ABSTRACT Human life is increasingly developing, making demands for fulfilment of needs are also growing. Likewise with the clothing needs used. Nowadays the use of one's clothing shifts into a lifestyle that cannot be separated from it. This condition can benefit the market to make it an opportunity. This happens in Indonesia, where the country whose population is the largest Moslem religion up to 85% of the total population has a fashion style that is influenced by the beliefs adopted by Islam. This fashion industry has an important role as a contributor to improving the economy. The development of the domestic Muslim fashion industry will be able to answer domestic to international market demand if it can formulate strategies in answering the challenges that exist. In this case the actors who play a role in the Muslim Fashion Industry must have a reliable strategy that can improve the development of the Muslim Fashion Industry. This development has also become the main focus of the Indonesian government where it has a target that makes Indonesia the World Muslim Fashion Qibla in 2020. By utilizing the wealth of Indonesian Human Resources, Nature and Culture, Indonesia will be able to reach its dreams. The impact that will be felt in achieving this target is very large, such as increasing economic productivity, increasing employment opportunities, national income and the role of Indonesia in the development of world Muslim fashion.
APPROVED ; Interpretations of the period following the disintegration of the Carolingian empire in Western Europe at the end of the ninth century have long divided historians, between those who believe a violent rupture in political and social structures took place around the year 1000 and those who argue for an essential continuity. This thesis aims to transcend these debates, by approaching medieval society through a case-study in the Loire valley region relying on two fresh methodological insights. Firstly, it will investigate changes in the economic structures which provided society's material base; secondly, it will analyse how those ?lites claimed, performed and maintained their status. Based on these two approaches, the thesis explores changing patterns of ?lite behaviour in order to better understand the social and economic changes which took place from the late ninth century onwards. The thesis examines the effects of shifting landholding patterns, the emergence of seigneurial customs, changing attitudes to church patronage and lay violence, and the methods by which ?lites were identified in documents, to establish their implications for the ways by which ?lites could claim and maintain their status. It concludes that there was a significant and fundamental transformation of social and economic structures, beginning in the middle of the tenth century, in the middle Loire valley, although the pace of change is slower than would be appropriate for a 'Feudal Revolution'. Nevertheless, the breakdown of the Carolingian political order unleashed a wave of competition amongst local and regional ?lites, which saw them innovate and adapt the heritage of Carolingian culture to create a new, 'feudal' social order. This was fuelled by the changes in economic structures which provided ?lites with more wealth to promote their own status; the competition for status in turn fuelled ?lites' need for more wealth and their incentive for economic expansion.
The overall objectives of meat inspection are to contribute to food safety, animal welfare, and animal health. In the European Union (EU), there is a request for a modernised meat inspection system that addresses these objectives in a more valid, feasible and cost-effective way than does the traditional system. One part of the modernisation deals with the coding system to register meat inspection findings. Although unified standards are set at the EU level for judgement criteria regarding fitness of meat for consumption, different national systems are in force. The question is the extent of the differences and whether there is a basis for harmonisation. To investigate this, information was gathered about the code systems in Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal and Spain. Moreover, meat inspection data covering pigs slaughtered in 2019 were collected. A comparison of the number of codes available, the terminology and the frequencies of the findings registered was undertaken. Codes with a similar meaning were grouped. Hereby, two lists were compiled showing the most common codes leading to total and to partial condemnation. Substantial variations in the percentage of condemned pigs and in the terms used were identified, and possible reasons behind this are discussed. Moreover, a strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats (SWOT)-like analysis was applied to the coding systems. Finally, the reasons for unfitness of meat given in the EU Food Inspection Regulation 2019/627 were compared to the national code lists. The results show the systems in force varied substantially, and each system had its advantages and disadvantages. The diverse terminology observed made it a challenge to compare data between countries. Development of harmonised terminology for meat inspection findings is suggested, enabling comparison of data between abattoirs, regions, and countries, while respecting the national epidemiological situation, the local food safety culture, and the trade agreements in force. ; Peer reviewed
This work was supported by the Latvian Council of Science , project NN-CARMA, project No. lzp-2018/1-0194. ; Background: This work studied how the exposure to an unusual substrate forced a change in microbial populations during anaerobic fermentation of crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, with freshwater sediment used as an inoculum. Results: The microbial associations almost completely (99.9%) utilized the glycerol contained in crude glycerol 6 g L−1 within four days, releasing gases, organic acids (acetic, butyric) and alcohols (ethanol, n-butanol) under anaerobic conditions. In comparison with control medium without glycerol, adding crude glycerol to the medium increased the amount of ethanol and n-butanol production and it was not significantly affected by incubation temperature (28 °C or 37 °C), nor incubation time (4 or 8 d), but it resulted in reduced amount of butyric acid. Higher volume of gas was produced at 37 °C despite the fact that the overall bacterial count was smaller than the one measured at 20 °C. Main microbial phyla of the inoculum were Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. During fermentation, significant changes were observed and Firmicutes, especially Clostridium spp., began to dominate, and the number of Actinobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria decreased accordingly. Concentration of Archaea decreased, especially in medium with crude glycerol. These changes were confirmed both by culturing and culture-independent (concentration of 16S rDNA) methods. Conclusions: Crude glycerol led to the adaptation of freshwater sediment microbial populations to this substrate. Changes of microbial community were a result of a community adaptation to a new source of carbon. How to cite: Paiders M, Nikolajeva V, Makarenkova G, et al. Changes in freshwater sediment microbial populations during fermentation of crude glycerol. ; Latvian Council of Science lzp-2018/1-0194; Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia as the Center of Excellence has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme H2020-WIDESPREAD-01-2016-2017-TeamingPhase2 under grant agreement No. 739508, project CAMART²
DIALOGO DELL'IMPRESE MILITARI ET AMOROSE DI MONSIGNOR GIOUIO VESCOUO DI NOCERA; ET DEL S. GABRIEL SYMEONI FIORENTINO. CON VN RAGIONAMENTO DI M. LODOUICO DO-MENICHI, NEL MEDESIMO SOGGETTO. CON LA TAUOLA Dialogo Dell'Imprese Militari Et Amorose Di Monsignor Giouio Vescouo di Nocera; Et del S. Gabriel Symeoni Fiorentino. Con vn ragionamento di M. Lodouico Do-menichi, nel medesimo soggetto. Con la Tauola ([1]) Einband ( - ) Titelseite ([1]) Al Molto Virtvoso Et Honorato M. Lodouico Domenichi, Guglielmo Rouiglio Salute. (3) Dialogo Dell'Imprese Militari Et amorese di M. Paolo Giouio Verseouo Di Nocera (7) Donec Totvm Impleat Orben (30) Tanto Monta (32) Los Lienos De Doloa Y Los Vazio De Speranza (34) Malo Mori Qvam Foedari (36) Valer (38) Natvrae Non Artis Opvs (39) Recedant Vetera (40) Qvietvm Nemo Impvne Lacesset (41) Kapitel (43) Svave (45) Kapitel (46) MP (47) Semper (48) In Viridi Teneras Exvrit Flamma Medvllas (49) Glovis (50) Candor Illesvs (51) Inter Omnes (53) Hinc Aliqvando Elvctabor (54) Non Bvelvo Sin Vencer. (55) Fidem Fati Virtvte Seqvemvr (57) Il Me Plaict La Trovele (60) Savciat Et Defendit (63) Ingenio Experior Fvnera Digna Meo (64) Samnitico Non Capitvr Avro (66) Fides Hoc Vno Virtvsqve Probantvr (67) Erit Altera Merces (68) Kapitel (69) Semper Pervicax (70) Fortia Facere Et Pati Romanvm Est (71) Flectimvr Non Fangimvr Vndis (73) Venena Pello (74) Obstrepvit Inter Olores (76) Probasti Me Domine Et Cognovisti (77) Non Cedit Vmbra Soli (79) Inclinata Resvrgit (81) Expiabit Avt Obrvet (84) Non Vos Alabareis (86) Novs Scavons Bien Le Temps (88) Aspicit Vnam (90) Vngvibvs Et Rostro Atqve Alis Armatvs In Hostem (91) Spiritvs Dvrissima Coqvit (93) Si Svrsvm Non Efferor Alis Cvrsv Saltem Praeter Vehor Omnes (94) Diversa Ab Aliis Virtvte Valemvs (96) Avt Cvm Hoc Avt In Hoc (98) Sans Point Sortir De L'Ormiere (100) Obstantia Nvbila Solvet (101) Povr Dompter Follie (103) Distantia Ivngit (104) Officivm Natvra Docet (105) Fortibvs Non Deervnt (108) Hoc Fac Et Vives (109) Natvra Maiora Facit (110) Conantia Frangere Frangvnt (112) Servari Et Servare Mevm Est (113) Dove E Gran Foco E Gran Fvmo (115) Finivnt Pariter Renovantqve Labores (116) Discretis Sva Virtvs Adest (119) Ivnoni Laciniae Dicatvm (120) Qvi Vivens Laedit Morte Medetvr (122) Altervtra Clarescere Fama (123) Qvvm Crepitat Sonora Silent (124) Fragrantia Dvrant Hercvlea Collecta Manv (126) Menatemi Et Non Temete (127) Servvs Cvrrv Portatvr Eodem (128) Totvm Adimit Qvo Ingrata Refvlget (130) Non Svefro Mas De Lo Qve Pvedo (132) Crocodili Lacrimae (134) Ball Oytos (135) Votis Svbscribent Fata Secvndi (136) Hoc Vno Ivppiter Vltor (137) Svstinet Nec Fatiscit (138) Svfficit Vnvm In Tenebris (139) Trivmphali Stipite Svrgens Alta Petit (141) Virtvtis Trophea Novae Non Degener Addet (142) Ingentia Marmora Findit M. Messalae (144) Sva Alienaqve Pignora Nvtrit (146) Nin Deest Generoso In Pectore Virtvs (148) Contemnit Tvta Procellas (149) Cvm Pvdore Laet Foecvnditas (150) Aeqvabit Nigras Candida Sola Dies (151) Pro Bono Malvm (153) Vel Iovi Cedere Nessit (154) Kapitel (155) Anatki (156) Incerta Animi Decreta Resolvet (158) Wan Got Wil (159) Translata Proficit Arbos (160) Longo Splendescit Vsv (161) Cosi Arrvffa Il Vello Di Monello. Sagittae Tvae Infixae Svnt Mihi. (163) Simvl Astv Et Dentibvs Vtor (164) Pavent Oves Timent Canes Intrepidvs Maneo. (166) Le Imprese Heroiche Et Morali Ritrovate Da M. Gabriello Symeoni Fiorentino, Al Gran Conestabile Di Francia (168) All'Illvstrissimo Et Eccelentissimo Signore Anna Duca di Montmorency Gran Conestabile Di Francia, Gabriello Symeoni Solute e longa vita (169) Le Imprese Heroiche Et Morali Di M. Gabriello Symeoni Fiorentino (171) Avgusto. (174) Tito. (175) Pel Re Delfino. (176) Per La Reina Di Francia. (177) Per la Reina di Nauarra, e Madama Margherita di Valois. (178) Pel Re, e Reina di Nauarra (179) Anna Duca di Montmorenst Conestabile di Francia. (180) Per Monsignor Di Gvisa (181) Dvchessa Di Valentinois. (182) Per Vn Gran Signore. (183) Prencipe Di Melfi. (184) Vn'huomo ingiustamente offeso. (185) Per Vn' Amico Innamorato. (186) Vn' Amico Finto. (188) D'Vn Hvomo Qvereloso. (189) Vn' Hvomo Senza Ragione. (190) Vn Merito Rvbato. (191) Bene Meritato Per Virtv. (192) Cesare Borgia. (193) Madama Bona Di Savoia. (194) Renato Re Di Sicilia. (195) Vn fidele amico,o feruitore. (196) Virtv Oppressa. (197) Vn' Amico Innamorato. (198) Consalvo Fernando. (199) Signor Di Sanvaliere. (200) Patienza Offesa. (201) Per Conoscere Vn' Hvomo. (203) Vgvalita Dopo La Morte. (204) Danari Male Ac Qvistati. (206) M. Matteo Balbani. Richezza nobilmente spesa. (208) Vera Nobilta. (210) Vn' Hvomo Implacabile. (211) Beneficio Grato. (213) Per Gli Ingrati. (214) Ragionamento Di Messer Lodovico Domenichi. Nel quale si parla d'Imprese d'armi, e d'Amore. (216) Tavola Dell'Imprese Militari Et Amorose Di Mons. Paolo Giouio Vescouo Di Nocera ([281]) Tavola Dell'imprese Heroiche et Morali Di M. Gabriello Symeoni ([286]) Tavola Dell'imprese et Altre Cose Notabili Comprese Nel Regionamento Di M. Lodouico Domenichi ([288]) Einband ( - )
The Gnassingbé clan has ruled the country since 1967. The demand for political alternance, initiated by institutional and electoral reforms, constituted the major contentious issue between the government and the challengers of the Gnassingbé regime throughout the survey period. The legislative elections of 20 December 2018, boycotted by the major opposition parties, resulted in an easy victory of the ruling party. The first local elections since more than 30 years took finally place on 30 June 2019 and resulted in the victory of the ruling party. Shortly afterwards, in February 2020, the President won also the disputed presidential elections and even consolidated his power, assisted by the loyal army and security services. The outbreak of the Corona epidemic in Togo in April and the subsequent economic recession may have contributed to limit popular protest against the Gnassingbé regime. The human rights record of the government has improved but remains poor. Despite undeniable improvements to the framework and appearance of the regime's key institutions during the review period, democracy remains far from complete. However, the international community, notably Togo's African peers, the AU and ECOWAS, followed a 'laissez-faire' approach in the interests of regional stability and their national interests in dealing with Togo. Economic growth remained stable at about 5% per annum (before Corona). Public investment in infrastructure and increases in agricultural productivity, notably of export crops, had been the key drivers of economic growth. However, growth remains vulnerable to external shocks and the climate and has not been inclusive. Positive growth was overshadowed by increasing inter-personal and regional inequality as well as an increase in extreme poverty. Moreover, money-laundering, illegal money transfers and trafficking grew alarmingly. The business climate improved considerably nevertheless. ; Author's enhanced version ; RÉSUMÉ: Le clan Gnassingbé dirige le pays depuis 1967. La revendication d'alternance politique, initiée par des réformes institutionnelles et électorales, a constitué le principal litige entre le gouvernement et les challengers du régime Gnassingbé tout au long de la période d'enquête. Les élections législatives du 20 décembre 2018, boycottées par les principaux partis d'opposition, se sont soldées par une victoire facile du parti au pouvoir. Les premières élections locales depuis plus de 30 ans ont finalement eu lieu le 30 juin 2019 et ont abouti à la victoire du parti au pouvoir. Peu de temps après, en février 2020, le président a remporté également les élections présidentielles contestées. Par cela il a même consolidé son pouvoir, aidé par l'armée fidèle et les services de sécurité. Le déclenchement de l'épidémie de Corona au Togo en avril 2020 et la récession économique qui a suivi, ont peut-être contribué à limiter les protestations populaires contre le régime de Gnassingbé. Le bilan du gouvernement en matière de droits humains s'est amélioré, mais reste médiocre. Malgré des améliorations indéniables du cadre et de l'apparence des principales institutions du régime pendant la période à l'examen, la démocratie reste loin d'être achevée. Cependant, la communauté internationale, notamment les pairs africains du Togo, l'UA et la CEDEAO, ont suivi une approche de «laissez-faire» dans l'intérêt de la stabilité régionale et de leurs intérêts nationaux face au Togo. La croissance économique est restée stable à environ 5 % par an (avant Corona). Les investissements publics dans les infrastructures et les augmentations de la productivité agricole, notamment des cultures d'exportation, ont été les principaux moteurs de la croissance économique. Cependant, la croissance reste vulnérable aux chocs externes et au climat, et le développement n'a pas été inclusive. La croissance positive a été éclipsée par l'augmentation des inégalités interpersonnelles et régionales ainsi que par une augmentation de l'extrême pauvreté. En outre, le blanchiment d'argent, les transferts d'argent illégaux et le trafic ont augmenté de façon alarmante. Le climat des affaires s'est néanmoins considérablement amélioré. --- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Der Gnassingbé-Clan regiert das Land seit 1967. Die Forderung nach politischer Abwechslung, die durch institutionelle Reformen und Wahlreformen ausgelöst wurde, war das Hauptstreitpunkt zwischen der Regierung und den Herausforderern des Gnassingbé-Regimes während des gesamten Untersuchungszeitraums. Die von den großen Oppositionsparteien boykottierten Parlamentswahlen vom 20. Dezember 2018 führten zu einem leichten Sieg der Regierungspartei. Die ersten Kommunalwahlen seit mehr als 30 Jahren fanden schließlich am 30. Juni 2019 statt und führten zum Sieg der Regierungspartei. Kurz darauf, im Februar 2020, gewann der Präsident auch die umstrittenen Präsidentschaftswahlen. Somit festigte er sogar seine Macht, unterstützt von der loyalen Armee und den Sicherheitsdiensten. Der Ausbruch der Corona-Epidemie in Togo im April und die anschließende wirtschaftliche Rezession haben möglicherweise dazu beigetragen, den Protest der Bevölkerung gegen das Gnassingbé-Regime zu begrenzen. Die Menschenrechtsbilanz der Regierung hat sich verbessert, ist aber weiterhin schlecht. Trotz unbestreitbarer Verbesserungen des Rahmens und des Erscheinungsbilds der wichtigsten Institutionen des Regimes im Berichtszeitraum bleibt die Demokratie bei weitem nicht umfassend. Die internationale Gemeinschaft, insbesondere die afrikanischen Kollegen Faure Gnassingbés in der AU und ECOWAS, verfolgten jedoch im Interesse der regionalen Stabilität und in ihren nationalen Interessen im Umgang mit Togo einen "Laissez-Faire"-Ansatz. Das Wirtschaftswachstum blieb stabil bei etwa 5% pro Jahr (vor Corona). Öffentliche Investitionen in die Infrastruktur und die Steigerung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktivität, insbesondere in Exportkulturen, waren die Haupttreiber des Wirtschaftswachstums. Das Wachstum bleibt jedoch anfällig für externe Schocks und das Klima und war nicht inklusiv. Das positive Wachstum wurde durch die zunehmende zwischenmenschliche und regionale Ungleichheit sowie die Zunahme der extremen Armut überschattet. Darüber hinaus nahmen Geldwäsche, illegale Geldtransfers und Menschenhandel alarmierend zu. Das Geschäftsklima hat sich dennoch erheblich verbessert.