The work was made by Gleb Šuklin, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. Hypotheses of an investigation: 1. Different social evaluations of the sexes still dominate in modern society, but the new generation pay less and less attention to stereotypes; 2. Communal movement is a great assumption for minifying the stereotypes – many respondents think like this. Society as the institution is empowered to negate settled sexes' stereotypes, many of which earlier or later should disappear. 3. Respondents think that a very big influence in forming stereotypes has mass media, the education atmosphere. Settled stereotypes largely are the outcomes of the education and living atmosphere. The object of the investigation is civil society and its correlations with social evaluation of the sexes' stereotypes. The problem of the investigation: is the energisation of the civil society for eliminating evaluation of the sexes' stereotypes The purpose of the investigation is to disclose some civil society's and sexes' evaluation tendencies in nowadays context. Tasks of the investigation: 1. To analyze the conception of the stereotypes and role in the society; 2. To define the conception of the society and the importance of the society members in its life. 3. To fulfill the investigation that would let to ascertain the position of the society members' about the questions of sexes' stereotypes and evaluation.
The work was made by Gleb Šuklin, Political sociology master's degree student of VPU Social sciences faculty Sociology and political sciences department. Hypotheses of an investigation: 1. Different social evaluations of the sexes still dominate in modern society, but the new generation pay less and less attention to stereotypes; 2. Communal movement is a great assumption for minifying the stereotypes – many respondents think like this. Society as the institution is empowered to negate settled sexes' stereotypes, many of which earlier or later should disappear. 3. Respondents think that a very big influence in forming stereotypes has mass media, the education atmosphere. Settled stereotypes largely are the outcomes of the education and living atmosphere. The object of the investigation is civil society and its correlations with social evaluation of the sexes' stereotypes. The problem of the investigation: is the energisation of the civil society for eliminating evaluation of the sexes' stereotypes The purpose of the investigation is to disclose some civil society's and sexes' evaluation tendencies in nowadays context. Tasks of the investigation: 1. To analyze the conception of the stereotypes and role in the society; 2. To define the conception of the society and the importance of the society members in its life. 3. To fulfill the investigation that would let to ascertain the position of the society members' about the questions of sexes' stereotypes and evaluation.
This research seeks to define the role of Women in German organizations in Lithuania in the 3rd and 4"1 decades of the 20* century. The main tasks of the research are to detect the relations of women organizations with German) and to analyse the different position of women in German organizations. The subject of the research is the analysis of the achievements of German women in social, cultural and political fields. The author uses methods of analysis of primary sources and literature. The activity of women in German organizations in Lithuania was under the influence of Nazi ideology and the activities of women organizations in Germany. Thus it is necessary to dwell upon the political situation and position of women in Germany. During the 3t(i decade of 20th century German women took part in various national, cultural and religious organizations. The highest rate of activity of German women was observed after World War I, until 1933. In 1933 as A. Hitler came into power, women were eliminated from social and political life. The Nazi party removed women from their positions in state, science, health care and educational institutions. Despite A. Hitler's official speeches in which he often marked that 'Woman-mother is the most important citizen in his state' this declaration was valid only for healthy and politically loyal women. [.]
This research seeks to define the role of Women in German organizations in Lithuania in the 3rd and 4"1 decades of the 20* century. The main tasks of the research are to detect the relations of women organizations with German) and to analyse the different position of women in German organizations. The subject of the research is the analysis of the achievements of German women in social, cultural and political fields. The author uses methods of analysis of primary sources and literature. The activity of women in German organizations in Lithuania was under the influence of Nazi ideology and the activities of women organizations in Germany. Thus it is necessary to dwell upon the political situation and position of women in Germany. During the 3t(i decade of 20th century German women took part in various national, cultural and religious organizations. The highest rate of activity of German women was observed after World War I, until 1933. In 1933 as A. Hitler came into power, women were eliminated from social and political life. The Nazi party removed women from their positions in state, science, health care and educational institutions. Despite A. Hitler's official speeches in which he often marked that 'Woman-mother is the most important citizen in his state' this declaration was valid only for healthy and politically loyal women. [.]
A great number of men affected by rapid social, economic and political developments suffer severe marginalization due to their age, class, sexuality, disability and ethnicity in Lithuania. ,is paper examines the intersection of social marginalization, sexuality and masculinity. Using a Lithuanian male sex worker's case, it argues that a dysfunctional family, poor employment and educational history and low socioeconomic status made his choice of sex work the means of survival. Differently from studies conducted in Europe and North America that suggest that enjoyment of sex was, in many cases, a reason for working as an escort, pleasurable sexual interactions with clients were not a critical reason for involvement in escorting in this case. ,e paper is based on an extensive semi-structured interview with a 27-year old male escort. ,e interview demonstrates that the Lithuanian sex worker both confirms and deconstructs the traditional male sexual script of erotic adventures (Gagnon and Simon 1973, 1984). On the one hand, he plays an active role both in sexual and non-sexual encounters and tries to look and act like a real man aspiring to the institutional gender script of hegemonic masculinity. On the other hand, he minimizes the risk in dealing with clients by not engaging in an unsafe sex, declining unwanted sexual practices and rejecting drugs. Besides pleasant memories of his generously paying clients who bolstered his sense of self, the escort is susceptible to societal condemnation, stigma, and self-doubt because he clearly considers his work as a conscious deviation from sexual and gender norms. Othering himself, the respondent expresses a subjective feeling of hopelessness and powerlessness that makes him miserable. Both powerlessness and the lack of imaginable future create a sense of his wounded and injured masculinity.
A great number of men affected by rapid social, economic and political developments suffer severe marginalization due to their age, class, sexuality, disability and ethnicity in Lithuania. ,is paper examines the intersection of social marginalization, sexuality and masculinity. Using a Lithuanian male sex worker's case, it argues that a dysfunctional family, poor employment and educational history and low socioeconomic status made his choice of sex work the means of survival. Differently from studies conducted in Europe and North America that suggest that enjoyment of sex was, in many cases, a reason for working as an escort, pleasurable sexual interactions with clients were not a critical reason for involvement in escorting in this case. ,e paper is based on an extensive semi-structured interview with a 27-year old male escort. ,e interview demonstrates that the Lithuanian sex worker both confirms and deconstructs the traditional male sexual script of erotic adventures (Gagnon and Simon 1973, 1984). On the one hand, he plays an active role both in sexual and non-sexual encounters and tries to look and act like a real man aspiring to the institutional gender script of hegemonic masculinity. On the other hand, he minimizes the risk in dealing with clients by not engaging in an unsafe sex, declining unwanted sexual practices and rejecting drugs. Besides pleasant memories of his generously paying clients who bolstered his sense of self, the escort is susceptible to societal condemnation, stigma, and self-doubt because he clearly considers his work as a conscious deviation from sexual and gender norms. Othering himself, the respondent expresses a subjective feeling of hopelessness and powerlessness that makes him miserable. Both powerlessness and the lack of imaginable future create a sense of his wounded and injured masculinity.
A great number of men affected by rapid social, economic and political developments suffer severe marginalization due to their age, class, sexuality, disability and ethnicity in Lithuania. ,is paper examines the intersection of social marginalization, sexuality and masculinity. Using a Lithuanian male sex worker's case, it argues that a dysfunctional family, poor employment and educational history and low socioeconomic status made his choice of sex work the means of survival. Differently from studies conducted in Europe and North America that suggest that enjoyment of sex was, in many cases, a reason for working as an escort, pleasurable sexual interactions with clients were not a critical reason for involvement in escorting in this case. ,e paper is based on an extensive semi-structured interview with a 27-year old male escort. ,e interview demonstrates that the Lithuanian sex worker both confirms and deconstructs the traditional male sexual script of erotic adventures (Gagnon and Simon 1973, 1984). On the one hand, he plays an active role both in sexual and non-sexual encounters and tries to look and act like a real man aspiring to the institutional gender script of hegemonic masculinity. On the other hand, he minimizes the risk in dealing with clients by not engaging in an unsafe sex, declining unwanted sexual practices and rejecting drugs. Besides pleasant memories of his generously paying clients who bolstered his sense of self, the escort is susceptible to societal condemnation, stigma, and self-doubt because he clearly considers his work as a conscious deviation from sexual and gender norms. Othering himself, the respondent expresses a subjective feeling of hopelessness and powerlessness that makes him miserable. Both powerlessness and the lack of imaginable future create a sense of his wounded and injured masculinity.
The present paper aims to evaluate persons' with disabilities, nongovernmental organisations' (NGO) and Office's of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson role and activities' impact in solving specific cases of discrimination. In this paper the impact of person and organisation is analysed in the context of Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson received complains of possible discrimination because of disability during January 2016 – April 2017 and data of interviews with NGO and Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson representatives. The activity of people who faced discrimination because of their disability is seen as an important condition in seeking to reinstate violated rights. The role of the person with disability in reinstating violated rights includes identifying discriminating conditions and violated rights, understanding competences of organisations protecting equal opportunities and rights (knowing where to ask for help), choosing the best way and strategy for reinstating violated rights, the expression of citizenship of persons with disabilities and their representatives, position of defender of violated rights (characterized by person's persistence, complying with one's position, related to clear identification of discriminating situation). This research shows that persons with disabilities expression of citizenship in participating in the process of reinstating violated rights, is revealed by observation of implementation of new projects and reconstructions, related to environments adaptation for persons with disabilities, queries and reaction, attention to other people's with disabilities who experienced social injustice and to their motivation to protect violated rights, sharing experience of protecting violated rights, using available tools to educate, inform society and representatives of different organisations, by showing personal example. Results of the research show how persons with disabilities level of activity while taking part in the process of defending violated rights is connected to sex, age and experience in NGO work or in the field of equal opportunities. Analysis of the claims presented to the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson displays that during the period of research most actively defending their (possibly) violated rights were middle-aged (40-60 years) males with movement disabilities, mostly complaining about buildings and other objects not being adapted to people with disabilities, unequal benefits and other forms of financial injustice. Results of the research revealing achievements of NGO, their competences and focus, allows us to talk about NGO as subjects having power and able to represent persons with disabilities in reinstating their violated rights and possibilities. Individual impact of NGO for discriminated persons manifests by enabling them through consultations, providing information, redirecting to competent organisations and direct representation addressing to discriminating person / organisation, institutions ensuring implementation of equal rights or court. The NGO influence revealed during research to policy makers and legislators discussing and negotiating specific laws and regulations, to governmental and municipal organisations' activities and to suppliers of goods and services providing educating work and solving discriminating situations, is also beneficial to all persons with disabilities or separate groups of persons with disabilities. The research shows collective and individual impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson in the context of analysed cases of disability discrimination during the research time and collected data from interviews with representatives of NGO and the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. During the analysed period, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson influenced policy makers and legislators (who adapted laws and regulations, based on recommendations of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson), to suppliers of goods and services (who adjusted environment and provided equal opportunities to access of services the same as other persons, based on the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson recommendations,), employers (who acknowledged discrimination fact; providing consultations about new Labour Code). The findings of this study indicates that in some cases just opening an investigation by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson and demanding the information about discriminating behaviour or conditions alone is enough as mean of influence. In some cases, individual and / or collective impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson is achieved without opening an investigation, only by redirecting a complaint to other relevant organisation(s). An impact assessment of the role and activities of individual and institutions in the context of specific cases of discrimination allows us to identify interactions and cooperation of individual and different institutions seeking to reinstate violated equal opportunities and rights of a person with disabilities. The role and activities of different institutions and individual is revealed by engaging in these stages of reinstating equal opportunities and rights (or some of them): identifying discriminating situation – defining the problem, taking over the solution to the discriminatory problem, solving the discriminatory problem and sharing the results of the solution – publicity. In the context of specific cases, discovered impact of different institutions shows importance of interpersonal, interinstitutional and intersectoral cooperation in seeking reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities. During the investigation period the greatest difficulties, while seeking to reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities, were caused by insufficient cooperation between state and municipal institutions and organisations and the creation of obstacles to solving a discriminatory situation. Problems were also caused by the suppliers of services unwillingness to cooperate and ignoring of appeals made by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson as well as the lack of unity of people with disabilities.
The present paper aims to evaluate persons' with disabilities, nongovernmental organisations' (NGO) and Office's of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson role and activities' impact in solving specific cases of discrimination. In this paper the impact of person and organisation is analysed in the context of Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson received complains of possible discrimination because of disability during January 2016 – April 2017 and data of interviews with NGO and Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson representatives. The activity of people who faced discrimination because of their disability is seen as an important condition in seeking to reinstate violated rights. The role of the person with disability in reinstating violated rights includes identifying discriminating conditions and violated rights, understanding competences of organisations protecting equal opportunities and rights (knowing where to ask for help), choosing the best way and strategy for reinstating violated rights, the expression of citizenship of persons with disabilities and their representatives, position of defender of violated rights (characterized by person's persistence, complying with one's position, related to clear identification of discriminating situation). This research shows that persons with disabilities expression of citizenship in participating in the process of reinstating violated rights, is revealed by observation of implementation of new projects and reconstructions, related to environments adaptation for persons with disabilities, queries and reaction, attention to other people's with disabilities who experienced social injustice and to their motivation to protect violated rights, sharing experience of protecting violated rights, using available tools to educate, inform society and representatives of different organisations, by showing personal example. Results of the research show how persons with disabilities level of activity while taking part in the process of defending violated rights is connected to sex, age and experience in NGO work or in the field of equal opportunities. Analysis of the claims presented to the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson displays that during the period of research most actively defending their (possibly) violated rights were middle-aged (40-60 years) males with movement disabilities, mostly complaining about buildings and other objects not being adapted to people with disabilities, unequal benefits and other forms of financial injustice. Results of the research revealing achievements of NGO, their competences and focus, allows us to talk about NGO as subjects having power and able to represent persons with disabilities in reinstating their violated rights and possibilities. Individual impact of NGO for discriminated persons manifests by enabling them through consultations, providing information, redirecting to competent organisations and direct representation addressing to discriminating person / organisation, institutions ensuring implementation of equal rights or court. The NGO influence revealed during research to policy makers and legislators discussing and negotiating specific laws and regulations, to governmental and municipal organisations' activities and to suppliers of goods and services providing educating work and solving discriminating situations, is also beneficial to all persons with disabilities or separate groups of persons with disabilities. The research shows collective and individual impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson in the context of analysed cases of disability discrimination during the research time and collected data from interviews with representatives of NGO and the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. During the analysed period, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson influenced policy makers and legislators (who adapted laws and regulations, based on recommendations of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson), to suppliers of goods and services (who adjusted environment and provided equal opportunities to access of services the same as other persons, based on the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson recommendations,), employers (who acknowledged discrimination fact; providing consultations about new Labour Code). The findings of this study indicates that in some cases just opening an investigation by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson and demanding the information about discriminating behaviour or conditions alone is enough as mean of influence. In some cases, individual and / or collective impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson is achieved without opening an investigation, only by redirecting a complaint to other relevant organisation(s). An impact assessment of the role and activities of individual and institutions in the context of specific cases of discrimination allows us to identify interactions and cooperation of individual and different institutions seeking to reinstate violated equal opportunities and rights of a person with disabilities. The role and activities of different institutions and individual is revealed by engaging in these stages of reinstating equal opportunities and rights (or some of them): identifying discriminating situation – defining the problem, taking over the solution to the discriminatory problem, solving the discriminatory problem and sharing the results of the solution – publicity. In the context of specific cases, discovered impact of different institutions shows importance of interpersonal, interinstitutional and intersectoral cooperation in seeking reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities. During the investigation period the greatest difficulties, while seeking to reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities, were caused by insufficient cooperation between state and municipal institutions and organisations and the creation of obstacles to solving a discriminatory situation. Problems were also caused by the suppliers of services unwillingness to cooperate and ignoring of appeals made by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson as well as the lack of unity of people with disabilities.
The present paper aims to evaluate persons' with disabilities, nongovernmental organisations' (NGO) and Office's of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson role and activities' impact in solving specific cases of discrimination. In this paper the impact of person and organisation is analysed in the context of Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson received complains of possible discrimination because of disability during January 2016 – April 2017 and data of interviews with NGO and Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson representatives. The activity of people who faced discrimination because of their disability is seen as an important condition in seeking to reinstate violated rights. The role of the person with disability in reinstating violated rights includes identifying discriminating conditions and violated rights, understanding competences of organisations protecting equal opportunities and rights (knowing where to ask for help), choosing the best way and strategy for reinstating violated rights, the expression of citizenship of persons with disabilities and their representatives, position of defender of violated rights (characterized by person's persistence, complying with one's position, related to clear identification of discriminating situation). This research shows that persons with disabilities expression of citizenship in participating in the process of reinstating violated rights, is revealed by observation of implementation of new projects and reconstructions, related to environments adaptation for persons with disabilities, queries and reaction, attention to other people's with disabilities who experienced social injustice and to their motivation to protect violated rights, sharing experience of protecting violated rights, using available tools to educate, inform society and representatives of different organisations, by showing personal example. Results of the research show how persons with disabilities level of activity while taking part in the process of defending violated rights is connected to sex, age and experience in NGO work or in the field of equal opportunities. Analysis of the claims presented to the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson displays that during the period of research most actively defending their (possibly) violated rights were middle-aged (40-60 years) males with movement disabilities, mostly complaining about buildings and other objects not being adapted to people with disabilities, unequal benefits and other forms of financial injustice. Results of the research revealing achievements of NGO, their competences and focus, allows us to talk about NGO as subjects having power and able to represent persons with disabilities in reinstating their violated rights and possibilities. Individual impact of NGO for discriminated persons manifests by enabling them through consultations, providing information, redirecting to competent organisations and direct representation addressing to discriminating person / organisation, institutions ensuring implementation of equal rights or court. The NGO influence revealed during research to policy makers and legislators discussing and negotiating specific laws and regulations, to governmental and municipal organisations' activities and to suppliers of goods and services providing educating work and solving discriminating situations, is also beneficial to all persons with disabilities or separate groups of persons with disabilities. The research shows collective and individual impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson in the context of analysed cases of disability discrimination during the research time and collected data from interviews with representatives of NGO and the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. During the analysed period, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson influenced policy makers and legislators (who adapted laws and regulations, based on recommendations of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson), to suppliers of goods and services (who adjusted environment and provided equal opportunities to access of services the same as other persons, based on the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson recommendations,), employers (who acknowledged discrimination fact; providing consultations about new Labour Code). The findings of this study indicates that in some cases just opening an investigation by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson and demanding the information about discriminating behaviour or conditions alone is enough as mean of influence. In some cases, individual and / or collective impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson is achieved without opening an investigation, only by redirecting a complaint to other relevant organisation(s). An impact assessment of the role and activities of individual and institutions in the context of specific cases of discrimination allows us to identify interactions and cooperation of individual and different institutions seeking to reinstate violated equal opportunities and rights of a person with disabilities. The role and activities of different institutions and individual is revealed by engaging in these stages of reinstating equal opportunities and rights (or some of them): identifying discriminating situation – defining the problem, taking over the solution to the discriminatory problem, solving the discriminatory problem and sharing the results of the solution – publicity. In the context of specific cases, discovered impact of different institutions shows importance of interpersonal, interinstitutional and intersectoral cooperation in seeking reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities. During the investigation period the greatest difficulties, while seeking to reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities, were caused by insufficient cooperation between state and municipal institutions and organisations and the creation of obstacles to solving a discriminatory situation. Problems were also caused by the suppliers of services unwillingness to cooperate and ignoring of appeals made by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson as well as the lack of unity of people with disabilities.
The present paper aims to evaluate persons' with disabilities, nongovernmental organisations' (NGO) and Office's of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson role and activities' impact in solving specific cases of discrimination. In this paper the impact of person and organisation is analysed in the context of Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson received complains of possible discrimination because of disability during January 2016 – April 2017 and data of interviews with NGO and Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson representatives. The activity of people who faced discrimination because of their disability is seen as an important condition in seeking to reinstate violated rights. The role of the person with disability in reinstating violated rights includes identifying discriminating conditions and violated rights, understanding competences of organisations protecting equal opportunities and rights (knowing where to ask for help), choosing the best way and strategy for reinstating violated rights, the expression of citizenship of persons with disabilities and their representatives, position of defender of violated rights (characterized by person's persistence, complying with one's position, related to clear identification of discriminating situation). This research shows that persons with disabilities expression of citizenship in participating in the process of reinstating violated rights, is revealed by observation of implementation of new projects and reconstructions, related to environments adaptation for persons with disabilities, queries and reaction, attention to other people's with disabilities who experienced social injustice and to their motivation to protect violated rights, sharing experience of protecting violated rights, using available tools to educate, inform society and representatives of different organisations, by showing personal example. Results of the research show how persons with disabilities level of activity while taking part in the process of defending violated rights is connected to sex, age and experience in NGO work or in the field of equal opportunities. Analysis of the claims presented to the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson displays that during the period of research most actively defending their (possibly) violated rights were middle-aged (40-60 years) males with movement disabilities, mostly complaining about buildings and other objects not being adapted to people with disabilities, unequal benefits and other forms of financial injustice. Results of the research revealing achievements of NGO, their competences and focus, allows us to talk about NGO as subjects having power and able to represent persons with disabilities in reinstating their violated rights and possibilities. Individual impact of NGO for discriminated persons manifests by enabling them through consultations, providing information, redirecting to competent organisations and direct representation addressing to discriminating person / organisation, institutions ensuring implementation of equal rights or court. The NGO influence revealed during research to policy makers and legislators discussing and negotiating specific laws and regulations, to governmental and municipal organisations' activities and to suppliers of goods and services providing educating work and solving discriminating situations, is also beneficial to all persons with disabilities or separate groups of persons with disabilities. The research shows collective and individual impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson in the context of analysed cases of disability discrimination during the research time and collected data from interviews with representatives of NGO and the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. During the analysed period, the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson influenced policy makers and legislators (who adapted laws and regulations, based on recommendations of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson), to suppliers of goods and services (who adjusted environment and provided equal opportunities to access of services the same as other persons, based on the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson recommendations,), employers (who acknowledged discrimination fact; providing consultations about new Labour Code). The findings of this study indicates that in some cases just opening an investigation by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson and demanding the information about discriminating behaviour or conditions alone is enough as mean of influence. In some cases, individual and / or collective impact of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson is achieved without opening an investigation, only by redirecting a complaint to other relevant organisation(s). An impact assessment of the role and activities of individual and institutions in the context of specific cases of discrimination allows us to identify interactions and cooperation of individual and different institutions seeking to reinstate violated equal opportunities and rights of a person with disabilities. The role and activities of different institutions and individual is revealed by engaging in these stages of reinstating equal opportunities and rights (or some of them): identifying discriminating situation – defining the problem, taking over the solution to the discriminatory problem, solving the discriminatory problem and sharing the results of the solution – publicity. In the context of specific cases, discovered impact of different institutions shows importance of interpersonal, interinstitutional and intersectoral cooperation in seeking reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities. During the investigation period the greatest difficulties, while seeking to reinstate violated opportunities and rights of persons with disabilities, were caused by insufficient cooperation between state and municipal institutions and organisations and the creation of obstacles to solving a discriminatory situation. Problems were also caused by the suppliers of services unwillingness to cooperate and ignoring of appeals made by the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson as well as the lack of unity of people with disabilities.
The dissertation discusses, in conformity with burial data, the social organisation of the East Lithuanian barrow culture (3/4th–11/12th c.). The research method is the correlation of archaeological record (construction of barrows and graves, grave good assemblages) with the results of osteological analysis (age and sex of the buried individuals). The survey uses the data from 425 burials found at 67 burial sites. Main theoretical premises of the study are the reflection of social status in burial and the connection between mortury variability and complexity of social organisation. Various elements of funerary ritual were defined as indicators of status. A review of the graves of infants, children, adolescents, adult males and females reveals several interrelated dimensions of social status. Status was associated with individual age. Societal position of subadults was lower, while young adults had the highest status. The main category determining status was sex and individual qualities related to it. The principal quality for males was military activity and for females fertility. Inheritance of the position also played a certain role in social organisation. Significance of all the mentioned factors was of different degree in different periods. The discussed society was divided into small communities based on nuclear and extended families. It probably consisted of social elite, freemen, and unfree (and half-free?) classes. The social organisation of East Lithuania is rated as a chiefdom. Its evolution was affected by historical realia.
The dissertation discusses, in conformity with burial data, the social organisation of the East Lithuanian barrow culture (3/4th–11/12th c.). The research method is the correlation of archaeological record (construction of barrows and graves, grave good assemblages) with the results of osteological analysis (age and sex of the buried individuals). The survey uses the data from 425 burials found at 67 burial sites. Main theoretical premises of the study are the reflection of social status in burial and the connection between mortury variability and complexity of social organisation. Various elements of funerary ritual were defined as indicators of status. A review of the graves of infants, children, adolescents, adult males and females reveals several interrelated dimensions of social status. Status was associated with individual age. Societal position of subadults was lower, while young adults had the highest status. The main category determining status was sex and individual qualities related to it. The principal quality for males was military activity and for females fertility. Inheritance of the position also played a certain role in social organisation. Significance of all the mentioned factors was of different degree in different periods. The discussed society was divided into small communities based on nuclear and extended families. It probably consisted of social elite, freemen, and unfree (and half-free?) classes. The social organisation of East Lithuania is rated as a chiefdom. Its evolution was affected by historical realia.
The dissertation discusses, in conformity with burial data, the social organisation of the East Lithuanian barrow culture (3/4th–11/12th c.). The research method is the correlation of archaeological record (construction of barrows and graves, grave good assemblages) with the results of osteological analysis (age and sex of the buried individuals). The survey uses the data from 425 burials found at 67 burial sites. Main theoretical premises of the study are the reflection of social status in burial and the connection between mortury variability and complexity of social organisation. Various elements of funerary ritual were defined as indicators of status. A review of the graves of infants, children, adolescents, adult males and females reveals several interrelated dimensions of social status. Status was associated with individual age. Societal position of subadults was lower, while young adults had the highest status. The main category determining status was sex and individual qualities related to it. The principal quality for males was military activity and for females fertility. Inheritance of the position also played a certain role in social organisation. Significance of all the mentioned factors was of different degree in different periods. The discussed society was divided into small communities based on nuclear and extended families. It probably consisted of social elite, freemen, and unfree (and half-free?) classes. The social organisation of East Lithuania is rated as a chiefdom. Its evolution was affected by historical realia.
The dissertation discusses, in conformity with burial data, the social organisation of the East Lithuanian barrow culture (3/4th–11/12th c.). The research method is the correlation of archaeological record (construction of barrows and graves, grave good assemblages) with the results of osteological analysis (age and sex of the buried individuals). The survey uses the data from 425 burials found at 67 burial sites. Main theoretical premises of the study are the reflection of social status in burial and the connection between mortury variability and complexity of social organisation. Various elements of funerary ritual were defined as indicators of status. A review of the graves of infants, children, adolescents, adult males and females reveals several interrelated dimensions of social status. Status was associated with individual age. Societal position of subadults was lower, while young adults had the highest status. The main category determining status was sex and individual qualities related to it. The principal quality for males was military activity and for females fertility. Inheritance of the position also played a certain role in social organisation. Significance of all the mentioned factors was of different degree in different periods. The discussed society was divided into small communities based on nuclear and extended families. It probably consisted of social elite, freemen, and unfree (and half-free?) classes. The social organisation of East Lithuania is rated as a chiefdom. Its evolution was affected by historical realia.
