęciu przedstawicieli różnych teorii stosunków międzynarodowych. Dzieje się tak pomimo zmian w systemie międzynarodowym i innym spojrzeniu na zakres siły państw. Zmiany w systemie spowodowały, iż obok tak oczywistych wyznaczników siły państwa, jak wojskowych czy ekonomicznych należy również uwzględnić inne, definiowane poprzez soft power. Należy uwzględnić również mechanizm uruchamiania siły w postaci sprawnie działającego państwa czy woli wspólnoty do realizacji celów. W ocenie współczesnej potęgi należy również uwzględnić aspekt systemu międzynarodowego, który w dużym stopniu wpływa jakie elementy siły są ważne, a jakie mniej istotne w danej sytuacji. Uwzględniając powyższe uwarunkowania, ważne jest przyjęcie, że siła państwa jest zespolonym wynikiem wojskowych, ekonomicznych i miękkich czynników. Należy jednak uwzględnić czynniki zewnętrzne, systemowe, które ostatecznie określają siłę państwa. W badaniach nad problematyką siły państwa wykorzystano kilka metod badawczych. Analiza systemową, której wartość w badaniach siły jest szczególnie ważna z uwagi na konieczność określenia jej miejsca w systemie międzynarodowym na jego różnych poziomach. Ważne, szczególnie w zakresie potęgometrii są metody statystyczne, które uwzględniają zarówno stronę ilościową, jak i jakościową badanych zjawisk. W badaniach nad potęgą zastosowanie ma również metoda porównawcza (analogia) zwana też komparatywną, z uwagi na możliwości wykrycia podobieństw oraz różnic między procesami i zjawiskami. ; The issue of the power of contemporary states has not lost its significance, which can be seen in various theories of international relations. It remains valid despite the changes in the international system and different perception of states' power. The changes in the international system have made soft power as important as the military or economic power of a state. It is also important to consider the source of power, embodied in a well-functioning state or a will of the community to accomplish its goals. The assessment of the power of contemporary states should also take into account the international system, which greatly influences which elements of power are more, and which are less important in a given situation. It has to be recognized that the power of the state is a complex outcome of military, economic and soft factors. However, external, systemic factors that ultimately determine the power of the state should also be taken into account. Several research methods have been used in researching the power of the state. One is the method of systemic analysis, which is particularly important in power studies as it determines where power is located on different levels of the international system. The statistical methods that take into account both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the phenomena studied are important, especially in the field of power. The comparative method (analogy) is also used, as it allows similarities and differences between processes and phenomena to be detected.
The issue of the power of contemporary states has not lost its significance, which can be seen in various theories of international relations. It remains valid despite the changes in the international system and different perception of states' power. The changes in the international system have made soft power as important as the military or economic power of a state. It is also important to consider the source of power, embodied in a well-functioning state or a will of the community to accomplish its goals. The assessment of the power of contemporary states should also take into account the international system, which greatly influences which elements of power are more, and which are less important in a given situation. It has to be recognized that the power of the state is a complex outcome of military, economic and soft factors. However, external, systemic factors that ultimately determine the power of the state should also be taken into account. Several research methods have been used in researching the power of the state. One is the method of systemic analysis, which is particularly important in power studies as it determines where power is located on different levels of the international system. The statistical methods that take into account both quantitative and qualitative aspects of the phenomena studied are important, especially in the field of power. The comparative method (analogy) is also used, as it allows similarities and differences between processes and phenomena to be detected. ; Potęga państw współczesnych nie straciła na aktualności. Można to zaobserwować w ujęciu przedstawicieli różnych teorii stosunków międzynarodowych. Dzieje się tak pomimo zmian w systemie międzynarodowym i innym spojrzeniu na zakres siły państw. Zmiany w systemie spowodowały, iż obok tak oczywistych wyznaczników siły państwa, jak wojskowych czy ekonomicznych należy również uwzględnić inne, definiowane poprzez soft power. Należy uwzględnić również mechanizm uruchamiania siły w postaci sprawnie działającego państwa czy woli wspólnoty do realizacji celów. W ocenie współczesnej potęgi należy również uwzględnić aspekt systemu międzynarodowego, który w dużym stopniu wpływa jakie elementy siły są ważne, a jakie mniej istotne w danej sytuacji. Uwzględniając powyższe uwarunkowania, ważne jest przyjęcie, że siła państwa jest zespolonym wynikiem wojskowych, ekonomicznych i miękkich czynników. Należy jednak uwzględnić czynniki zewnętrzne, systemowe, które ostatecznie określają siłę państwa. W badaniach nad problematyką siły państwa wykorzystano kilka metod badawczych. Analiza systemową, której wartość w badaniach siły jest szczególnie ważna z uwagi na konieczność określenia jej miejsca w systemie międzynarodowym na jego różnych poziomach. Ważne, szczególnie w zakresie potęgometrii są metody statystyczne, które uwzględniają zarówno stronę ilościową, jak i jakościową badanych zjawisk. W badaniach nad potęgą zastosowanie ma również metoda porównawcza (analogia) zwana też komparatywną, z uwagi na możliwości wykrycia podobieństw oraz różnic między procesami i zjawiskami.
Some phenomena associated with ageing populations are transition of economies to focus more on the production and distribution of goods and services for older adults as well as for younger age groups as part of their preparation for old age. The paper presents the main features of the concept of "silver economy" in the context of active ageing policies. The study presents a typology of the silver economy models in the European Union at national and regional levels based on the use of the Active Ageing Index in comparison to the typology of differences and cultures of capitalism as well as the typology of welfare states. The summary contains conclusions for practical interventions and proposals for further research.
There is no uniform model of employment in Polish legislation. The shape of the employment relationship of an academic employee is strongly influenced by the specific normative relationship that exists between the Labour Code and the Law on Higher Education. It should be noted that the Law on Higher Education is not a sufficient regulation. It regulates, in principle, sufficiently those issues that require, due to its nature, a different than regulatory code. The relations between these two acts are diverse, which results from the construction of Article 5 of the Labour Code. The statutory regulations affect the shape of the employment relationship. Each college as part of its autonomy can regulate various issues, creating many different hybrid work relationship models. ; W polskim ustawodawstwie nie występuje jednolity model zatrudniania pracowników. Na kształt stosunku pracy pracowników akademickich zdecydowany wpływ ma swoista normatywna relacja, jaka zachodzi pomiędzy kodeksem pracy a ustawą o szkolnictwie wyższym. Wskazać należy, że ustawa o szkolnictwie wyższym nie ma charakteru regulacji wystarczającej. Reguluje w sposób co do zasady wystarczający te kwestie, które wymagają – z uwagi na swój charakter – odmiennej niż kodeksowa regulacji. Relacje zachodzące między tymi dwoma aktami mają charakter zróżnicowany, który wynika z konstrukcji art. 5 Kodeksu pracy. Na kształt stosunku pracy wpływ mają unormowania statutowe. Każda szkoła wyższa w ramach swojej autonomii może dane kwestie uregulować różnie, tworząc wiele hybrydowych modeli stosunku pracy.
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie nowego koniunktywnego podejścia w badaniach integracji europejskiej: deliberatywnej fuzji międzyrządowej. Bazuje ono na połączeniu liberalnej teorii międzyrządowej, teorii fuzji i teorii deliberatywnego supranacjonalizmu. Główną myślą jest stwierdzenie, że żadna z istniejących koncepcji teoretycznych nie jest w stanie wyjaśnić istoty procesów integracyjnych w ramach Unii Europejskiej. W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe założenia wskazanych teorii (traktowanych jako koncepcje wyjściowe), przeanalizowano główne cechy Unii Europejskiej w czasie kryzysu, a także zaprezentowano podstawowe elementy nowego podejścia. Zaproponowana koncepcja powinna wykazywać przydatność nie tylko w sytuacji kryzysowej, ale także oferować instrumenty analizy integracji europejskiej w okresie pokryzysowym. ; The purpose of this paper is to present a new conjunctive approach in the research on European integration: deliberative intergovernmental fusion. The concept derives from a merging of liberal intergovernmentalism, fusion theory and deliberative supranationalism. The main idea is based on the view that no existing theoretical concept is able to explain the essence of integration processes in the European Union. This paper presents the principal assumptions of the three theories (treated as starting-point approaches), the main features of the European Union in crisis, as well as basic elements of the new approach. The concept proposed should be useful not only in a crisis situation, but also offer instruments for the analysis of European integration in the post-crisis period.
The novel coronavirus pandemic has triggered an economic slowdown worldwide, aggravating those steadily accumulated inequalities in income and wealth redistribution. Western-type capitalism, international cooperation, and European integration have found themselves at risk. This article points out the resemblances and dissimilarities in policies combating the recessions of 2008 and 2020 on both sides of the Atlantic, focusing specifically on the EU and Canada. It assesses the rising popularity of the welfarestate concept applied both to individuals and entire businesses deemed essential for democracy, notably in the EU, for which the protection of citizens' well-being and solidarity values are at the core of bloc integration. Conceptually conflicting solutions for those crises reflect a profound shift in policy making, reinforcing state interventions vs the neoliberal approach and intensifying discussions on a universal basic income as a tool in redressing socio-economic inequalities. This paper highlights the need for a trans-disciplinary approach to benefi t policy making.
Celem niniejszego tekstu jest spojrzenie na studia z zakresu integracji europejskiej z perspektywy ekonomii politycznej. Zabieg taki pozwala na uchwycenie dwóch głównych wymiarów natury Unii Europejskiej, tj. ekonomicznego i politycznego, jak również stymulowania dialogu pomiędzy tymi dwoma sposobami teoretyzowania integracji europejskiej. Niniejszy tekst przybliża zasadniczo ekonomiczny dorobek w zakresie studiów europejskich (w sposób przystępny dla nie-ekonomistów), pozwalając na lepsze zrozumienie procesów, zjawisk i mechanizmów integracji międzynarodowej. ; The objective of the article is to see the studies on European integration from the perspective of the political economy, which allows to capture the two most important dimensions of the European Union, that is the economic and political one. It also stimulates the dialog between the two ways of theorising the European integration. The proposed text reconstructs the economic discourse in the European studies (in a way which is friendly for non-economists') and helps to better understand the processes, phenomena and mechanics of international integration.
Celem niniejszego tekstu jest spojrzenie na studia z zakresu integracji europejskiej z perspektywy ekonomii politycznej. Zabieg taki pozwala na uchwycenie dwóch głównych wymiarów natury Unii Europejskiej, tj. ekonomicznego i politycznego, jak również stymulowania dialogu pomiędzy tymi dwoma sposobami teoretyzowania integracji europejskiej. Niniejszy tekst przybliża zasadniczo ekonomiczny dorobek w zakresie studiów europejskich (w sposób przystępny dla nie-ekonomistów), pozwalając na lepsze zrozumienie procesów, zjawisk i mechanizmów integracji międzynarodowej. ; The objective of the article is to see the studies on European integration from the perspective of the political economy, which allows to capture the two most important dimensions of the European Union, that is the economic and political one. It also stimulates the dialog between the two ways of theorising the European integration. The proposed text reconstructs the economic discourse in the European studies (in a way which is friendly for non-economists') and helps to better understand the processes, phenomena and mechanics of international integration.
This paper examines empirically a policy question whether or not there is a significant effect of the character of the relationships between the third sector organizations and public administration units for distribution of public resources at the local community level (gmina orcommunes). The key issue concerns the role of NGOs in making the level of community deprivation – measured by multidimensional index of local deprivation (MILD) – a factor in allocating resources to gmina (in the form of various subsidies accrued to it). An evaluation of the relative importance of the two competing criteria, equity andefficiency – which are typically, at least implicitly, involved in distribution of public resources – is conducted using public statistics data from the Bank of Local Data for years 2008 and 2010. Since it is usually assumed that the former remains of focus of the third sector units while the latter seems to remain under responsibility of the administration, one may expect that the type of relations between them will affect the prevalence of one of the two criteria over the others, without. however, knowledge of the circumstances conducive to it. Indeed, the results of empirical analysis reveal a clear pattern of the dependency –public resources obtained by gminas are shown to be on average both 'need-adjusted' and efficient when the relations are positive in character (however, not unconditionally – for instance, it is not true in the case of European Union's funds). And that there is a form of complementarity between the above mentioned principles (equity and efficiency) under a certain pattern of interaction between non-profit organizations and administrative units at the local community – some of the circumstances suitable for such a desired type of effects are discussed in the paper.
