Occasionally there appears a social phenomenon so broadly expressed, so repeatedly presented as to require no specific documentation - agreement is found among many and diverse persons, on the basis of easily observable phenomena. Such seems to be the case with the changing sex role in North American society. Where, not so long ago, there was general beUef that "men were men and women were women," and "vive la différence," now, with some unease, and occasional outright friction, there is recognition that "la différence" is slim and becoming slimmer. A perusal of contemporary society indicates that women are dressing more and more in a style resembling that of men, e.g. shirts, shorts, longpants and, in an overall sense, are tending toward undress (nudity), a style once distastefully assigned to males only. Too, an increasing percentage of women enroll at colleges and universities. More and more traditionally-male work positions are filled by females (armed services and government). There is a rapid increase in legal rights of women (e.g. voting, handling of finances). And if all these changes were not enough, there is now a Royal Commission examining ways of assuring an even closer approach to equality.
"Descriptive research from the '70's suggests that management has traditionally been a sex-typed masculine profession; that men collaborated to develop a management science based on the tenets of masculinity; and that by understanding men's experience in military organizations and team sports, much of the mystique of masculine management may be understood.1 Empirical research from this same time period documents that effective managerial performance is associated with attributes of masculinity in the eyes of both women and men.2 The research focus on sex roles and managerial rotes is, of course, a response to the entry of large numbers of women into management positions during the '70's. In the 80's, the popular management literature urges us to consider the flexibility of the "androgynous" manager, one who is neither sex-typed masculine nor sex-typed feminine.3 The androgynous manager is not limited by the traditional constraints of masculinity of femininity in his or her expectations of self or others. Rather, androgynous managers exhibit a high degree of both masculine and feminine characteristics. As such, they have a wider range of behaviors with which they may respond to the contingencies of the leadership/management situation, including the gendered behavior of the people they supervise. Two important questions arise Out of a review of the above knowledge. How do our students describe the good manager in terms of masculine and feminine personality characteristics? How does each view himself or herself in terms of these characteristics? To answer these questions, organizational behavior professors have often used the Bem Sex-Rote Inventory (BSRI) to measure students' descriptions of the good manager and/or their perceptions of themselves as feminine and masculine.4 The BSRI instrument asks individuals to describe their behavior on a seven-point scale for each of 60 phrases. Twenty are feminine characteristics, twenty are masculine characteristics and twenty are neutral., socially desirable characteristics. Scoring of the instruments yields one of four possible outcomes: an individual may be categorized as feminine, masculine, androgynous (high values for both masculine and feminine characteristics) or undifferentiated (low values for both masculine and feminine characteristics). The median scores for classifying individual scores may be based on group scores or on median scores from Bern's research. The BSRI has been a useful research tool, but as a teaching or training tool, some adverse effects have been noted, for example, by Davis, Powell and Randolph.6 They point out that males who score feminine feel, threatened about their self-concept and sexuality. Our use of the BSRI in teaching and training situations has produced many additional undesirable responses. Some women have felt their femininity threatened by masculine scores, many who scored androgynous have expressed concern that their scores reflect deviance, and those who have scored undifferentiated have joked that they are nerds, nebbishes, asexual, not yet formed into anything, don't have personalities, and the like. Further, when students or workshop participants are told that median scores differ for different populations tested, the instrument and, perhaps even what it purports to measure, seems arbitrary, and artificial. Justifying and explaining this to the black-andwhiters of the world is a tedious task. This experiential exercise is designed to take the sting and stigma Out of the BSRI scores and labels, and to use its masculine and feminine constructs to guide personal exploration of each individual's gendered aspect of his or her self concept. Participants have the opportunity to reflect on their beliefs about themselves and about what a good manager is like in terms of masculine and feminine dimensions. The exercise is effective for introducing issues of managing a mixed sex work team and for examining leadership style in various situations. It is especially relevant for use in classes such as Women and Men in Organizations or Women in Management in colleges of business administration, or classes in other departments in which gender roles and organizational roles are studied. These include: sociology, anthropology, psychology, communication, human development, education and social work. "
Previous research has shown that video-gamer's dreams are associated with less threatening content but also that they often do not consider such dreams to be nightmares, or find them to be scary. It is likely that gamers who play combat-centric action-type video games practice quick reactions that allow them to develop defensive maneuvers, so that when the gamer experiences a chase-type threat in a dream, it is empowering instead of intimidating. The nightmare protection effect has been demonstrated in several correlational and experimental studies, using military-personal and university-age males as participants. With female gamers, the effect is more likely to be present in those that play combat games with high frequency and who identify as more masculine in their sex-role identity. Addressing the limitations of a previous experiment with male-gamers, current and ongoing research is experimentally investigating the nightmare protection effect in university women, as a replication and extension. The current study has two independent variables (computer use and sex of experimenter). The computer use conditions are combat video game play and computer scholarly search task, which serves as a control condition. All research participants are exposed to a frightening film clip and are randomly assigned to play a first-person shooter combat-centric action video game or perform an online computer search task. They are randomly assigned to either a male or female experimenter. We hypothesized that participants playing an action first-person perspective video game, and who identify as more masculine in their sex-role identity, will experience the nightmare protection effect. Discipline: Psychology Faculty Mentor: Dr. Jayne Gackenbach
What is the role of politics in shaping attitudes about appropriate roles for women in the family and the compatibility of work and motherhood? In this paper we argue that the German separation and later reunification produced a natural experiment to address this question. During the divided years, East German institutions encouraged high levels of full-time employment for women, including mothers. The West German system by contrast deterred women in general, and mothers in particular, from full-time employment. After reunification, family-related policies largely converged in the two Germanies. Against this background, we empirically investigate gender-role attitudes in reunified Germany. Our results show that East Germans are significantly more likely to hold egalitarian or nontraditional sex-role attitudes than West Germans. Despite a scenario of partial policy convergence, we also find evidence that the gap between East and West German gender role attitudes more than doubled in the years after reunification. We suggest that one explanation for this divergence could be found in the notion of social identity.
BIbliography: pages 142-155. ; The steadily increasing numbers in employed married women and the rise of feminist sex-role ideology are factors indicating change in the role and status of women in Western society. There is movement away from the traditional gender-based role allocation towards increased role-sharing. This trend is embodied in the dual-career family, which necessitates adaptive changes in individual men and women and in government and institutional policies. To better understand the current nature of the dual-career family, this study compared fourteen dual-career husbands and wives with fourteen traditional husbands and wives on four selected variables, namely: (1) family-functioning, primarily to assess whether dual-career and traditional families function equally well; (2) sex-role ideology, which provides a context in which role changes are occurring; (3) psychological androgyny, a concept which finds expression in an age seeking alternatives to masculine and feminine stereotypes; and (4) self-actualisation, as theoretically the dual-career family offers opportunities for increased personal fulfilment. The scales used were: Smilkstein's Family APGAR (1978), Smith et. al.'s FEM-scale (1975), Bern's Sex-Role Inventory (1974) and Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (1963). Previous research, particularly regarding the role of dual-career husbands, has not consistently confirmed predictions based on theory. Consequently, this study is observational, not predictive. The results indicated no significant differences on family-functioning; dual-career and traditional husbands and wives all rated their families as well-functioning. Self-actualisation scores, though not statistically significant, suggested trends inconsistent with theory and previous research, in indicating that traditional husbands, dual-career husbands and dual-career wives are similarly inner-directed and that traditional husbands are more inner-directed than traditional wives. This may have been due to difficulties with the POI. Statistically significant differences were found in sex-role ideology scores, with dual-career wives scoring more pro-feminist (p < 0,05) than traditional wives and dual-career husbands. Although the scores for psychological androgyny could not be statistically assessed, the results suggested a trend for more dual-career wives to be androgynous than traditional wives and dual-career husbands. The median test indicated a significant statistical relationship between sex-role ideology and androgyny and "cross-sex-typedness" (p = 0,0007). No other statistically significant relationships were found between the variables, except for a significant positive correlation (p < 0,05) between the two sub-scales of the POI. Discrepancies between dual-career husbands and wives on sex-role ideology and androgyny did not appear to affect family-functioning adversely. Possible explanations for this include their hiring of domestic servants, thus reducing the need for husbands to make adaptive role changes; and several indications that the wives continue to identify with the traditional female role. These features imply that these dual-career families are not fully egalitarian; husbands and wives still tend to allocate responsibility and commitment to roles in accordance with the traditional model.
59 p.-8 fig. Título del preprint:The gene doublesex of dipteran Sciara does not follow the expression pattern observed in insects. ; The gene doublesex, which is placed at the bottom of the sex determination gene cascade, plays the ultimate discriminatory role for sex determination in insects. In all insects where this gene has been characterized, the dsx pre-mRNA follows a sex-specific splicing pattern producing male- and female-specific mRNAs, encoding the male-DSXM and female-DSXF proteins,which determine male and female development, respectively. The present paper reports the isolation and characterization of the gene doublesex of dipteran Sciara insects. The Sciara doublesex gene is constitutively transcribed during development and adult life of males and females. Sciara had no sex-specific doublesex mRNAs but the same transcripts, produced by alternative splicing of its primary transcript, were present in both sexes, although their relative abundance is sex-specific. However, only the female DSXF protein, but not the male DSXM protein, was produced at similar amounts in both sexes. An analysis of the expression of female and male Sciara DSX proteins in Drosophila showed that these proteins conserved female and male function, respectively, on the control of Drosophila yolk-protein genes. The molecular evolution of gene doublesex of all insects where this gene has been characterized revealed that Sciara doublesex displays a considerable degree of divergence with respect to the rest of dipterans, as suggested by its basal position within the doublesex phylogeny, its gene organization and its splicing pattern. It is proposed that if the gene doublesex were needed for Sciara sex determination, this gene would not play the ultimate discriminatory role for sex determination performed in insects. ; L Sánchez had financial support (BFU2005-03000 and BFU2008-00474) from the Spanish government during the time the group was doing the work presented in this manuscript. However, he had to close his laboratory —with the consequent disappearance of the group— because his grant was not renewed it due to the economical crisis in Spain. L Sánchez thanks very much to JL Barbero for permitting us to finish this work in his laboratory and sponsored by his grant. ; No
Lydia Cacho (2014) is a Mexican investigative journalist and feminist who fights for woman, children and human rights. She is known for exposing the Mexican child pornography run by wealthy businessmen through her book Demons of Eden. Cacho (2014) was raised by supportive parents and especially looked up to her feminist mother. Her remarkable work as a journalist exposing serious issues in Mexico and around the world have lead her to become one of the most important feminists in modern times. She continues to pave a way for victims of sexual exploitation to come forward and tell their stories. Cacho (2014) made a great feat for human rights with her determination and bravery.
Hearing loss is the most common form of sensory impairment in humans, with an anticipated rise in incidence as the result of recreational noise exposures. Hearing loss is also the second most common health issue afflicting military veterans. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics to treat sensorineural hearing loss in humans. While hearing loss affects both men and women, sexual dimorphism is documented with respect to peripheral and central auditory physiology, as well as susceptibility to age-related and noise-induced hearing loss. Physiological differences between the sexes are often hormone-driven, and an increasing body of literature demonstrates that the hormone estrogen and its related signaling pathways may in part, modulate the aforementioned differences in hearing. From a mechanistic perspective, understanding the underpinnings of the hormonal modulation of hearing may lead to the development of therapeutics for age related and noise induced hearing loss. Here the authors review a number of studies that range from human populations to animal models, which have begun to provide a framework for understanding the functional role of estrogen signaling in hearing, particularly in normal and aberrant peripheral auditory physiology.
On Friday, July 20, 2012, James Holmes entered a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado armed with a 100-round drum magazine, a Smith and Wesson M and P15 assault rifle (the "civilian version of the Military's M-16) capable of firing 60 bullets per minute, a Remington shotgun, and a .40 caliber handgun. On that day, Holmes used those weapons to shoot 71 people, twelve of whom died. Less than six months later, on December 14, 2012, 20-year old Adam Lanza, immediately after shooting and killing his mother in their home, proceeded to Sandy Hook Elementary School where he shot and killed 26 people - 20 children and 6 adults - before killing himself. After the bodies were carried away, the final body count stood at 28, making it the second most deadly school shooting in United States history. In response to Aurora, many cried for stricter gun control laws while others determined to arm themselves: Colorado saw a 41% increase in background checks for hopeful gun owners in the direct aftermath of the incident, a response "not unusual" after a mass shooting. Media attention was lavished on these two aforementioned mass murders because their spectacular violence and seemingly-random nature incites the curiosity of the nation; synchronously, the attention these events receive is disproportionate compared to the negligible attention received by the 276 people shot daily in the United States, 84 of whom will die as a result of their injuries. Yet, it is these mass violence spectacles that demonstrate why the debate surrounding gun control and gun protection is so fierce: incidences of mass violence either incite fear, causing one to support protection measures via gun ownership or via stricter gun legislation. The driving force behind one side of the "culture war" surrounding arms is the National Rifle Association.
The adoption of mandatory gender quotas in party lists has been a subject of discussion in many countries. Since any reform obviously requires the approval of a (sometimes qualified) majority of incumbent legislators' votes, keeping an eye on incumbents' interests and incentives in different systems seems a natural thing to do if we want to understand different prospects for reforms in different countries. Such differences in the cost-benefit analysis of incumbents may well depend on the electoral system. We argue that if male candidates have a higher probability of being elected when running against a female candidate than when running against a male of similar characteristics (male advantage), then single member district majority rule and closed list proportional representation are opposite extremes in terms of incentives for incumbents to pass parity laws. We validate the above argument using a formal model of constitutional design as well as an empirical analysis of the legislative elections in France, since France offers a natural experiment for both electoral systems. Given the male advantage, increasing the number of female new candidates made the incumbents' probability of reelection higher and thus male incumbent members of the Assembly have actually benefited from the parity law. We also show that parity may have Assembly composition effects and policy effects that vary with the electoral system.
For the past twenty years the work of Michelle Z. Rosaldo has had a profound impact on feminism and anthropology, both among scholars who knew and worked closely with Rosaldo, and continued her research agenda after her death in 1981, and those, like the editors of this volume, who never knew Rosaldo but who find her work provocative and, in our own cases, were led to graduate work in feminist theory and anthropology in part because of her interventions. For both of the editors reading Rosaldo's lead essay in Woman, Culture and Society (Rosaldo and Lamphere 1974) was a defining moment in our antlu-opological educations and in our development as persons; it led us to rethink our position as gendered (male) subjects, to bring feminist analysis "home" to our everyday lives, and, ultimately, to become graduate students at Stanford University, where we studied with some of Rosaldo's colleagues and coauthors.
For the past twenty years the work of Michelle Z. Rosaldo has had a profound impact on feminism and anthropology, both among scholars who knew and worked closely with Rosaldo, and continued her research agenda after her death in 1981, and those, like the editors of this volume, who never knew Rosaldo but who find her work provocative and, in our own cases, were led to graduate work in feminist theory and anthropology in part because of her interventions. For both of the editors reading Rosaldo's lead essay in Woman, Culture and Society (Rosaldo and Lamphere 1974) was a defining moment in our antlu-opological educations and in our development as persons; it led us to rethink our position as gendered (male) subjects, to bring feminist analysis "home" to our everyday lives, and, ultimately, to become graduate students at Stanford University, where we studied with some of Rosaldo's colleagues and coauthors.
A gender role is a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are considered desirable or appropriate for a person based on their sex. However, socially constructed gender roles can lead to equal rights between genders but also to severe disadvantages and discrimination with a remarkable variety between different countries. Based on social indicators and gender statistics, "women in the Arab region are on average more disadvantaged economically, politically, and socially than women in other regions." According to Banduras' social learning theory, we argue that profound knowledge of the historical contributions of Ancient Egyptian female pioneers in science, arts, and even in ruling Egypt as Pharaohs can improve today's gender role in Egypt and Middle Eastern countries. Therefore, this article provides an elaborate review of the gender role of women in Ancient Egypt, outlining their prominence, influence, and admiration in ancient societies, and discusses the possible psychological impact of this knowledge on today's gender role. We suggest that future empirical research should investigate how enhancing the knowledge of women from Ancient Egypt can improve today's gender role in Egypt and the Middle East. Bandura's social learning theory is outlined as a possible framework for future research.
In the first volume, the author argues that women are the equals of men, referring often to Poullain de la Barre's L'egalité des deux sexes (1673). Also considered are the historical reasons for men's assumed superiority, the education of women, and the role of women in government. The second volume focuses on eminent women, their heroism, and their accomplishments in various fields. In the third volume, the author examines and refutes vices attributed to women. In the final volume, the author continues to examine specific vices, comparing their practice by both sexes, finding men and women to be equally at fault. Cf. bookdealer's description ; Assigned by Barbier (i.867) to Philippe Joseph [or Auguste] Caffiaux, but according to Dict. biog. franç. this attribution is doubtful ; In the first volume, the author argues that women are the equals of men, referring often to Poullain de la Barre's L'egalité des deux sexes (1673). Also considered are the historical reasons for men's assumed superiority, the education of women, and the role of women in government. The second volume focuses on eminent women, their heroism, and their accomplishments in various fields. In the third volume, the author examines and refutes vices attributed to women. In the final volume, the author continues to examine specific vices, comparing their practice by both sexes, finding men and women to be equally at fault. Cf. bookdealer's description ; Mode of access: Internet. ; UCI Special Collections copy: bound in 2 vols. by Raparlier (cf. bookdealer's description) in three-quarter dark blue morocco and marbled paper boards; spines gilt; top edges gilt; fore- and tail edges uncut; curl over comb pattern marbled endpapers
Background: Sex and gender sensitive inquiry is critical in pharmaceutical policy due to the sector's historical connection with women's health issues and due to the confluence of biological, social, political, and economic factors that shape the development, promotion, use, and effects of medicinal treatments. A growing number of research bodies internationally have issued laws, guidance or encouragement to support conducting sex and gender based analysis (SGBA) in all health related research. Methods: In order to investigate the degree to which attempts to mainstream SGBA have translated into actual research practices in the field of pharmaceutical policy, we employed methods of literature scoping and mapping. A random sample of English-language pharmaceutical policy research articles published in 2008 and indexed in MEDLINE was analysed according to: 1) use of sex and gender related language, 2) application of sex and gender related concepts, and 3) level of SGBA employed. Results: Two thirds of the articles (67%) in our sample made no mention of sex or gender. Similarly, 69% did not contain any sex or gender related content whatsoever. Of those that did contain some sex or gender content, the majority focused on sex. Only 2 of the 85 pharmaceutical policy articles reviewed for this study were primarily focused on sex or gender issues; both of these were review articles. Eighty-one percent of the articles in our study contained no SGBA, functioning instead at a sex-blind or gender-neutral level, even though the majority of these (86%) were focused on topics with sex or gender aspects. Conclusions: Despite pharmaceutical policy's long entwinement with issues of sex and gender, and the emergence of international guidelines for the inclusion of SGBA in health research, the community of pharmaceutical policy researchers has not internalized, or "mainstreamed," the practice. Increased application of SGBA is, in most cases, not only appropriate for the topics under investigation, but well within the reach of today's pharmaceutical policy researchers. ; Medicine, Faculty of ; Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of ; Reviewed ; Faculty
