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The article presents the results of an empirical study on how managers and subordinate staff conform to prescribed gender characteristics. Materials on gender psychology and sociology written by both Russian and foreign authors were used. The meaning of the terms "gender" and "gender characteristics" were more clearly spelled out, while separating the concepts "sex" and "gender" from each other. The authors specified the characteristics of managers and subordinate personnel of either sex in the city of Tyumen, while defining the degree of femininity, masculinity and androgyny in each group using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. The respondents' answers concerning the role and place of gender stereotypes in the workplace were analyzed; generalized characteristics of managers of either sex were compiled based on the answers they provided, while taking into account the respondent's sex. When conducting research, the gender characteristics, qualities and skills inherent to each sex (regardless of whether they hold a managing or subordinate position) were ranked. Peculiarities inherent to managers from the city of Tyumen associated with handling a team of employees were determined. It was established that women more often than men possess and broadcast gender stereotypes based on traditional attitudes. Despite this, a tendency towards moving away from traditional gender mindsets and behavior was noticed among both subordinate staff and management, due to them conflicting with work conduct. Researchers recognized that in reality subordinate staff tends to fall in line with prescribed gender characteristics to a greater extent than management. An assumption was made that gender characteristics appear to be more pronounced among managers due to the fact that their personality has a more considerable effect on their actions than is the case with subordinate staff. A conclusion is drawn on the need to further study the phenomenon of androgyny among managers. A recommendation is given for applying the existing practical sociological methods, as well as an adapted socio-psychological set of instruments for each enterprise in particular, since one must consider the balance of androgyny, femininity and masculinity in any given team of employees when choosing the means and methods of administrative action when it comes to developing, approving and implementing management solutions, as well as appropriate conduct in conflict situations.

The subject. The article considers the role of the Plenum of Russian Supreme in forming judicial practice on the example of giving qualification to the crimes committed against sexual freedom and inviolability, as well as against property and public health.The objective of the article is to conduct a complex analysis of the function of the decisions, taken by the Plenum of Russian Supreme Court, in the formation of a unified vector of judicial practice. The authors dare to refute the hypothesis hat judicial practice can be recognized as a source of law.The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical theory of development and interrelation of phenomena. Historical, formal-logical, systematic methods of knowledge have been identified as relevant to the topic of the study.The main results, scope of application. The authors draw attention to the problem of evaluative features used in the process of law enforcement when interpreting the norms of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. A norm with such signs acquires an unformalized essence from the point of view of the boundaries of criminalization of a particular phenomenon. On the other hand, the nature of crimes is so diverse that without the flexibility of criminal law regulation (allowing the use of evaluative features), the application of the norm taking into account specific circumstances in a particular case may not be possible. The authors also consider issues related to the characteristics of the objective side, the end time of these crimes, the application of the formula of a single ongoing crime and its separation from related compounds. The process of law enforcement is based on such guidelines as the norms of law, judicial discretion, established judicial practice, the position of the Plenum of Russian Supreme Court. Attributing an explanatory role to the decisions of the Plenum of Russian Supreme Court does not completely eliminate the shortcomings inherent in legal technology. Correcting the current situation with the help of judicial discretion is not always justified, since this is possible only if there is a legitimate alternative. Assigning the status of a precedent to a judicial decision may lead to the substitution of the law by decisions taken in a particular case.Conclusions. The judicial practice concerning these issues is completely different. Despite the existence of similar situations, courts, as a rule, qualify an offense using various norms of the law, which negatively affects compliance with the principle of legality. The issue related to the function of the decisions of the Plenum of Russian Supreme Court in the formation of a single vector of judicial practice has been and remains debatable. The continued addition of new articles to criminal legislation, on the one hand, indicates the desire of the legislator to bring it to perfection, but, on the other hand, forms a mechanism for clarifying the rules of its application, which sometimes leads to their contradictory interpretation. At the same time, crime and punishment should be determined only by legislation. ; Раскрываются подходы к роли Пленума Верховного Суда РФ в формировании правовой позиции на примере квалификации преступлений против половой свободы и неприкосновенности, против собственности и здоровья населения. Придание постановлениям Пленума Верховного Суда РФ роли разъясняющего характера редко позволяет устранить дефекты юридической техники. При этом отмечается, что компенсировать сложившуюся ситуацию применением судейского усмотрения не всегда оправданно, так как оно возможно только в рамках наличия законной альтернативы. Присвоение судебному решению прецедентного статуса может привести к подмене закона позицией по конкретному делу. Проведенный анализ свидетельствует о том, что судебная практика по указанным вопросам складывается неоднородно. Суды при наличии схожих ситуаций квалифицируют содеянное с использованием разных норм закона, что отрицательно влияет на соблюдение принципа законности. Делается вывод о том, что нескончаемое дополнение уголовного законодательства новыми статьями, с одной стороны, свидетельствует о желании законодателя довести его до совершенства, но, с другой стороны, запускает механизм разъяснения правил его применения, что иногда приводит к их противоречивой интерпретации.

The revision of the centuries-old culture of relationships between people in the implementation of sexual orientations and attitudes, the needs for ensuring racial equality, which is taking place in several countries around the world, requires proper sociological analysis, as it affects hundreds of millions of people. Some propose to change the established ideas about the influence of nature on human behaviour when communicating with representatives of the other sex, race. In the mass media, in the statements of politicians, the idea of refusing to name people based on their belonging to the male or female sex began to be approved. It should be determined not on the basis of visible natural features but constructed by a new gender culture. In 2020C, changes in interpreting the role of the natural and the socio-cultural in racial relations resulted in the emergence of new methods of fighting for equality between whites and blacks. The ideology of expanding the advantages of African Americans in all spheres of public life, "repentance" of whites for the fact that among their ancestors were slave owners, is spreading. The article shows that what unites these two processes is an attempt to redefine the role of the nature-given external differences of people in shaping a culture of interaction between the two sexes, of different races, both in the past and at present. From an analysis of the history of relations between men and women, people depending on their skin colour, it is concluded that individuals adopt and implement norms, rules of behaviour that do not lead to the violent suppression of what is given to them by nature. The policy of constructing a new person, guided by the norms of culture, forcing the complete rejection of what is set by nature, as well as was created by previous generations, leads to the destruction of the entire historically established system of organizing people's social life. ; Происходящий в ряде стран мира пересмотр веками существовавшей культуры взаимоотношений между людьми при реализации сексуальных ориентаций и установок, потребностей в обеспечении расового равенства требует специального социологического анализа, так как затрагивает сотни миллионов людей. Предлагается изменить устоявшиеся представления о влиянии природы на поведение человека при общении с представителями другого пола, расы. В средствах массовой информации, в заявлениях политиков стала утверждаться идея об отказе называть людей, исходя из их принадлежности к мужскому или женскому полу. Он должен определяться не на основе видимых природных особенностей, а исходя из сконструированных новой гендерной культурой. Изменения в трактовках роли природного и социокультурного в отношениях между представителями разных рас выразились в 2020 году в появлении новых методов борьбы за равенство между белыми и чернокожими. Распространяется идеология расширения преимуществ афроамериканцев во всех сферах общественной жизни, «покаяния» белых за то, что среди их предков были рабовладельцы. В статье показано, что объединяет эти два процесса попытка пересмотреть роль природой заданных внешних отличий людей в формировании культуры взаимодействия представителей двух полов, разных рас как в прошлом, так и в настоящее время. На основе анализа истории развития взаимоотношений между мужчинами и женщинами, людьми в зависимости от цвета кожи делается вывод, что индивиды принимают и реализуют те нормы, правила поведения, которые не ведут к насильственному подавлению того, что дано им природой. Политика конструирования нового человека, руководствующегося нормами культуры, принуждающей к полному отказу от того, что задано природой, а также было создано предшествующими поколениями, ведет к разрушению всей исторически сложившейся системы организации общественной жизни людей.

This article considers the autonomy at work trends in Russia for more than 15 years on the basis of monitoring data "Social differences in modern Russian society". A degree and characteristics of autonomy in work depend on external conditions and are manifested differently in different periods. The 1990s are a watershed of these periods. The established trends in the degree of manifestation of different types of autonomy in work are shown. There is a marked contradiction between the assessment of their autonomy and limiting framework of its manifestation: in comparison with 2015, in 1999, employees evaluated it significantly higher. This can be explained by adaptation to changing conditions of work and employment. At the same time, the organization of the workplace, according to the estimates of workers, does not give great opportunities to show their autonomy. This trend has been observed throughout the years of the survey. Meanwhile, workers are noticeably more likely to feel the insignificance of their level of autonomy. The study confirmed the relationship of autonomy in labour relations with professional status: a high level of power, education, well-being. There is a decrease in autonomy of the heads of organizations and managers of the lower level. Working conditions are also important: forms of employment, contract, remuneration. Personal characteristics associated with attitudes to change in their lives, play a role. The influence of age and sex is not so significant. Trends in the situation of self-employment are noted: the growth of the scale, professional and qualification compliance. This confirms the assumption that compulsion characterizes self-employment to a lesser extent than in the 1990. It is concluded that autonomy in work is a characteristic of a more privileged social position of workers, as well as emerging social groups of self-employed.

The given publication presents a study of enshrining and development of the category of "women's rights" in the current system of international legal acts. The authors emphasize the key role of the United Nations in ensuring and protecting women's rights. Therefore, the norm-setting function of the UN is of general importance for the implementation of the policy of gender equality and the protection of women's rights. On the basis of a hermeneutic analysis of conventional acts, an attempt is made to show the positions of the international legislator regarding the content of the category "women's rights" and the closely related concept of "gender equality". Having made an attempt at a terminological analysis of the definitions under study, the authors have shown that, doctrinally, the international legislator has not considered women's rights in isolation from those of men and provided for the arrangement of equal identical rights of both sexes. It has been found that in the 1950s specialized regulations for the development of the concept of "women's rights" were actively developed and adopted. Of particular importance is the Convention on the Political Rights of Women adopted by the UN General Assembly. As a result, the article states that progress in defining the concept and content of "women's rights" proceeded evolutionarily. Conventions and pacts in this area were progressively adopted, women were given equal rights with men. On the way to achieving gender equality on the global scale, international acts ordered states to bind the principles of equal rights for men and women in their constitutions and current legislation. ; В рамках представленной публикации проводится исследование механизмов закрепления и развития категории «права женщин» в действующей системе международно-правовых актов. Авторы указывают на ключевую роль Организации Объединенных Наций в области обеспечения и защиты женских прав. Потому генеральное значение для проведения в жизнь политики гендерного равенства и защиты прав женщин имеет ...