Sex‐role boundaries and resistance to sex‐role change†
In: Women's studies: an interdisciplinary journal, Band 2, Heft 1, S. 61-78
ISSN: 1547-7045
In: Women's studies: an interdisciplinary journal, Band 2, Heft 1, S. 61-78
ISSN: 1547-7045
In: Scandinavian political studies: SPS ; a journal, Band 5, S. 209-239
ISSN: 0080-6757
The study is composed of 2 main parts, in which both behavior & att's are examined. Men & women are described in relation to their pol'al participation & as pol'al representatives. Apart from the obvious effects of Ur'ization, of a rise in the SE level, & of a decrease in religious & conservative traditionalism, other factors also help to explain diff's in the voting turnout of men & women. Eg, in some areas, notably in the Swedish-speaking Ru communes, ED increases sex diff's by bringing with it social disorg & cross-pressu res. The ecological analysis shows that all over the country past class-conflicts & traditions of inequality of SC's are reflected in present inequality or diff in sex roles in voting participation. Socialist traditions are unable to decrease sex diff's when the soc structure is characterized by class conflicts. The soc & pol'al climates in eastern & western Finland differ remarkably from each other. In eastern Finland women's voting activity is low but a high proportion of women is elected. This is due to a lack of uniform norms as to whether & for whom to vote. Pressure towards conformity in western Finland brings women to the polls but to vote for men. This shows that women's voting & voting for women are not one dimension. Ur'ization increases both women's voting & voting for women. The influence of sex role ideologies can be seen primarily in voting for women, not that of women. The Marxian principle of the equality of the sexes is reflected in the larger proportion of women among candidates & those elected in the socialist parties. Voting for women candidates in bourgeois parties has increased, probably due to the growing number of women working in Mc occup's & to the radical sex role discussion which began in 1965 & which may have influenced the voting in the elections of 1968 & 1970. IPSA.
In: Scandinavian political studies, Band 5, Heft A5, S. 209-239
ISSN: 1467-9477
SummaryThe results of this study on the voting activity of men and women in Finland, on the election of men and women and on the attitudes and expectations related to this activity are, in general, consistent with those of previous studies and with the propositions set forth in the beginning. Some additions to the facts known earlier can, however, be reported.Apart from the obvious effects of urbanization, of a rise in the socio‐economical level, and of a decrease in religious and conservative traditionalism, some other factors also help to explain small differences in the voting turnout of men and women. For example, in some areas, notably in the Swedish‐speaking rural communes, economic development increases sex differences by bringing with it social disorganization and cross‐pressures. An important result of the ecological analysis was that all over the country past class‐conflicts, traditions of inequality of social classes are reflected in present inequality or difference in sex roles in voting participation. Socialist traditions, which according to Marxian ideology stress the equality of the sexes in political life, and which are strong in the same communes where class conflict and inequality of the sexes prevail, are unable to decrease sex differences when the social structure is characterized by class conflicts.The social and political climates in eastern and western Finland differ remarkably from each other. In eastern Finland women's voting activity is low but a high proportion of women is elected to parliament and municipal councils, notably in the bourgeois parties. This is due to a lack of uniform norms as to whether and for whom to vote. Pressure towards conformity in western Finland brings women to the polls but to vote for men. This shows that women's voting and voting for women are not one‐dimensional phenomena in all social circumstances. On the other hand, it was found that urbanization increases both women's voting and voting for women. — The liberal attitude of men in eastern Finland towards women's participation in politics and leadership, reflects lack of homogeneous conservatism and provides a good foundation for those women who want to be politically active. Women in eastern Finland are not, however, as already mentioned, active as voters but when they are, they of ten vote for women candidates. The east‐west cultural difference seems to be losing importance at present and the south—north or center—periphery difference which is related to economic development, is gaining in importance.The influence of sex role ideologies could be seen primarily in voting for women, not that of women. The Marxian principle of the equality of the sexes is reflected in the larger proportion of women among candidates and those elected in the socialist parties. This proportion has for some reason been declining since 1954. On the other hand, voting for women candidates in bourgeois parties has increased. This may be due to the growing number of women working in middle class occupations. Women get votes almost always from other women — only a tiny proportion of men votes for women ‐ and these educated middle‐class women increasingly cast their votes for women candidates. Another reason for the increase in the proportion of votes cast for women in bourgeois parties particularly in towns and cities, may be the radical sex role discussion which began in 1965 and which may have influenced the voting in the elections of 1968 and 1970. This assumption receives support from the sharp increase already in 1966 in votes cast for women in the Swedish People's party, whose supporters included the initiators of this discussion, imported from Sweden.Socio‐economic development, conservative conformity, traditions of equality in the social structure and ideologies concerning equality of the sexes are on the basis of this study some of the factors influencing sex roles in Finnish politics. There is however considerable variation in their importance in different social groups and geographical areas. They also have different effects on the voting turnout of men and women and on the voting for men and women.
In: The World of Women, S. 31-53
In: Journal of Asian and African studies: JAAS, Band 13, Heft 3-4, S. 276-277
ISSN: 0021-9096
In: Interdisciplinary studies on family, kinship, and marriage
In: Quarterly journal of ideology: QJI ; a critique of the conventional wisdom, Band 5, Heft 3, S. 52-60
ISSN: 0738-9752
"Descriptive research from the '70's suggests that management has traditionally been a sex-typed masculine profession; that men collaborated to develop a management science based on the tenets of masculinity; and that by understanding men's experience in military organizations and team sports, much of the mystique of masculine management may be understood.1 Empirical research from this same time period documents that effective managerial performance is associated with attributes of masculinity in the eyes of both women and men.2 The research focus on sex roles and managerial rotes is, of course, a response to the entry of large numbers of women into management positions during the '70's. In the 80's, the popular management literature urges us to consider the flexibility of the "androgynous" manager, one who is neither sex-typed masculine nor sex-typed feminine.3 The androgynous manager is not limited by the traditional constraints of masculinity of femininity in his or her expectations of self or others. Rather, androgynous managers exhibit a high degree of both masculine and feminine characteristics. As such, they have a wider range of behaviors with which they may respond to the contingencies of the leadership/management situation, including the gendered behavior of the people they supervise. Two important questions arise Out of a review of the above knowledge. How do our students describe the good manager in terms of masculine and feminine personality characteristics? How does each view himself or herself in terms of these characteristics? To answer these questions, organizational behavior professors have often used the Bem Sex-Rote Inventory (BSRI) to measure students' descriptions of the good manager and/or their perceptions of themselves as feminine and masculine.4 The BSRI instrument asks individuals to describe their behavior on a seven-point scale for each of 60 phrases. Twenty are feminine characteristics, twenty are masculine characteristics and twenty are neutral., socially desirable characteristics. Scoring of the instruments yields one of four possible outcomes: an individual may be categorized as feminine, masculine, androgynous (high values for both masculine and feminine characteristics) or undifferentiated (low values for both masculine and feminine characteristics). The median scores for classifying individual scores may be based on group scores or on median scores from Bern's research. The BSRI has been a useful research tool, but as a teaching or training tool, some adverse effects have been noted, for example, by Davis, Powell and Randolph.6 They point out that males who score feminine feel, threatened about their self-concept and sexuality. Our use of the BSRI in teaching and training situations has produced many additional undesirable responses. Some women have felt their femininity threatened by masculine scores, many who scored androgynous have expressed concern that their scores reflect deviance, and those who have scored undifferentiated have joked that they are nerds, nebbishes, asexual, not yet formed into anything, don't have personalities, and the like. Further, when students or workshop participants are told that median scores differ for different populations tested, the instrument and, perhaps even what it purports to measure, seems arbitrary, and artificial. Justifying and explaining this to the black-andwhiters of the world is a tedious task. This experiential exercise is designed to take the sting and stigma Out of the BSRI scores and labels, and to use its masculine and feminine constructs to guide personal exploration of each individual's gendered aspect of his or her self concept. Participants have the opportunity to reflect on their beliefs about themselves and about what a good manager is like in terms of masculine and feminine dimensions. The exercise is effective for introducing issues of managing a mixed sex work team and for examining leadership style in various situations. It is especially relevant for use in classes such as Women and Men in Organizations or Women in Management in colleges of business administration, or classes in other departments in which gender roles and organizational roles are studied. These include: sociology, anthropology, psychology, communication, human development, education and social work. "
BASE
In: Routledge Library Editions: Communication Studies
Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Section I: The Beginnings of Sex-Role Socialization -- Section Introduction -- Women and Power in the Caldecott and Newberry Winners, 1980-1990 -- Girls' and Boys' Activity Patterns in Family Leisure Settings -- Girls' and Boys' Views of Body Types -- Commentary -- Section II: Contexts of Socialization -- Section Introduction -- A. In Relationships -- Joys and Sorrows: Young Adults' Construction of Relationships with Mothers and Fathers -- Gender Roles and Family Functioning: Gender Differences in Farm Marriages -- Commentary -- B. In the Workplace -- Assessing the Impact of Gender-Role Socialization on Issues of Power and Influence in the Workplace -- Intimate Office Relationships and Their Impact on Work Group Communication -- Talk at the Top: Topics at Lunch -- Feminization of Public Relations: The Relationship of Sex, Job Titles, and Status Perceptions of the Field -- Commentary -- C. In the Political Arena -- The Rhetoric of Victimage: Women's Movement Leaders Respond to the Defeat of the ERA -- When the Candidate Is a Woman: The Content and Form of Televised Negative Advertising -- Commentary -- Section III: Manifestations of Socialization -- Section Introduction -- A. Through Communication Strategies and Skills -- Academic Self-Concept, Gender Orientation, and Communication Apprehension in Adolescents -- Gender and Function-Oriented Discourse in Small Groups: In Examination of Problem-Solving Processes and Outcomes -- The Role of Gender in Mediation: An Examination from a Communication Perspective -- Perceived Managerial Communication Skills of Three Groups of Women: Volunteer Leaders, Executives, and Aspirants to Leadership -- Commentary -- B. Through Discourse.
In: IBA research monograph
In: Television research monograph